1 Step 1: Identify the revenue sources

The first step is to identify the different sources of revenue for the business. Revenue is the income generated from selling goods or services to customers. It can be divided into categories based on the type, location, or channel of sales. For example, a software company may have revenue from software licenses, subscriptions, maintenance, and consulting. By breaking down the revenue sources, you can see which ones are contributing more or less to the total revenue, and how they are changing over time.

2 Step 2: Calculate the gross profit margin

The second step is to calculate the gross profit margin, which is the percentage of revenue that remains after deducting the cost of goods sold (COGS). COGS are the direct costs incurred to produce or deliver the goods or services sold, such as materials, labor, and overhead. The gross profit margin shows how efficiently the business is using its resources to generate revenue. A higher gross profit margin means that the business has more money left to cover its operating expenses and earn net profit. To calculate the gross profit margin, use this formula: Gross profit margin = (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue x 100%

3 Step 3: Analyze the operating expenses

The third step is to analyze the operating expenses, which are the costs incurred to run the business that are not directly related to the production or delivery of goods or services. Operating expenses include items such as rent, utilities, marketing, salaries, and depreciation. Operating expenses can be classified into fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are the costs that do not change with the level of output or sales, such as rent and salaries. Variable costs are the costs that change with the level of output or sales, such as utilities and marketing. By analyzing the operating expenses, you can see how they affect the operating profit margin, which is the percentage of revenue that remains after deducting both COGS and operating expenses. To calculate the operating profit margin, use this formula: Operating profit margin = (Revenue - COGS - Operating expenses) / Revenue x 100%

4 Step 4: Evaluate the net profit margin

The final step is to evaluate the net profit margin, which is the percentage of revenue that remains after deducting all expenses, taxes, and interest. The net profit margin shows how much of the revenue is left as profit for the owners or shareholders of the business. It reflects the overall profitability and efficiency of the business. A higher net profit margin means that the business is generating more profit from each dollar of revenue. To calculate the net profit margin, use this formula: Net profit margin = (Revenue - COGS - Operating expenses - Taxes - Interest) / Revenue x 100% By following these four steps, you can analyze a P&L statement effectively and gain insights into the performance, profitability, and efficiency of a business. You can also compare the P&L statement with previous periods or industry benchmarks to identify trends, opportunities, and challenges for the business.

5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?