the medical superintendent of the Brookwood Asylum, immediately took upon himself the task of unchaining Catherine from what he clearly considered apparel reminiscent of a pre-Conollyite era ofmechanical restraint. In the first few weeks following her admission to Brookwood, he observed that Catherine had responded well to her new physical liberty, behaving placidly, and eating with a sharp knife. "She acts", he confided in his medical casebook, "without exhibiting any suicidal propensities at present." By early 1872, unfortunately, her behaviour deteriorated. Seemingly unprovoked bouts of aggression aimed at both fellow patients and attendants prompted the superintendent to administer morphine and chloral hydrate. Early in 1875, she attempted to strangle herself but appeared soon to recover and during the next six months her behaviour ranged from the diligent to the destructive before she was again transferred (back) to Wandsworth Asylum. Sadly, her persistent attempts to commit self-murder were ultimately successful. A short time after her arrival, she committed suicide by hanging.5

Rapid urbanisation in Somalia, as in many other war-torn countries, is driven by in-migration of displaced people who are often amassed in camps. Although such camps become institutionalised sites of exclusion where ‘bare life’ is generated and disposed, they are also characterised by socially messy and continuously evolving relations of space, power, violence and displacement. The article draws on fieldwork with displaced people in Somali cities to analyse claims to property and (often violent) competition to uphold them in contestation for sovereignty. Comparing two cities, Mogadishu and Bosaaso, we show how a broad range of international and local actors, including displaced people themselves, negotiate (urban) property and establish relations that guide and foster political authority, while rendering the lives and livelihoods of displaced people precarious and insecure. In property, politics and the economy intersect, and property relations are therefore subject to struggles for both power and profit. We underscore how sovereign power produces spaces of indistinction, but emphasise that property as an analytical category contributes to understandings of sovereignty. Furthermore, propertying as social practice draws attention to the way sovereignty emerges and is connected to the market. This enables the differentiations of forms of sovereignty and draws attention to how it is negotiated, openly challenged or silently undermined.

Filet, Clara. 2021. « Dynamiques d’urbanisation et réseaux d’interactions dans le monde celtique transalpin (IVe – Ier s. BCE) ». Thèse de doctorat, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, 747 p.


Urbanisation dynamics and interaction networks in the Celtic transalpine world (4th - 1st century BCE)

Abstract: In the last four centuries before the turn of era, the emergence of large agglomerations north of the Alps initiated a profound and irreversible change in the way of life of the continental Europe populations. This thesis aims to offer a new perspective on the development of these places in the La Tène world by analysing the evolution of the mobility of people and goods that accompanied their rise.

The inventory of 812 grouped settlements (open or fortified agglomerations) in ten countries from France to Slovakia offers a new picture of the wave of agglomeration foundations between the 4th and 1st centuries BC. The chronological and functional study of their formation offers a global perspective on the processes of settlement agglomeration on the scale of La Tène Europe, highlighting the crucial periods, rhythms and regional specificities. The development of Second Iron Age settlements can thus be seen as the result of multiple and combined processes at the interface between European, regional and local dynamics.

By concentrating people and activities, some of these agglomerations have polarised the circulation of people, products and ideas from the local to the intercultural level since the 3rd century. Through a multiscale study of the interactions and mobility of people and goods during the Second Iron Age, this thesis characterises the role of these sites within their economic, political, and social networks and examines how some of them established themselves as 'central places'. From data analysis to theoretical models, it attempts to propose methodological and conceptual tools to approach ancient urban networks and past interactions by combining concepts and methods from archaeology, geography, physics and complex systems science.

This work thus outlines a broader concept of urbanisation, for which the development of urban features is not limited to the intrinsic characteristics of agglomerations: it is to be placed at the heart of territorial dynamics, as the emergence not of a new type of settlement, but of ‘urbanised territories’. At the end of this work, the circulation of goods and people thus appears as an essential component of the urban development process in continental Europe.

The authors establish the effect of urbanization on precipitation in the Pearl River Delta of China with data from an annual land use map (1988–96) derived from Landsat images and monthly climate data from 16 local meteorological stations. A statistical analysis of the relationship between climate and urban land use in concentric buffers around the stations indicates that there is a causal relationship from temporal and spatial patterns of urbanization to temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation during the dry season. Results suggest an urban precipitation deficit in which urbanization reduces local precipitation. This reduction may be caused by changes in surface hydrology that extend beyond the urban heat island effect and energy-related aerosol emissions.

Доместикация и урбанизация часто отождествляются, так как равно считаются "приспособлением к человеку и созданной им искусственной среде обитания" (т.е. развитием синантропности). Проведённый анализ показывает ошибочность этого отождествления. Нами исследованы существенные отличия  урбанизации «диких» видов от доместикации домашних, вместе с различием стрессоров, к которым приспосабливаются. В первом случае это самые общие характеристики урбосреды — экстремальный уровень гетерогенности, нестабильности и изменчивости городского ландшафта cравнительно с любыми внегородскими (в том числе прочими «рукотворными», а тем более природными). Он требует от «городских» птиц быстро менять места гнездования, биотопы кормления, кормовые методы и другие черты биологии вслед за изменением среды обитания, местными и общегородскими, с развитием способности их прогнозировать, жить, постоянно «прыгая с льдины на льдину» в противоположность устойчивости существования в «сельских» или «лесных» популяциях. Во втором — просто смена реакции на людей, технику, уход за животным с тревожно-оборонительной на дружелюбно-интересующую, восприятие их как части окружения и партнёра по взаимодействию, а не опасности.

Aim We wanted to test whether urbanization has similar effects on biodiversity in different locations, comparing the responses of ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) assemblages with an urbanization gradient. We also wanted to see if urbanization had a homogenizing effect on ground beetle assemblages.

A comparison is made between mean maximum and minimum temperatures, Tx and Tn, respectively, taken at Khartoum International Airport (urban) and Shambat Agrometeorological Station (rural) in the capital of Sudan. The objective was mainly to examine the influence of urbanization on the monthly, seasonal and annual temperature observations for the time period 1941-2005. Strong evidence exists for a decrease in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) in all seasons on the urban site due to different combinations of trends in Tn and Tx. A reverse tendency is notable on the rural site. The effect in Khartoum appears to be greatest in the hot season and least in the wet season, and is because of more warmth in Tn than in Tx. Significant increasing rates of Tn are apparent at both stations in the series of the hot and wet seasons as well as for the year, but the urban site (Khartoum) is warming at a faster rate than the rural one, except in the wet season because of excess rainfall in the urban site. Higher intra-annual variability in temperature is pronounced for Shambat than for Khartoum, while mixed results are obtained with regard to inter-annual variability. The night-time temperature (Tn) experiences stronger urban effect than the daytime temperature (Tx). An urban heat island intensity (UHII) of up to 6.4°C occurred at night in May (hot season) compared to a maximum UHII of 4.1°C during the daytime in November (dry season). Significant trends of urban warming are conspicuous in Tn during the dry and hot seasons. On the other hand, significant trends towards urban cooling are observed in Tx in all the seasons. The results of the present study suggest that the estimated UHII in the temperature series for Khartoum must be removed before an assessment of climatic change is made.

The concentration of people in densely populated urban areas, especially in developing countries, calls for the use of monitoring systems like remote sensing. Such systems along with spatial analysis techniques like digital image processing and geographical information system (GIS) can be used for the monitoring and planning purposes as these enable the reporting of overall sprawl at a detailed level.In the present work, urban sprawl of the Ajmer city (situated in Rajasthan State of India) has been studied at a mid scale level, over a period of 25 years (1977–2002), to extract the information related to sprawl, area of impervious surfaces and their spatial and temporal variability. Statistical classification approaches have been used for the classification of the remotely sensed images obtained from various sensors viz. Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ and IRS LISS-III. Urban sprawl and its spatial and temporal characteristics have been derived from the classified satellite images. The Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics (patchiness and map density) have been computed in terms of spatial phenomenon, in order to quantify the urban form (impervious area). Further, multivariate statistical techniques have been used to establish the relationship between the urban sprawl and its causative factors. Results reveal that land development (160.8%) in Ajmer is more than three times the population growth (50.1%). Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics has revealed the spatial distribution of the urban sprawl over a period of last 25 years.

The ecological context for the woodlands of much of eastern North America requires that they be understood as part of a cultural landscape. The dominant urban and agricultural matrix of southern Ontario is a novel landscape with remnant woodlands embedded in it. It serves as a model to understand how eastern forests have been regarded as representative of a previous wilderness landscape, but are profoundly affected by historical anthropogenic forces and by external processes in the current cultural landscape. These woodlands change in unpredictable ways, as envisaged in the new ecological paradigm, with no single, predictable ecological pathway, and no final stable state. Research, decision-making, and management requirements for eastern woodlots are identified using this perspective. The paper summarizes specific research needs based on previous publications and recent workshops concerning southern Ontario woodlots.

GIREM & DTZ have identified 21 major business destinations in India, few of which are already established while others have the potential to emerge as the major business destinations. The report ranked these business destinations based on the availability of eco-socio-economic infrastructure in the cities under consideration.

The cities include Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Calicut, Chandigarh, Chennai, Coimbatore, Gurgaon, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Kochi, Kolkata, Mangalore, Mumbai, Nagpur,Navi Mumbai, Noida, Pune, Vadodara & Vishakapatnam.

Detailed understanding of landscape changes along the urban-rural gradient provides a useful tool to compare the structural and functional differences of landscape patches at different orientations. Although several case studies have been conducted confirming the efficacy of this approach, integrating temporal data with gradient analysis is still rarely used in practice. In this study, a combination of remote sensing images, landscape metrics and gradient analysis are employed to analyze and compare both the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban sprawl in Guangzhou, China. The results show that landscape change in Guangzhou exhibits distinctive spatial differences from the urban center to rural areas, with higher fragmentation at urban fringes or in new urbanizing areas. Due to the complexity of top-down constraints and local interactions, Guangzhou exhibits a more complex, dynamic, multidimensional configuration of urban sprawl that is different from other cities in China. Urban area expanded towards the north and south areas due to the increased population and rapid economic development. Property market forces and government policy led to the rapid growth towards the southern areas. The study also confirms the hypothesis of diffusion-coalescence urban dynamics model in the process of urbanization. It demonstrates that in order to reveal the complexity of landscape pattern, temporal data are needed to capture the baseline as well as the spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape changes along the gradient. Combining temporal data with gradient analysis can characterize the complex spatial pattern of urbanization in Guangzhou well.

Urbanization generates human-made habitats with novel resources. Such change is not homegeneous, and includes different urban land uses characterized by specific habitat traits. In this study we explored the ecophysiologial response of an urban-exploiter species in three different urban land uses (urban, suburban, industrial). Our results show that corticosterone (obtained through fecal samples) and immunoglobulin (obtained through blood samples) concentrations did not differ significantly among the studied urban land uses. Corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentration showed both high and low values in urban and suburban areas, while industrial areas had low and high levels of corticosterone, and medium-to-low immunoglobulin concentration values. Also, we found a negative relationship between corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentrations in industrial areas. Based on corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentration thresholds established from previous studies, our results suggest that:

1. Urbanisation is an important cause of eutrophication in waters draining urban areas. We determined whether benthic algal biomass in small streams draining urban areas was explained primarily by small-scale factors (benthic light, substratum type and nutrient concentrations) within a stream, or by catchment-scale variables that incorporate the interacting multiple impacts of urbanisation (i.e. variables that describe urban density and the intensity of drainage or septic tank systems). 2. Benthic algal biomass was assessed as chlorophyll a density (chl a) in 16 streams spanning a rural-urban gradient, with both a wide range of urban density and of piped stormwater infrastructure intensity on the eastern fringe of metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. The gradient of urban density among streams was broadly correlated with catchment imperviousness, drainage connection (proportion of impervious areas connected to streams by stormwater pipes), altitude, longitude and median phosphorus concentration. Catchment area, septic tank density, median nitrogen concentration, benthic light (photosynthetically active radiation) and substratum type were not strongly correlated with the urban gradient. 3. Variation in benthic light and substratum type within streams explained a relatively small amount of variation in log chl a (3-11 and 1-13%, respectively) compared with between-site variation (39-54%). 4. Median chl a was positively correlated with catchment urbanisation, with a large proportion of variance explained jointly (as determined by hierarchical partitioning) by those variables correlated with urban density. Independent of this correlation, the contributions of drainage connection and altitude to the explained variance in chl a were significant. 5. The direct connection of impervious surfaces to streams by stormwater pipes is hypothesised as the main determinant of algal biomass in these streams through its effect on the supply of phosphorus, possibly in interaction with stormwater-related impacts on grazing fauna. Management of benthic algal biomass in streams of urbanised catchments is likely to be most effective through the application of stormwater management approaches that reduce drainage connection.

There is lack of information on the patterns, drivers and impacts of urban growth. Such information is essential for planning and managing sustainable cities. We therefore investigated past and prospective land use changes in Cairns, Queensland, Australia, using aerial photo mosaics from 1952 and 2008, and the proposed urban footprint for 2031. We then analysed and related these changes to their drivers and impacts. The results from analysing past changes revealed not only the loss of important coastal lowland habitats and agricultural land but also the loss of evolutionary landscape relicts such as Holocene beach ridges. Our prospective analysis shows that if the proposed urban footprint for 2031 is implemented, further agricultural land will be lost to urban development in Cairns. The loss of important habitats including areas of high ecological significance within the urban footprint is highly likely due to increased pressures to develop land for urban use within this designated area. These results emphasise the need to critically review and potentially give more weight to the protection and management of important habitats and landscape features within urban footprints, particularly in regions, whose economy is largely built on the amenities provided by the natural environment.

Housing will always be at the core of India’s urban agenda. Being a key stimulant of economic growth, housing has the ability to catalyse market through its backward and forward linkages and if done right, prosper the goals of sustainability. A key take in this article, I discuss precisely this issue in the Indian context.

Abstract This chapter aims to explore ways of addressing the goals of ‘university
social responsibility’ through research activities. It develops the argument that
research can play a dual role in producing findings which are beneficial to society
but which also empower individuals and local communities through their direct
involvement in the research process. The chapter starts with setting out how the
University of Manchester defines and approaches ‘social responsibility’. Second, it
presents a research project which illustrates this approach. The study has been
identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a best practice example of
involving older people as co-investigators in researching and developing what it
terms ‘age-friendly’ cities. The chapter then discusses the objectives of the study,
the process of involving and training older people to become co-researchers, the
research outcomes, and the impact of the research. Finally, the chapter concludes
with a discussion of the lessons learned from the project, and suggests ways forward
for (re-) connecting research with the goal of social responsibility.

This study explores the combined application of remote sensing, spatial metrics and spatial modeling to the analysis and modeling of urban growth in Santa Barbara, California. The investigation is based on a 72-year time series data set compiled from interpreted historical aerial photography and from IKONOS satellite imagery. Spatial metrics were used both specifically to assess the impact of urban development in four administrative districts, and generally to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban growth. The metrics quantify the temporal and spatial properties of urban development, and show definitively the impacts of growth constraints imposed on expansion by topography and by local planning efforts. The SLEUTH urban growth and land use change model was calibrated using the multi-temporal data sets for the entire study region. The calibrated model allowed us to fill gaps in the discontinuous historical time series of urban spatial extent, since maps and images were available only for selected years between 1930 and 2001. The model also allowed a spatial forecast of urban growth to the year 2030. The spatial metrics provided a detailed description of the accuracy of the model's historical simulations that applied also to forecasts of future development. The results illustrate the utility of modeling in explaining the amount and spatial pattern of urban growth. Even using modeling, however, the forecasting of urban development remains problematic and could benefit from further research on spatial metrics and their incorporation into the model calibration process. The combined approach using remote sensing, spatial metrics and urban modeling is powerful, and may prove a productive new direction for the improved understanding, representation and modeling of the spatiotemporal forms due to the process of urbanization. D

This study focuses on using remote sensing for comparative assessment of surface urban heat island (UHI) in 18 mega cities in both temperate and tropical climate regions. Least-clouded day-and night-scenes of TERRA/MODIS acquired between 2001 and 2003 were selected to generate land-surface temperature (LST) maps. Spatial patterns of UHIs for each city were examined over its diurnal cycle and seasonal variations. A Gaussian approximation was applied in order to quantify spatial extents and magnitude of individual UHIs for inter-city comparison. To reveal relationship of UHIs with surface properties, UHI patterns were analyzed in association with urban vegetation covers and surface energy fluxes derived from high-resolution Landsat ETM+ data. This study provides a generalized picture on the UHI phenomena in the Asian region and the findings can be used to guide further study integrating satellite high-resolution thermal data with land-surface modeling and meso-scale climatic modeling in order to understand impacts of urbanization on local climate in Asia. #

As a consequence of increasing winter rainfall totals and intensities over the second half of the 20th century, signs of increased flooding probability in many areas of the Rhine and Meuse basins have been documented. These changes affecting rainfall characteristics are most evidently due to an increase in westerly atmospheric circulation types. Land use changes, particularly urbanization, can have significant local effects in small basins (headwaters) with respect to flooding, especially during heavy local rainstorms, but no evidence exists that land use change has had significant effects on peak flows in the rivers Rhine and Meuse.

prole.info's 'The Housing Monster' sets out to de-fetishise housing as a commodity form by means of an illustrated book. That we have waited so long for such a clear and compelling introduction to this subject says much about the aporias of the productivist Left which has traditionally relegated reproductive issues, including housing, behind workplace issues. The book’s arrival provides an opportunity to discuss housing in a way that does not merely replicate the dull compulsions of social democracy, which assumes that distribution always follows behind production, and thereby implicitly accepts the capitalist relation in the wage-labour form. The book is notable for its attention to the individual forms of stress and estrangement that the vast majority of us experience on the capital-deficit side of property relations. This book is an attempt to lift the cap from over our eyes again – the monsters must be slain!

This paper discusses degrees of urbanity or urbanities using ethnographic data from research conducted among the Grecanici communities in the city of Reggio Calabria, south Italy. Urbanization in south Italy is usually associated with social and territorial mobility, education and natural disasters. It is further discussed in terms of a rural/urban duality that masks rather than reveals possible diversities concerning the social life in the city and the links between rural and urban which in the urban environment follow different trajectories. Following the premise that the effects of urbanization cannot be homogenously felt by the actors, I follow the Grecanici migration to the city of Reggio Calabria in the decade of the 1950s in order to argue that urbanities are directly informed by factors such as kinship, neighbourhood identification, education and socio-economic status.

This paper analyses the system of actors involved in the development of residential tourism on the north east coast of Brazil. The study observes the socio-political effects of the 2001-2008 real estate boom, focused on the promotion of second homes in closed residential areas. Stakeholder Analysis (SA) is used to identify the various actors' roles and positions within a particular social space in a tourist setting which is exposed to transnational and real estate interests. The method reveals an unequal and conflict-ridden social reality. The results show that residential tourism shapes the local socio-political configuration, strengthening some actors (urban developers, real estate companies) whilst positioning others in a situation of dependence (local communities, cities).

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) building technique is widely used construction methods in the Kathmandu Valley. The RCC construction technique has boosted the urban development in the valley as well as had adversely impacted the environment by contributing to CO2 emissions and also has imposed threats on the traditional building practices. This paper tries to overlook the reasons behind the wide acceptance and popularity of RCC constructing techniques in the valley. For this, survey was conducted to test the preferences of RCC constructing techniques and the instruments were statistically tested through exploratory factor analysis to identify the latent factors. The factors are further statistically tested to determine their significance differences in influencing the preferences of RCC building techniques. All the factors show equal significant differences.

Case study published in the book authored by Walter Jamieson, Richard Engelhardt

Heritage in general, and in particular urban heritage in Asia, is at the focus of a perfect storm with populations growing rapidly in cities as the rate of urbanization continues to grow at an alarming rate. Together with populations increasing rapidly in cities as urbanization grows, there are ever larger numbers of tourists placing significant pressure on urban heritage resources.
The Planning and Management of Responsible Urban Heritage Destinations in Asia explores issues such as:

• Cities that are above their ‘carrying capacity’ and the damage caused to tangible and intangible heritage assets;
• The need for a new management process to accommodate greater visitor numbers;
• The move to stewardship as the approach for the future;
• The ethical, social and regulatory issues surrounding the expropriation of heritage.

The Planning and Management of Responsible Urban Heritage Destinations in Asia introduces the reader to the nature of the urban heritage, the pressures facing this heritage and the planning and management approaches and techniques that are available to deal with the realities facing the urban heritage.

Essential reading for urban policymakers and planners, tourism officials, tourism industry professionals and heritage planners and managers as well as undergraduates and postgraduates of Tourism, Urban Planning and Sustainability.

Includes introductory chapter written by Professor Harold Goodwin.

India is considered to be an anthropological laboratory because of its regional, religious, ethnic, racial and linguistic diversities. Tribal population is an integral part of the India's social fabric and has the largest concentration in our country. The present study is an attempt to the customs, and customary laws of Pangwala mountain community related to inheritance of the property. The study is primarily based on the Rawaj-i-Am (District wise statement on custom) and Wajib-ul-arz (village –wise statements of custom). Some legal cases, both decided and pending in the courts to examine the customs and customary laws that exist among the Pangwala are considered for the study which is more contemporary and exploratory in nature. The study reveals that Pangwal had patriarchal, Patrilineal or patrilocal custom law descent of the social group, inheritance of property, and succession of chieftainship is all in the male line, marriage is patrilocal and authority in the family is strongly patriarchal.

In recent years, the world has seen the emergence of a number of urban projects which, under the banner of experimentation, have promoted alternative models of city-making capable, in theory, of creating sustainable built environments. Among these supposedly experimental models, the smart city and the eco-city stand out in terms of geographical diffusion, and are hailed by their advocates as the mark of an innovative urbanism based on a scientific approach to urban development. Through the analysis of Hong Kong and Masdar City, examples of a smart-city agenda and an eco-city project respectively, this paper questions the sustainability of so-called smart cities and eco-cities, by investigating the extent to which they are developed in a controlled and systematic manner as their developers claim. More specifically, the paper counterclaims mainstream understandings of smart and ecological urbanism, arguing that what are promoted as cohesive settlements shaped by a homogeneous vision of the sustainable city, are actually fragmented cities made of disconnected and often incongruous pieces of urban fabric. Theoretically, these claims are discussed through the concept of Frankenstein urbanism which draws upon Mary Shelley's novel as a metaphor for unsuccessful experiments generated by the forced union of different, incompatible elements.

A politikai konszolidációt támogató életszínvonal emelésnek a mobilitás, a magántulajdon és a szabadidő is fontos eleme volt, és szimbólumává vált a hétvégi ház, majd a saját gépjármű. A rendszer ugyanakkor nem koordinálta programszerűen a hétvégi házak építését, a korabeli propaganda sem volt szervezett. Az új társadalompolitikai koncepció ugyanakkor az anyagi megtakarítás és a magánépítés lehetőségét kínálta, ami a külföldi utazás lehetőségétől részben elszigetelt országban hamar a magánnyaraló építés kontrollálhatatlanul elburjánzó folyamatait indította be. A korabeli napilapokban a nyaralás új lehetőségeit propagálva a dolgozók tava kifejezés mellett rendre megemlítik a szabadidő eltöltésének most már a társadalom teljes spektruma számára elérhető új formáját, a balatoni nyaralót. Érdemes megemlítenünk, hogy a nyaralóépítés expanzív jelenségének feldolgozása a társadalomtörténeti kutatások terén is megjelent, a jelenség számosságából adódóan és a statisztikai adatok hiányában egyedi, a mentalitástörténet kutatási eszközeit igényelve.  A kutatások rámutatnak a magánépíttetők társadalmi státuszának, állandó lakóhelyeinek rendkívül összetett struktúrájára. A mezőgazdasági munkásokon kívül a társadalom minden rétege, különösen a városi ipari munkásság és az értelmiség építkezett a tóparton. 

A saját tulajdon individualitást és önkifejezést előtérbe helyező varázsa, a vízparti üdülőterületek fesztelen beépítési helyzetei, ugyanakkor a szűkös anyagi lehetőségek és a minták hiánya az egyedi megoldások heterogén összképét adták. A probléma a két világháború közti nyaralóépítkezések kihívásaihoz volt hasonlatos, miközben mind a társadalom szerkezete, mind az üdülés felfogása megváltozott. A szakfolyóiratokban publikált írásokban Kotsis Iván korábbi tervezési elveire is hivatkozva hasonló megállapításokat tesznek a nyaralók kialakításáról hangsúlyozva, hogy a nyaralás, mint életforma a háború után jelentősen átalakult. A tópartra utazók ekkor már kevesebb időt, mindössze 2-3 hetet üdülnek a tó mellett, az idejük nagy részét a szabadban töltik, a házban csak meghúzódni szeretnének. „Tudomásul kell vennünk, hogy az üdülőterület nem vadon, hanem sűrűn települt táborhely. Tehát az egymáshoz alkalmazkodás térben és formában feltétlen követelmény.” 

Az Építésügyi Minisztérium 1957 elején a Balaton-környék regionális tervvázlatának megrendelésével egy időben létrehozta a hatósági jellegű jogkörrel is bíró főépítészi munkakört. A főépítész feladata az volt, hogy az építésügyi hatóságok, azaz a járási és megyei tanácsok felé minden engedélyezési kérdésben véleményt adjon. A regionális terv elkészítésével és a főépítészséggel a fiatal Farkas Tibort bízták meg, aki egy évvel korábban Polónyi Károllyal sikerrel oldotta meg a mohácsi tanyavilágot sújtó árvíz utáni helyreállítást, aminek a regionális terv elkészítésénél is hasznát vette.
Farkas Tibor és a déli parti főmérnök Polónyi Károly a fejlesztést központilag koordináló Balatoni Intéző Bizottság (BIB) adta intézményi keretek közt az urbanisztika és az építészet eszközeinek összekapcsolásával egy regionális építészeti formanyelv kialakítását remélte, bár ennek részletes kidolgozására nem került sor. A megvalósult épületek ugyanakkor kezdetben valóban reflektálták a BIB szakembereinek formai törekvéseit, amiben az urbanisztikai regionalitásnak, egy átfogó tájképi víziónak, valamint a tervezési és rendezési eszközök összhangjának, a koordinációnak és a kontrollnak is nagy szerepe volt. Jelen tanulmány célja az eltérő diszciplínák és terveszközök közti kapcsolatok eszmetörténeti szintű elemzése.

We often think of cities as major drivers of economic development and growth. Big cities expand our access to infrastructure like public transit and public education. They allow for more efficient distribution of social services such as government assistance and health care. Cities create large markets for business, and can attract international investment and tourism from around the world. They are hubs of non-agricultural, high-paying professional jobs like banking, law, and engineering. Diversity and face-to-face interactions can lead to new ideas and cross-cultural collaborations. Conventional wisdom holds that cities are good for the economy.
Indeed, the link between a country’s level of urbanization and the size of its gross domestic product (GDP) is well established.

The current decline of the developmentalist paradigm, and its view of the rural as increasingly residual, revitalizes rural sociology. The blossoming of studies of rurality and ecology is paralleled by the growing currency of globalization as an object of analysis. This is more than a coincidence-in fact, globalization crystallizes local diversity. The two phenomena go hand in hand. But each needs to be understood as an historical construct; that is, they need to be problematized. In prob-Iematizing "globalization," I argue that it must be understood as a postdevelopmentalist construct. The postwar goal of national development, institutionalized in the international Bretton Woods regime, has run its course-dramatized by the assault on developmentalist states and institutions in the monetarist regime established under the auspices of the 1980s debt crisis. The nationally oriented institutions of the developmentalist era are now being replaced by globally oriented institutions under the legitimizing cloak of efficiency and financial credibility. Related to this trend, producing communities scramble to reposition themselves either through finding niches in a new global economy or through resistance to global pressures. Either way, there is a new emphasis on defining the local. This article explores the conjunction of global and local definition.

Le matériel présenté dans cette publication est un résultat du projet RUROS – Rediscovering the Urban Realm
and Open Spaces – coordonné par le CRES, Département des bâtiments (http://alpha.cres.gr/ruros/) .
Editeur : Dr Marialena Nikolopoulou. coordinatrice du projet
Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, Department of Buildings

Landscape ecology challenges the urbanisation processes and the activities of the infrastructure sectors. Infrastructure networks have a strong impact on the development of cities and landscapes. This impact is often positive in an economic sense but can be negative in respect of natural or recreational functions of city and countryside. The challenge for spatial planning is to locate infrastructure lines in order to safeguard the conditions for the less dynamic functions in and around the urban regions. This paper analyses the impact of network patterns on urban development patterns and on green patterns, taking the history of the Randstad Holland as an example. In history the central peat area of this region was hardly accessible. This fact has led over the course of time to a unique spatial pattern: the major infrastructure lines and the major urban settlements are situated on the rim of a Green Heart. This creates a high-quality setting for the economy and the urbanisation of more than 6 million people as well as for natural and agricultural functions. Such a combination of urban elements and infrastructure around a green core can also be found on other scale levels and in other regions. Constraints on access often correlate with restricted urbanisation and with a sustainable position for the green elements. In those cases that such a restraint is chosen deliberately, often ®ve phenomena are visible: (1) Polarity: a spatial polarity between less dynamic and more dynamic functions. Decentrality: a side position of the main infrastructure and urban centres and a central position for the green functions. (3) Equality: equilibrium in extension of urban and rural elements. (4) Continuity: the green areas are part of larger scale networks. (5) Formality: planning policies couple the planning of infrastructure and dynamic urban activities to the development of the less dynamic, green functions.

Rives have long been recognized as one of humanity’s most important natural resources. They are one of the most important of all the natural resources necessary to ensure human health and civilization. A close association between cities and water is inherent over the history of civilization and in fact, many urban cities in Malaysia are located close to river areas. The last two decades have shown Malaysia has shifted development strategy from an agricultural base to industrialization, and manufacturing industries have now become the main component of the economy for the country. This transformation since the 18 century has clearly shown that rapid urbanization, industrial and intensive agricultural activities, as well as wide-spread land development, have contributed to extensive changing of river functions for the economy, national development and the environment. In particular, river roles have become less significant for human life and river functions limited to transportation p...

Современный город как местообитание «диких» видов птиц и других животных, освоивших урболандшафт, играет крайне противоречивую и двойственную роль.
С одной стороны, для любого дикого вида это предельно экстремальная среда обитания, и преадаптированные виды можно пересчитать по пальцам. Даже если виды находят в городе аналоги естественных местообитаний, они настолько фрагментированы, нарушены и нестабильны во времени и пространстве, как это никогда не бывает в природе. И всем без исключения видам, осваивающим урбосреду – от скопы и сапсана до зарянок, соловьёв и варакушек приходится приспосабливаться к такой нестабильности и изменчивости среды, как общему для всех лимитирующему барьеру при создании городских популяций. Дикие виды привыкли жить в непрерывных местообитаниях и даже умеренная фрагментации лесов ведёт к сокращению численности и исчезновению многих видов, в городе им приходится «прыгать со льдины на льдину», оперативно перебрасывая население вида с одного «острова» местообитаний на другой, чтоб поспеть за постоянными сдвигами кружева биотопов в ходе эволюции урболандшафта.
В книге рассматриваются тонкие эколого-этологические механизмы, позволяющие городским популяциям сохранять устойчивость вопреки быстрым и направленным изменениям урбосреды. Показано, что всякое возрастание успешности вида в прыжках «с льдины на льдину» в специальных условиях города стимулирует попытки дальнейшей урбанизации, освоение ещё более фрагментированных и нарушенных биотопов и так далее. Процесс продолжается до тех пор, пока новорожденная городская популяции не отделится от  исходной материнской уже окончательно – как у вяхиря, чёрного дрозда, рябинника, лазоревки и прочих.
Также анализируются те трансформации популяционной системы, которые необходимы, чтобы «дикий вид», дал жизнеспособную городскую популяцию, ведь исходно необходимый уровень лабильности системы имеются не у всех, и дихотомия «консерватизм – лабильность» популяционной системы вида, первый полюс которой затрудняет, а второй – облегчает урбанизацию. Выделив факторы популяционной устойчивости вида во фрагментированных местообитаниях, проранжировав виды по способности колонизировать их экстремальный вариант (урболандшафт), мы даём прогноз перспектив урбанизации «диких видов» птиц фауны Московского региона в контексте разных сценариев развития урбанизированного ядра Большой Москвы. Показано, что рост и эволюция урбанизированного ядра региона производит отбор экологически близких видов, уже поселившихся на территории городов. В каждой паре (тройке, четвёрке) таких видов, биология которых на территории города почти идентична из-за конвергенции экологических ниш, естественная эволюция  урболандшафта производит постоянный отбор. Она содействует ещё большей урбанизации видов с более лабильной стратегией, но подрывает популяционную устойчивость и вытесняет из города более консервативные виды из группы близких (что делает их ещё более консервативными). Так сказать, имущему воздастся, у неимущего отнимется.
С другой стороны, территориальный рост городов создаёт «техногенные аналоги природных ландшафтов, уничтоженных в процессе подобного роста: пустыри и газоны вместо лугов, старые усадьбы и парки – вместо лесов, поля орошения – вместо водно-болотных угодий. Этим городское развитие содействует началу урбанизации всё новых и новых видов региональной авифауны, включая те, что были вытеснены из города на предыдущем этапе и за время пребывания «под прессом» урбанизированного ядра достаточно лабилизировали популяционную структуру для начала успешной урбанизации.
Показано, что наличное разнообразие авифауны крупных городов определяется балансом первого и второго процессов вытеснения и урбанизации, связанных с обретением и потерей устойчивости популяционной системы вида в ходе эволюции урболандшафта, и не зависит от экологической вместимости городских местообитаний, которая всегда избыточна. Проблема в том, чтобы вовремя нужные участки найти и на них размножиться нужному числу особей, а для этого нужна лабильная структура отношений в системе, тем не менее не выходящая за пределы видовой нормы, более разболтанная и с большей свободой комбинирования вариантов, но на же «конструкция» популяционной системы вида.
Наконец, на основе представлений о популяционной устойчивости как главного эволюционного достижения вида в процессе урбанизации (а не адаптации к специфическим городским биотопам) объяснены экологические парадоксы последней.
С одной стороны, городские местообитания снимают ресурсные ограничения на число видов, способных одновременно жить на одной территории, городские местообитания содержат заведомый избыток ресурсов. Однако в городах увеличивается число случаев вытеснения одного вида другим, то есть конкуренция вроде бы обостряется. Согласно существующей экологической теории обострение конкуренции ведёт вроде бы к разделению ниш? но именно в городских биотопах ниши близких видов конвергируют до полного безразличия. То же самое наблюдается при выпадении снега, резком похолодании, затяжных дождях и других ухудшениях погодных условий, увеличивающих «напряжение жизни» у птиц (например, снижением доступности корма). Освоение исторически нетипичного ландшафта вроде бы должно вести к быстрой морфологической эволюции особей в городских популяциях?  Но преобразуется лишь система отношений между особями, популяционная организация, а морфология индивидов остаётся в пределах нормы, изменяется их психофизиология, биологические ритмы и пр. – насколько необходимо для приспособления особей к изменившейся популяционной структуре и иной социальной среде группировок.
Двадцать лет назад, начиная исследования городской авифауны, мы считали, что город – это только угроза «диким» видам птиц в регионе, он их будет вытеснять к малонарушенной периферии, а в самом городе останутся только вороны. Сейчас мы с радостью видим, что это не так. Как всякое прогрессивное творение человека современный город даёт орнитофауне шанс «пересесть» из природных местообитаний, разрушающихся в ходе урбанизации региона под действием застройки и массовой рекреации в свои техногенные аналоги внутри разрастающегося урбанизированного ядра.
И очень жаль, что в нашем собственном городе этот шанс последовательно уничтожается ради прибылей стройкомплекса и других корыстных  интересов минуты.
В Древней Греции говорили: «Ты чурбан, коль Афин не видывал; осел, коль увидев, не пришёл в восторг; верблюд, коль покинул их, не жалуясь». Время восторгов городом как средоточием цивилизации прошло, пришло время «жалоб» на социальные и экологические проблемы. Мы надеемся, книга послужит их конструктивному разрешению в части, касающейся сохранения биоразнообразия – не только города, но и всего урбанизированного региона. Ведь регулировать рост городов мы до сих пор не умеем, а тем более сдерживать рост их «сферы влияния» - в условиях, когда зона отдыха выходного дня расползается как масляное пятно на воде вместе с поддерживающей её сетью автодорог и дачных участков, фрагментирующих биотопы не хуже урболандшафта.
В условиях экспансии «городского ядра» единственный шанс сохранения «диких» видов – их скорейшая урбанизация, поворот от «отступления» из «зоны влияния» города к направленному освоению тех (многих!) возможностей, которые создаёт урбосреда. Мы исследуем возможности и условиях этого «поворота», важного и в теоретическом, и в природоохранном отношении.

Recherche collective Franco-maroco-tunisienne des années 1980 analysant  les effets des grands projets industriels sur le développement urbain à travers les cas de Gabès en Tunisie et Mohammedia au Maroc. Dans les deux cas il s'agit de grands investissements publics.

We determined the rate of urban growth, the types of land cover that were being converted, and the spatial pattern of the urban growth in the municipality of Luquillo in Puerto Rico. Rapid population and urban growth have occurred in the last 30 years, with a signi®cant increase in urban area in the 5 years from 1988 to 1993. The urban area increased by 31%, which represented a loss of vegetated cover in 5% of the study area. Over 80% of the lost vegetation was dense forest. There was no clear pattern to the urban growth: the number of identi®able polygons of urban land-use increased by one third in the 5-year study period, and only about half the new elements were contiguous with existing ones. In summary, the municipality is growing in an undisciplined manner, and the aesthetic amenities that appear to be driving the growth are threatened as a result. #

Scientific evidence for global environmental change in Africa presents a prima facia case for increased human migration and displacement. Closer scrutiny of the evidence on demographic change, however, suggests that migration and displacement are less important variables in explaining the human dimensions of global environmental change on the continent than is commonly projected. Natural population growth in cities is a more important dynamic in the evolving system of human settlement in Africa and this significant shift in where people live, both now and in the future is overlooked by the emphasis on the potential impact of environmentally induced migration. Even without any movement from the countryside, cities represent the fastest growing sector of the sub-Saharan African population. The existing vulnerability of African cities, with their fast growing populations and weak management means any environmental change is likely to have significant consequences for cities. Taking the sub-Saharan African demographic evidence seriously means that the scholarly and policy emphasis currently directed to GEC migration and displacement might be more effectively redirected to questions of the interface between global environmental change and urban areas.

Due to rapid urbanisation and scarcity of land, most of the urban parks and recreational areas in Hong Kong are built close to major roads or industrial areas, where they are subject to many potential pollution sources, including vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions. An extensive soil survey was conducted in urban parks of Hong Kong to study the current conditions of heavy metals contamination in soils. Soil samples and associated street dusts were collected from more than 60 parks and public amenity areas in old urban districts, industrial areas and New Towns of the territory. Soils were also sampled in the remote country parks to establish the baseline conditions. The total concentrations of heavy metals and major elements in the samples were determined. The results indicate that urban soils in Hong Kong have elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. The parks with high metal concentrations are located in old urban commercial districts and industrial areas, indicating that the major contamination sources in these soils are traffic emissions and industrial activities. In addition, the application of Cd containing phosphate fertilizers may be an important source of Cd in urban park soils. The street dusts have highly elevated Zn concentration, particularly along the main trunk roads. The high Zn content in the street dusts may come from traffic sources, especially vehicle tyres. Selective soil and road dust samples were also analysed for potential chemical speciation by a sequential chemical extraction method. The chemical partitioning results show that Pb and Zn are mainly in the carbonate/adsorbed and Fe–Mn oxide phases, while Cu is largely associated with the organic and sulphide fractions. The high exchangeable Cd in urban soils and high concentration of Zn in street dusts need further investigation for their ecological and health implications.

V prispevku avtor prikazuje razvoj stanovanjskih razmer v Ljubljani v prvih dveh desetletjih po drugi svetovni vojni. Prikazan je celovit razvoj stanja stanovanjskega fonda, predvojne razmere, povojna obnova, industrializacija mesta, izgradnja blokovskih naselij, reševanje stanovanjske stiske, vsakdanje življenje v mestnih naseljih, razvoj novih bivalnih konceptov stolpnice, soseske in vrstnih hiš ter izboljševanje bivalnega standarda. KLJUČNE BESEDE Ljubljana, stanovanjske razmere, 1945–1965, socializem, bloki, stolpnica, soseska, vsakdanje življenje, industrializacija, urbanizacija

HOUSING CONDITIONS IN LJUBLJANA DURING THE PERIOD OF 1945–1965 The author of the paper describes the housing conditions in Ljubljana during the first two decades after the Second World War. The presentation follows the full development of the housing fund, the prewar conditions, the postwar reconstruction, urban industrialisation, the construction of low-rise housing estates, addressing the housing crisis, the daily life in low-rise housing estates, as well as the formation of new residential concepts ascribed to high-rises, neighbourhoods, terraced houses and the rising residential standard.

Texte paru dans Les Cahiers du GREMAO, 2007, n° 19, pp : 55-86 in « Villes intermédiaires dans le monde arabe », 224p. Labo ; Sedet-CNRS, Univ Paris VII-Denis Diderot. L'Harmattan. Parler de villes intermédiaires pose au moins deux problèmes qu'il convient d'élucider au préalable : le premier concerne la notion d'intermédiarité tandis que le second est relatif à la délimitation de ces villes intermédiaires. Il va sans dire que quelque soit la définition et le contenu qu'on leur donne, les villes intermédiaires jouent un rôle central dans la structuration du système urbain et sa dynamique, dans la socialisation de fait urbain et l'apprentissage de l'urbanité et dans l'encadrement territorial de l'espace national. Le rôle de ces villes sera examiné seulement à partir de quelques angles d'attaque qui ne prétendent guère l'exhaustivité. Avant d'aborder l'étude des villes intermédiaires, on s'attardera un peu sur la notion d'intermédiarité en général et la définition des villes intermédiaires en Tunisie. 1 – L'intermédiarité comme posture, un cadrage théorique Parler des villes intermédiaires nous impose de se référer à des repères conceptuels qui fixent la notion d' «intermédiarité » et ses implications. On s'attardera un peu sur cette notion en général pour pouvoir l'appliquer aux villes par la suite. L'espace intermédiaire est un espace qui, par sa position se situe au milieu, entre deux pôles qu'il convient de fixer avant d'en étudier le contenu et la nature. L'intermédiarité se définit d'abord comme une inter-position, un espace entre deux, entre deux pôles référentiels différents (connus ou à définir), opposés, voire antinomiques qui en constituent en même temps, les limites et fixent l'intermédiaire. Cette position particulière fait que l'espace intermédiaire se trouve régi par des mécanismes différents, complexes et nouveaux ce qui nécessite la distanciation (A Belhedi 1998). C'est un champ ouvert, à limites floues et mobiles des deux côtés dont la délimitation passe par celle des espaces-références. Il constitue un espace transitionnel assurant le passage graduel, la médiation et l'intermédiation tant spatiale que sociale et politique, un espace relais de régulation. C'est un espace médian situé au milieu à travers lequel chacun des espaces-références se transforme en son antipode et se met en rapport avec lui faisant figure d'un un espace transformationnel, un lieu de métamorphose. C'est à ce titre qu'il convient de fixer les limites de la ville intermédiaire, en terme démographique, fonctionnel et perceptif. L'espace intermédiaire constitue l'interface entre champs, structures et systèmes. Cet espace-interface assure à la fois la jonction, la limite et la communication mais exprime en même temps la rupture qui correspond à l'extinction ou à l'affaiblissement d'une dynamique ou d'un processus et l'apparition d'autres. C'est un espace à la fois proche et lointain,

This study investigates the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2 ) for a global panel consisting of 69 countries using a dynamic panel data model. To make the panel data analysis more homogenous, we also investigate the determinants of CO 2 emissions for a number of sub-panels. These sub-panels are constructed based on the income level of countries. In this way, we end up with three income panels; namely, high income, middle income, and low income panels. The time component of our dataset is 1985-2005 inclusive. Our main findings are that trade openness, per capita GDP, and energy consumption, proxied by per capita electric power consumption and per capita total primary energy consumption, have positive effects on CO 2 emissions. Urbanisation is found to have a negative impact on CO 2 emissions in high income, middle income, and low income panels. For the global panel, only GDP per capita and per capita total primary energy consumption are found to be statistically significant determinants of CO 2 emission, while urbanisation, trade openness, and per capita electric power consumption have negative effects on the CO 2 emissions.