1 Data sources and formats

Wildlife conservation data can come from various sources, such as surveys, satellite images, camera traps, citizen science, or DNA analysis. Depending on the source, the data can be in different formats, such as numerical, categorical, spatial, temporal, or relational. To use data visualization effectively, you need to understand the characteristics and limitations of your data, and how to prepare and clean it for analysis. For example, you may need to deal with missing values, outliers, errors, or inconsistencies in your data, and use appropriate methods to handle them, such as imputation, filtering, or aggregation.

2 Data exploration and analysis

Once you have your data ready, you can use data visualization to explore and analyze it, and look for patterns that can answer your research questions or hypotheses. Data visualization can help you to summarize, compare, correlate, or classify your data, and reveal relationships, distributions, trends, or outliers. For example, you can use histograms, box plots, or density plots to show the distribution of a numerical variable, such as the population size or body mass of a species. You can use scatter plots, line charts, or heat maps to show the correlation between two or more variables, such as the temperature and precipitation of a habitat. You can use bar charts, pie charts, or treemaps to show the comparison or proportion of a categorical variable, such as the conservation status or threat level of a species. You can use maps, choropleths, or cartograms to show the spatial distribution or variation of a variable, such as the range or abundance of a species. You can use time series, line charts, or area charts to show the temporal variation or trend of a variable, such as the migration or breeding cycle of a species. You can use network graphs, sankey diagrams, or chord diagrams to show the relational or flow structure of a variable, such as the food web or genealogy of a species.

3 Data visualization tools and techniques

Data visualizations can be created using various tools and techniques, depending on the data type, analysis goal, and audience. Excel is a commonly used spreadsheet software that can create basic charts and graphs like bar charts, pie charts, line charts, scatter plots, and histograms. It is easy to use and widely available but has limited customizability and interactivity. R is a powerful programming language and environment that can create advanced and interactive data visualizations with packages such as ggplot2, plotly, leaflet, and shiny; however, it has a steep learning curve and requires coding skills. Tableau is a software platform that provides drag-and-drop features to create interactive dashboards and stories with different chart types like maps, heat maps, treemaps, and network graphs. It is user-friendly but expensive and requires installation. Power BI is a software platform that allows creating interactive reports with visualization options like maps, gauges, slicers, filters; however, it can be complex and requires subscription. Python is another programming language that can create sophisticated interactive data visualizations using libraries such as matplotlib, seaborn, bokeh, or plotly; however, it also has a steep learning curve and requires coding skills.