2 Dramatic irony

Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something that the characters do not, creating suspense, tension, or irony. For example, in Oedipus Rex, the audience knows that Oedipus is the murderer he is seeking, but he does not, leading to a tragic revelation. To use dramatic irony in your script, you need to establish the information that the audience knows and the characters do not, and then create situations where the characters act or speak in ways that are ironic or ironic in light of that information.

3 Situational irony

Situational irony is when an event or outcome is opposite to what is expected or intended, creating humor, irony, or surprise. For example, in The Importance of Being Earnest, Jack and Algernon both pretend to be named Ernest to woo their love interests, only to discover that their real names are what they need to be. To use situational irony in your script, you need to set up the expectations or intentions of the characters or the audience, and then subvert them with an unexpected twist or reversal.

4 Cosmic irony

Cosmic irony is when fate, destiny, or a higher power intervenes in human affairs in a way that is contrary to what is desired or deserved, creating irony, tragedy, or absurdity. For example, in Macbeth, Macbeth is told by the witches that he will be king, but he also learns that he will be killed by a man not born of woman. He tries to avoid this prophecy by killing his enemies, but he ends up fulfilling it by provoking Macduff, who was born by caesarean section. To use cosmic irony in your script, you need to introduce a supernatural or external force that influences the actions or outcomes of the characters, and then show how it contradicts or undermines their goals or expectations.

5 Structural irony

Structural irony is when the overall structure or form of a work creates a contrast or discrepancy between what is apparent and what is real, creating irony, satire, or parody. For example, in A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift uses the form of a serious essay to propose a shocking and absurd solution to the problem of poverty in Ireland: eating the children of the poor. To use structural irony in your script, you need to adopt a genre, style, or tone that contrasts with the content or message of your work, and then reveal or expose the irony through clues, hints, or contradictions.

6 Irony and meaning

Irony can be used to enhance the meaning and impact of your script by creating contrast, humor, suspense, surprise, tragedy, or absurdity. It can also be used to comment on or critique social, political, or moral issues, or to challenge or question the assumptions or beliefs of the characters or the audience. To use irony effectively, you need to be clear about the purpose and effect of your irony, and to balance it with other elements of your script, such as plot, character, theme, and emotion.

7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?