In South Africa for example, the environmental framework namely the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) is resultant from the environmental right deeply imbedded into the country’s Constitution. As such, there’s a hierarchy and a link which makes the protection of environmental resources as basic human right for all citizens. The NEMA legislation further has Specific Environmental Management Acts (SEMAs) which deal with specific areas of environmental management some which include: National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act; National Environmental Management: Waste Act National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act National Water Act Etcetera.

Indian context, EIA is basic tools works on regulatory platforms to evaluate the impact assessment of proposed activities and plan the EMP according to potential environmental impacts. Basically, EIA is designed considering the Environmental regulations such as Apex act of Environmental protection Act 1986 and also govern under respective other acts & rules, regulations. EIA notification no.S.O.1533(E) dated 14th sep 2006 guide perviw of EC based on industrial sector/schedule/categories. Each industrial sectors has prescribed TOR ( Terms of Reference) which incided 12 chapters guiding for EIA carrying out.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements for urban planning projects in the following: • Project Screening • Scoping • Baseline Data Collection • Impact Assessment • Alternative Analysis • Public Consultation • Environmental Management Plan (EMP) • EIA Report • Review and Decision-Making • Monitoring and Compliance.

As I belong to Pakistan. I can explain the legal framework of of Environmental protection. In Pakistan the environment framework have various environmental policies,laws and different institutions. Like, Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, which establishes regulatory frameworks, and bodies like the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) responsible for implementation. Strategies focus on issues like pollution control, conservation, sustainable development, and climate change mitigation. The framework integrates international agreements like the Paris Agreement and aims to balance economic growth with environmental preservation.

It is important to note that specific requirements for EIAs can vary greatly depending on local regulations and the scale and complexity of the proposed projects. Therefore, it is necessary to consult the relevant environmental authorities or engage an experienced environmental consultant familiar with the local planning context to ensure compliance with specific requirements.

In my experience the scoping process is just the first step but asking the way other crucial aspects can be considered for decision making process. A public participation process can add on to list of inputs that can be integrated for a fair decision in ensuring the environment is protected. Scoping is important as it determines the types of studies to be considered and the level at they should be studies depending on the sensitivity of the environment.

A etapa de análise de impactos ambientais de uma atividade é imprescindível para mapear os riscos da instalação de um empreendimento/atividade, para isso é necessário avaliar a área de interferência direta e indireta, além dos principais stakeholders da atividade. Esse mapeamento preliminar é muito importante para prever riscos que podem surgir ao longo do projeto, sendo necessário uma avaliação com multi profissionais para então minimizar os impactos ambientais e aplicar as melhores práticas de controles ambientais.

A definição do escopo em um Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) é uma fase crucial que estabelece as bases para uma avaliação abrangente. Nesse processo, identificam-se questões, objetivos, alternativas e métodos, com foco na coleta e análise de informações relevantes, como condições ambientais, características do projeto, impactos, riscos e requisitos legais. Essa etapa envolve um diálogo ativo com partes interessadas, como autoridades, público, especialistas e grupos afetados, permitindo a obtenção de contribuições valiosas. Abordada com meticulosidade, a definição do escopo estabelece uma base sólida para o EIA, garantindo a consideração adequada das dimensões críticas do projeto e informação equilibrada nas decisões subsequentes.

A fase inicial da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) define questões, objetivos e métodos. Além da análise de informações, a interação com partes interessadas, como autoridades e público, é fundamental para enriquecer o escopo e garantir uma avaliação abrangente.

The scoping process is where EIA data is gathered. A balance must be struck between eco friendly alternatives and socio-economic factors to be successful. By conducting evaluations of all current and future urban actions and needs, EIA can be planned to address both current issues and potential future strategies with future growth, EJ issues, and socio-economic impacts in mind. Additionally, as my colleague mentioned, the scoping should include a good cross section of various stakeholder groups to define current impacts to their environment and ESG concerns, as well as, determining their support and needs related to future planning.

There are various methods and tools used in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to gather data, analyze impacts, and make informed decisions. Here are some commonly used methods and tools in EIA -Scoping -Baseline Study -Impact assessment techniques -Stakeholder engagement -Mitigation measures -Cumulative impact assessment -Monitoring and evaluation

En Colombia, se cuenta con métodos y herramientas estandarizados para la EIA, partiendo desde la recopilación de la información (primaria y secundaria) hasta la formulación de Planes y Programas para la atención de los impactos identificados. De acuerdo con lo anterior, contar con estandarización de los procesos de evaluación, permite tomar decisiones más equitativas frente a los impactos, uso de recursos y medidas de manejo ambiental.

Urban planning projects are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering the impact of current and future climate change. This involves assessing potential risks and vulnerabilities, as well as evaluating different emissions pathways to understand the range of possible futures. In analyzing potential costs and benefits, methodologies such as the "triple bottom line" framework can be applied to better capture environmental and social co-benefits. Incorporating low-carbon and climate-resilient planning measures is essential for sustainable urban development.

Os métodos e ferramentas utilizados em um Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) variam de acordo com a natureza e complexidade do projeto. Indicadores, matrizes, modelos, listas de verificação, mapas e cenários são comumente empregados para avaliar e comparar os efeitos ambientais de diferentes alternativas. É essencial que essas abordagens considerem a incerteza, variabilidade e efeitos cumulativos dos impactos, bem como medidas de mitigação e um plano de gestão ambiental. A transparência, objetividade e coerência são fundamentais, e todos os métodos devem ser documentados e justificados no relatório de AIA.

The method of conducting environmental impacts assessment largely depends on the impact the project may have on the environment. For example in South Africa the legislation used is the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations that stipulate the different thresholds for various projects. If the project falls on any of the three listing notices then a particular type of study is required. One of the most important tools that determines the types of studies to be conducted include the screening tool which calculates the environmental sensitivity of the selected area of interest upon which the proposed project is to be undertaken. Public participation is the most important aspect for decision making.

O engajamento de stakeholders é essencial em um processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA). Isso assegura que as opiniões e preocupações das partes interessadas sejam consideradas, promovendo uma tomada de decisão mais abrangente. O envolvimento pode incluir editais, reuniões, workshops, pesquisas e plataformas online. Deve ser contínuo, abrangendo todas as fases da AIA, e aderir aos princípios de inclusão, participação, transparência, responsabilização e capacidade de resposta.

stakeholder engagement is not a one-size-fits-all approach and should be tailored to the specific context and needs of a project. It requires flexibility, sensitivity to diverse perspectives, and genuine efforts to foster constructive dialogue and collaboration.

In Palestine, the stakeholder engagement is very critical from technical and social perspectives, for example a public hearing is a pre-request to construct and operate a wastewater treatment plant, and a consultation meeting with stakeholders is also required, where each stakeholder can participate and ensure that laws, regulations, and legal aspects are well-covered toward the sustainability and safety of the project. The stakeholders' engagement methodology may differ from one project to another, for small-scale projects a written letter is enough to secure environmental approval, but on a larger scale, a further process is required.

A big and important part of this process is conducting public consultations. Holding public charrettes and public seminars (even over online platforms such as zoom) are a good idea.

Public meetings should be announced at schools and through text and email for maximum coverage, and provided small incentives to attend (students, parents, elderly, eg). New developments should funnel profits directly to communities/people displaced via new homes, schools, roads, or other programs to share the profits. For example City of Orlando (FL) built apartment complexes and provided housing assistance for families displaced by stadiums built downtown.

Important to highlight which indicators will be used, and why. There has to be a reasoning behind each one of this indicators (or KPIs) in order to avoid repetion and outcomes with reduced impacts.

Monitoring activities should consider cumulative impacts because the environment is dynamic and would not be representative if we didn’t consider spatial & temporal aspects.

With respect to the above, monitoring and evaluation must be considered at the start of the process not just as a final stage. Questions include: do we need a baseline? Are there appropriate controls available to measure change over time? What are the key indicators and can they be properly surveyed? These are crucial considerations at the start of any EIA process. Once these issues have been defined at the start of that process, it becomes possible to gather appropriate data with sufficient accuracy and precision be able to measure existing conditions and measure. And to have input into the design of the project, and not merely play catch-up with post EIA mitigation. Good luck fellow EIA practitioners!

The M&E process is typically conducted throughout the life cycle of a project, from the planning and design phase through to operation and closure. Effective M&E can help to identify and address potential environmental issues early on in the project cycle, which can ultimately help to protect the environment and ensure the sustainability of the project.

Agree and the monitoring needs to be through SMART goals with good analytical to allow for address course corrections and identifying major barriers before they impact the process.

Most of urban planning projects are infrastructure centric with little or no consideration on its environmental impacts. Environmental Impact Assessment comes into context after the planning is done. There is a need to study the ecosystem peculiarities of of the area and these shall be considered during the planning. The negligence of ecosystem peculiarities of the area and extended areas can increases the impact on resources in prevailing practices. If the planning is synchronised with the ecology of that landscape, impacts can be reduced. EIA for a furnished plan and its mitigation is more challenging in contrast to a ecosystem approach based planning, which also expends the scope for Nature Based Solutions of envisaged impacts in EIA.

One must evaluate all options as a part of an EIA or EA. There should be careful consideration given to minimize and mitigate environmental impacts from proposed projects.

Socio economic conditions and the availability of local resources to minimise the cost for easily managing the environmental challenges

A good perspective for consideration is to identify the underlying environmental conditions of nature. How has man changed the natural setting and how can we integrate some of these items back into our planning to align with nature.

The Environmental impact assessment being by identifying the hazards in the area and analyse your findings. It's also highly important that the community is engaged together will the local leaders so as get a good understanding of the area one is about to develop and how Best it can be of help to the community. Consistent monitoring would be encouraged as well