A new understanding of science as a knowledge system is emerging. In place of universalizing theories, there is recognition of locatedness and situatednss as characteristics of scientific knowledge. This has a bearing on the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western biomedicine. Both are generated in located and situated clinical practices. Clinical space can thus be seen as a platform upon which TCM and Western biomedicine can engage in mutual translation.

Bruno Latour refers to ‘translation’ as ‘the interpretation given by fact-builders of their interests and those of the people they enrol.’ This offers the possibility of a local and situated interpretation of other knowledge systems including TCM. Using this methodology, I translate into terms of wenbing influenza the viral epidemics of Western biomedicine.

The aim of this paper is to show the interaction between Humanities and Sciences through shared methods and topics. Using scientific criteria typical of Literature, Philology and History, Traditional Chinese Medical texts have been investigated in order to write a "gender" vision of Chinese Medicine up until the Ming Dinasty. While searching for the original manuscripts in Nanjing, Beinjing and Shanghai, the team, composed by the author (University of Macerata), Mr Renshou and Mrs Shen Jie (Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine), has attempted to restore traditional Chinese medical literature according to a 'female' perspective. This work can be compared to a building site and has highlighted the advisability of writing an anthology of Chinese female doctors practising from the II century A.C. to the XV century A.D. Moreover, the translation of selected texts that were studied from a philological point of view (unavailable in Western Countries) has demonstrated the profound connection with the more contemporary female medical editing in Western and Eastern countries. This connection could well lead to greater focus on comparative topics and an expansion of current research in a synchronous and diachronous fashion.

Folk medicine practitioners in Peril employ plant preparations as wound-healing agents on superficial and internal wounds (gastric ulcers). The results of a scientific evaluation of the wound-healing activity of nine plants found in the Amazon jungle near Iquitos and in the Andes mountains is presented. The species studied were: Peperomia galioides, Mentzelia cordifolia, Mutisia acuminata, Himatanthus sucuuba, Spondias mombin, Eleutherine bu[bosa, Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia, Anredera diffusa and Jatropha curcas. These plants have also been examined for their toxicological properties, their effect on blood pressure, smooth muscle and capillary permeability. Significant wound-healing activity was detected in Peperomia galioides, Anredera diffusa and Jatropha curcas. Extracts from Peperomia galioides and Anredera diffusa had no effect on cell proliferation and did not exhibit mutagenic activity.

1. J Psychedelic Drugs. 1979 Jan-Jun;11(1-2):145-6. Entheogens. Ruck CA, Bigwood J, Staples D, Ott J, Wasson RG. PMID: 522165 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. MeSH Terms. Hallucinogens*; Medicine, Traditional*; Terminology as Topic. Substances. Hallucinogens.

Rigorous scientific and well-designed clinical trials to evaluate the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is lacking. We, therefore, designed this study to evaluate the effectiveness of a commonly used TCM preparation in treating acute cough of uncomplicated URTI in adults and to search for a safe, effective and affordable alternative treatment for this common condition. A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-control study comparing this TCM preparation with a placebo was conducted in 82 patients who attended the Family Medicine Training Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong between November and December, 2003. The TCM herbal preparation includes nine commonly used TCM herbs for cough such as chuanbei, fangfeng, jiegeng, gancao and baibu (see Table 1). The treatment lasted for 5 days and patients were followed-up for another 6 days. Patients were asked to fill in a cough score and validated Leicester cough questionnaire (LCQ). 62 patients (75.6%) had completed the tria...

An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the ethnic groups (Kani/Kanikaran) in Southern Western Ghats of India. T raditional uses of 54 plant species belonging to 26 families are described under this study. In this communication, the information got from the tribals were compared with the already existing literature on ethnobotany of India. T he documented ethnomedicinal plants were mostly used to cure skin diseases, poison bites, wounds and rheumatism. T he medicinal plants used by kanis are arranged alphabetically followed by family name, local name, major chemical constituents, parts used, mode of preparation and medicinal uses. Purchase Export Female demographic disadvantage in India 1981-1991: Sex selective abortions and female infanticide, along with this, the protoplanetary cloud against the law induces pulsar. Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.

The antiviral effect against hepatitis B virus (HBV) of artemisinin, its derivative artesunate and other compounds highly purified from traditional Chinese medicine remedies, were investigated. HBV production by permanently transfected HepG2 2.2.15 cells was determined by measuring the release of surface protein (HBsAg) and HBV-DNA after drug exposure (0.01-100 M) for 21 days. The forms of HBV-DNA released were investigated by Southern-blotting. Neutral Red retention test was used to evaluate drug-induced toxicity on host cells. The compounds were classified according to their potential interest as follows: (i) none: they had no effect on viral production (daidzein, daidzin, isonardosinon, nardofuran, nardosinon, tetrahydronardosinon and quercetin); (ii) low: they were able to markedly reduce viral production, but also induced toxicity on host cells (berberine and tannic acid) or they had no toxic effect on host cells but only had a moderate ability to reduce viral production (curcumin, baicalein, baicalin, bufalin, diallyl disulphide, glycyrrhizic acid and puerarin); (iii) high: they induced strong inhibition of viral production at concentrations at which host cell viability was not affected (artemisinin and artesunate). Moreover, artesunate in conjunction with lamivudine had synergic anti-HBV effects, which warrants further evaluation of artemisinin/artesunate as antiviral agents against HBV infection.

We have previously demonstrated that a UVC-induced tumorigenic HeLa x skin fibroblast cell line could be induced to form a more normal phenotypic state ('reversion'), including loss of IAP expression. We have now used the loss of IAP expression to monitor the enhancement of this reversion in the cervical cancer cell line, HeLa, by a traditional Chinese herb medicine (TCM), Yigan Kang (YGK). IAP level decreased, and the reversion frequency increased, in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of YGK of more than 10 mg. YGK significantly repressed E6/E7 oncogenes at the transcriptional level, with subsequent reactivation of p53 and p21 expression (P!0.01). YGK had little effect on the cell cycle of HeLa cells and slightly increased the apoptotic cell death between 20 and 40 mg. In vivo, tumorigenicity studies were performed using six different animal experimental protocols, which demonstrated that YGK was effective at inducing reversion of the tumorigenic phenotype, with YGK-treated HeLa cells showing much less aggressive tumor growth than untreated cells. YGK may raise the possibility of the continuing management of some cancers as a chronic condition in which the malignant behavior of the tumor cells is constrained. q

Celastrol, a natural substance isolated from plant extracts used in traditional Chinese medicine, has been extensively investigated as a possible drug for treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and protein misfolding disorders. Although studies focusing on celastrol's effects in specific cellular pathways have revealed a considerable number of targets in a diverse array of in vitro models there is an essential need for investigations that can provide a global view of its effects. To assess cellular effects of celastrol and to identify target proteins as biomarkers for monitoring treatment regimes, we performed large-scale quantitative proteomics in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells, a cell type that can be readily prepared from human blood samples. Celastrol substantially modified the proteome composition and 158 of the close to 1800 proteins with robust quantitation showed at least a 1.5 fold change in protein levels. Up-regulated proteins play key roles in cytoprotection with a prominent group involved in quality control and processing of proteins traversing the endoplasmic reticulum. Increased levels of proteins essential for the cellular protection against oxidative stress including heme oxygenase 1, several peroxiredoxins and thioredoxins as well as proteins involved in the control of iron homeostasis were also observed. Specific analysis of the mitochondrial proteome strongly indicated that the mitochondrial association of certain antioxidant defense and apoptosis-regulating proteins increased in cells exposed to celastrol. Analysis of selected mRNA transcripts showed that celastrol activated several different stress response pathways and dose response studies furthermore showed that continuous exposure to sub-micromolar concentrations of celastrol is associated with reduced cellular viability and proliferation. The extensive catalog of regulated proteins presented here identifies numerous cellular effects of celastrol and constitutes a valuable biomarker tool for the development and monitoration of disease treatment strategies.

Resveratrol and polydatin (piceid), the major active components of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum (Sieb. & Zucc.), have been separated and purified from crude root extracts in one step by isocratic hydrogen bond adsorption chromatography on cross-linked 12% agarose (Superoseä 12 HR 10/30). Separation was achieved by step-wise elution with mobile phases composed of mixtures of ethanol and acetic acid: 0-75 mL, 10% ethanol, 10% acetic acid; 75-150 mL, 20% ethanol, 20% acetic acid; 150-250 mL, 30% ethanol, 30% acetic acid. At a sample load of 40 mg crude extract dissolved in 0.5 mL mobile phase (corresponding to a load of 1.7 mg mL)1 gel) a resveratrol purity of about 96% with a recovery of 61% was obtained by proper peak cutting.

Post-tonsillectomy swallowing pain is a common and distressing side effect after tonsillectomy and thus of great clinical interest. Up until now, there is no randomized controlled patient- and observer-blinded study evaluating the efficacy of acupuncture against swallowing pain after tonsillectomy. We therefore compared the potency of specific verum acupuncture points related to a Chinese medical diagnosis in reducing postoperative swallowing pain with non-specific control points on the body as well as a non-acupuncture group who received standard medication only. The standardized pain therapy after tonsillectomy was orally administered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (diclofenac 3 × 50 mg oral). The patients (n = 123) treated with NSAID were asked about their acute pain after taking a sip of water between the first and fifth postoperative day. Participants’ pain was assessed using visual analog (VAS) [zero (0) for no pain up to ten (10) for the acute reported outset pain] before and 20 min, 1, 2 and 3 h after acupuncture treatment or standard pain medication, respectively. The functional assessment of diagnosis and treatment point-combination occurred by means of the “Heidelberg Model” of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Verum acupuncture lead to a significant additional pain relief. In comparison to the acupuncture, they also reported an average of 3 h duration of adequate pain-relief past taking the NSAID. This trial strongly supports a specific acupuncture scheme for the treatment of postoperative swallowing pain after tonsillectomy. It may particularly serve as an alternative pain treatment in case of NSAID intolerances.

Purpose of review-Allergic disorders represent serious public health problem in children. The chronic nature of these diseases and the fear of known side effects of synthetic drugs influence many families to seek complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). This review focuses on TCM herbal products, acupuncture for treating paediatric allergies. Recent findings-Given the general safety profile, reputed efficacy, TCM are well received by the general population. However, compared to the long human use history and popularity of use of TCM, research into its efficacy and safety is still in infancy. Recent 2-3 years there are more controlled studies of TCM for allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis. Several publications including ours indicate that some TCM herbal formulas are safe and produced some levels of efficacy. Some herbal formula also showed beneficial immunomodualtory effects. Several preclinical studies demonstrated that the food allergy herbal formula-2 (FAHF-2) was effective in protecting against peanut anaphylaxis in animal model. Two TCM products have entered the clinical trials in the US for treating asthma and food allergy respectively. Both of these trials include children. Summary-Recently studies indicate that TCM therapy including herbal medicines and acupuncture for allergic disorders in children is safe. There are also promising clinical and objective improvement. More controlled clinical studies are encouraged.

The survival of the tiger (Panthera tigris) is seriously threatened by poaching to provide raw materials for traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Most highly prized are the tiger's bones, which are used in combination with other animal and plant derivatives in pills and plasters for the treatment of rheumatism and other ailments. Hundreds of patent remedies have been produced which claim to contain tiger bone, but proof of its presence is needed if legislation prohibiting the trade in endangered species is to be enforced.

Un point de vue «absolu» prétendant décrire « l'essence » de la médecine chinoise n'a que peu de sens. On ne peut qu'adopter des points de vue relatifs adaptés à des objectifs qui sont 1) soit professionnels et disciplinaires (les disciplines médicales et les professionnels de santé d'un côté, les disciplines des sciences humaines et sociales de l'autre), 2) soit idéologiques (instrumentalisation de la médecine chinoise au profit d'intérêts extra-médicaux). En fonction des objectifs se construisent des images très différentes de la médecine chinoise. Les médecins ont donc à définir leur point de vue professionnel. Cet abord médical se doit 1) d'être dégagé des idéologies et 2) en cohérence avec le cadre de référence collectivement admis de la médecine.
Summary: An «absolute» viewpoint claiming to describe the «essence» of Chinese Medicine is of little meaning. On Chinese Medicine we can only describe relative viewpoints tailored to objectives that are 1) professional and disciplinary (medical disciplines and healthcare professionals on one hand, disciplines of Humanities and Social Sciences of the other), 2) or ideological (instrumentalization of Chinese Medicine in favor of extra-medical interest). Depending on the objectives are built very different images of Chinese medicine. Physicians therefore have to define their professional perspective. This medical viewpoint must 1) be free from ideologies and 2) consistent with the collectively agreed framework of medicine.

Coffee’s origin was in Ethiopia. Coffee’s use then spread from Ethiopia up through Egypt and Yemen. From its introduction to Yemen, coffee soon spread throughout the Arab world.

It was not until 1670 that coffee was first introduced to India as pure coffee. From its smuggling into India, coffee then made the leap to Italy before spreading into Europe, Indonesia and the Americas. It was Italy that truly played the biggest role in bringing coffee to Europe and the Americas. Prior to arriving in Italy, coffee was looked upon as a drink of the Muslim community because of the role that it played in religious rituals. However, once coffee came to Italy, Pope Clement VIII declared the drink to be an acceptable drink for Christians. Upon this declaration, coffee became more widespread than ever.

Topical therapies are the mainstay in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, and are effective in the majority of patients with mild and localized disease. In patients with widespread or recalcitrant moderate to severe dermatitis, systemic therapies may be required. The frequently used systemic therapies are immunosuppressants, immune response modifiers, antiinflammatories, antihistamines, and antibiotics. In this article, the indications and scientific support for the use of these medications is reviewed. Table 7 A proposed algorithm for the systemic treatment of paediatric atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Discoid dermatitis First line: cyclosporin Second line: azathioprine Third line: methotrexate Fourth line: mycophenolate mofetil, intravenous immunoglobulin, interferon-g First line: methotrexate Second line: cyclosporin 132 KLA Borchard and D Orchard

BACKGROUND: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) afflicts 2%-10% of adult men. Available therapies offer little or no proven benefit. Because acupuncture represents an attractive "natural" therapy, we compared the efficacy of acupuncture to sham acupuncture for CP/CPPS. METHODS: Participants met US National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria for CP/CPPS, were aged Ն20 years old, and had a total score Ն15 on the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) and symptoms for at least 3 of the preceding 6 months. They were randomized 1:1 to acupuncture or sham acupuncture. Treatment consisted of twice-weekly 30-minute sessions for 10 weeks (20 sessions total) without needle stimulation, herbs, or adjuvants. The primary response criterion was a 6-point decrease from baseline to week 10 in NIH-CPSI total score (range 0-43). RESULTS: Thirty-two (73%) of 44 participants responded in the acupuncture group compared with 21 (47%) of 45 sham group participants (relative risk 1.81, 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.1, P ϭ .02). Long-term responses 24 weeks after completing therapy without additional treatment occurred in 14 (32%) of 44 acupuncture group participants and in 6 (13%) of 45 sham group participants (relative risk 2.39, 95% confidence interval, 1.0-5.6, P ϭ .04). CONCLUSIONS: After 10 weeks of treatment, acupuncture proved almost twice as likely as sham treatment to improve CP/CPPS symptoms. Participants receiving acupuncture were 2.4-fold more likely to experience long-term benefit than were participants receiving sham acupuncture.

This review examines the educational accreditation standards of four licensed complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) disciplines (naturopathic medicine, chiropractic health care, acupuncture and oriental medicine, and massage therapy), and identifies public health and other competencies found in those standards that contribute to cooperation and collaboration among the health care professions. These competencies may form a foundation for interprofessional education. The agencies that accredit the educational programs for each of these disciplines are individually recognized by the United States Department (Secretary) of Education. Patients and the public are served when healthcare practitioners collaborate and cooperate. This is facilitated when those practitioners possess competencies that provide them the knowledge and skills to work with practitioners from other fields and disciplines. Educational accreditation standards provide a framework for the delivery of these competencies. Requiring these competencies through accreditation standards ensures that practitioners are trained to optimally function in integrative clinical care settings.

Self-control problems commonly manifest as temper outbursts and repetitive/rigid/impulsive behaviors, in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which often contributes to learning difficulties and caregiver burden. The present study aims to compare the effect of a traditional Chinese Chan-based mind-body exercise, Nei Yang Gong, with that of the conventional Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) technique in enhancing the self-control of children with ASD. Forty-six age-and IQ-matched ASD children were randomly assigned to receive group training in Nei Yang Gong (experimental group) or PMR (control group) twice per week for four weeks. The participants' self-control was measured by three neuropsychological tests and parental rating on standardized questionnaires, and the underlying neural mechanism was assessed by the participants' brain EEG activity during an inhibitory-control task before and after intervention. The results show that the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in self-control than the control group, which concurs with the parental reports of reduced autistic symptoms and increased control of temper and behaviors. In addition, the experimental group showed enhanced EEG activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, a region that mediates selfcontrol, whereas the PMR group did not. The present findings support the potential application of Chinese Chan-based mind-body exercises as a form of neuropsychological rehabilitation for patients with self-control problems. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; Registration No.: ChiCTR-TRC-12002561; URL: www.chictr.org.

Whether communicating with a fellow practitioner, looking up research on a plant, or checking official legislation, plant names are essential to practising herbal medicine. However, names used to refer to Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) are complicated by the fact that one name can refer to several species, and these names can mean different things to different people. This creates potential for inaccuracies and miscommunication.

This article begins by giving an overview of the different names used in traditional Chinese medicine; whilst these names are useful for defining a drug entity, it is often not clear what species of plant they refer to and that they are defined differently in different publications. It then explores the benefits of using scientific names whilst also exploring the difficulties their use can present.

It goes on to cover the work Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS), a project based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, has been doing to highlight and help resolve these issues. MPNS has created a global resource that indexes the many different names in use and links them to up to date scientific classification. This resource is publicly available and its aim is to improve communication about medicinal plants. MPNS also advises on best practice in the use of plant names and works with global health regulators to ensure accuracy.

Big data and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a new interdisciplinary field quietly emerging in Chinese society. Internet of Things (IoT) sensor system technology is currently being developed to gather large volumes of personal data so that TCM, specifically herbal pharmaceutics, can be applied to treat acute and chronic diseases alike utilizing low cost, safe, and effective treatment protocols that have been prescribed in clinical practice for thousands of years. Through a survey of existing literature, this paper investigates what a future state of medicine may look like with the deployment of a big data TCM system as a means to enhance humankind's health and quality of life.

【論文要旨】

この論文は、気の宇宙論と人体観を中心として構成された黄老思想の特徴を分析し、黄老思想の代表著文献である『淮南子』と『黄帝内経』に現れる治身と養生に共通する理論基盤を明らかにするために、古代中国の人性論の伝統と修養論、生命観としての形神感応論を考察した。『淮南子』の人性論においては、性、命をはじめ道、徳などを考察した。性命の思想を基にして成り立った『淮南子』の修養論は、養神主義と呼ばれている。『淮南子』は天からもらった性を養い、それが発現できるようにすべきであることを強調するが、それがまさに養性主義あるいは精神主義と定義することができるということを明らかにした。加えて、形神感応論あるいは心身相関論の根拠を『黄帝内経』の「五臓神配属」説に繋げ、精神と肉体の関係を解釈した。

黄老思想の特徴は、原始道家の道論を気論として説明した点にある。『淮南子』と『黄帝内経』は、このような観点から気の宇宙論と人体観を本格的に展開し、人間の治身方法を論ずる。黄老思想の宇宙論は、相関的思惟および数秘学的想像力を通じ、人体への理解を具体化した。人間は自然に似ており、自然界と人間の身体構造の間には類似性が多い。人間の体の構造が自然の構造をかたどって形成されたとする天人相符論、また自然と人間が互いに応じて、有機的な統一性と緊密な相関性を持つという天人相応の観点が現れている。例えば、自然界に四季があるように、人間も耳目口鼻の四つの器官があり、五行と同じく人にも五臓がある。

『淮南子』は、先秦道家の宇宙生成学説の総結であると同時に気と道とを区別し、また陰陽五行説を用い気の生成理論を一層詳しく説いたと言われている。『黄帝内経』は、気と天人感応、陰陽、四時、五行の宇宙論から人体構造を説明し、人体構造においては、臓腑、血気、経絡に分類して説明する。『黄帝内経』の生理観は、呼吸及び食物の摂取から蓄積する精気が、経絡の血脈を通じて循環し、五臓六腑に流れていくというものである。

『淮南子』によると、性は人の生まれつきのものであり、人が生きている間に発現される精神的傾向や根本的能力を意味する。しかし、性は生まれつきのものでありながら、固定されているものではなく、状況[時]によって変わり、外物に応じ好悪の感情をあらわす動的なものとして規定される。『淮南子』原道訓と精神訓は、性及び神は同じく生まれつきのものであり、人は天を模範としなければならないと言う。ただ、性にとって神はどのような意味をもつのかについて注目すべきである。つまり、神は主体の性格を持ち、人は神を通じて自らの性を制御する。一方、性は人が志向すべき天と違って、世俗の人間や外物に影響されやすい側面がある。人の本性が持っているこのような側面に関する問題は、性が人間の欲望を意味する「情」とともに議論される過程で現われる。『淮南子』は、このような性にしたがって清くて静かな安貧楽道の人生を送ることをすすめる一方、部分的に儒家的な説に言及し、その正当性を論じ、教化の必要性を認める。これは自然的な性があるから、それに起因[因]して仁義礼智が存立するようになるという論理である。『淮南子』は『老子』と『莊子』の「無為」をより積極的な意味として解釈している。先秦道家のいう無為は、何も行わない消極的で静態的な概念でなく、人に与えられた本性と運命に従うが、それを改造するより、生まれつきの性分に依拠[因]して長所をいかし、拡充することに努める能動性として解釈すべきである。このような性は、命と結び付き一層深い養性論に展開していた。『淮南子』原道訓によると、性と命はいずれも人が天からもらった生の根源的な性向であり、人間の本性は運命によって性命を形成し、それによって好悪の感情と主観が生じるということである。このように人が命によって有意義な存在となる道に進むことで、性は命に会い行うことができ、命は性を得ると言う。性が人間の潜在的本性及び天賦的能力であれば、命はとき[時]や運命的要因である。この二つの要素がかみ合って人格の器を形成するのであり、性命が成り立っていく実態がすなわち「性命之情」という表現である。このような性命の思想に従って成り立った『淮南子』の修養論は養神主義と言われている。天からもらう性を養い、発現すべきだという意味で、養性主義あるいは精神主義の哲学と定義されている。

『黄帝内経』によると、心から発現されるさまざまな様態の神は、五臓の中に留まり、五臓六腑の君主のような役割を果たすと同時に智慧の源泉[神明]である心によって制御される。『淮南子』と『黄帝内経』は、形体である臓器は感情や精神の状態の影響を受けるため、神の良否は身体の健康に関わるという。『淮南子』と『黄帝内経』は、特に、過度な感情や心理的な問題が発病の内在的素因になるおそれがあるため、情緒的な安定と節制が必要だと強調する。精神的修養として、感情を調節する方法は、外物にひかれがちな邪欲を遠ざけ、無心を求めることである。つまり、安定した状態と平静を保つ「虚静養神」と要約することができる。『淮南子』が精神の修養[養神]だけを重視したのに対し、『黄帝内経』は心身の均衡と調和を強調し、身体を治めること[養形]も必要だという。『黄帝内経』が神と形を相補的関係として認識し、養神と養形との調和を勧めるのは、精神的修養を強調する『淮南子』の治身論と医学経典である『黄帝内経』の生理的治身論とが、折衷されたからであると言われている。『黄帝内経』は、長期間の成立過程で養形を重視する漢代の思潮の影響を受け、養神と養形の適切な妥協を成したことは、養形について無関心で懐疑的であった『淮南子』とは対照的な面であると言える。『淮南子』の治身論が戒める養形は、『黄帝内経』の養形が持つ性質と区別しなければならないという。つまり、道教が求めることは長生不死の養形にあるのに対し、『黄帝内経』の養形は「合理的養形論」であり、養形の意味を両分することができるといわれている。『黄帝内経』は医学書なので、治病の目的を持つ医論として形を重視することは当然であろう。ただ『淮南子』と一部異なる点があるにもかかわらず、『黄帝内経』は、精神の修養を強調する養神思想の基に成立したことにおいては、その本質が西洋医学とは大きく異なると言える。『黄帝内経』は、形と神とが互いに感応する関係にあるといい、治身を通じ形神の調和や修養を行うべきだという。つまり、『淮南子』と『黄帝内経』は、治身についての思想的観点から、精神と肉体が有機的に統一されている「身体」の秩序とそれに関する議論が含まれている漢代の養生論の代表文献であるということができる。


【目 次】

Ⅰ. 序 論

Ⅱ. 本 論

1. 文献の成立と思想的背景
1) 『淮南子』と『黄帝内経』の成立背景
2) 気の宇宙論と人体観

2. 養生の定義と治身の問題
1) 人性に関わるいくつかの概念
2) 『淮南子』の養神思想

3. 形神感応と治身の問題
1) 五臓神配属と心身相関論
2) 『黄帝内経』の養生論

Ⅲ. 結 論

◎ 参考文献

The mechanism of Cupping therapy action is not clear. Cupping may increase local blood circulation, and has an immune-modulation effect. Researches reported some local and systemic effects of cupping therapy. Genetic expression is a physiological process that regulates body functions. Genetic modulation is a reported acupuncture effect. In this presentation, the authors try to suggest genetic modulation as one of the possible mechanisms of action

Instrutor de Tàijí quán 太極拳 e Qìgōng 氣功 da Escola do mestre Wǔ Cháoxiàng 武朝相 Doutor em Ciência das Religiões pela PUC-SP Coord. do curso de Filosofia da Faculdade EBRAMEC Faculdade EBRAMEC VIII Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Chinesa 第七届巴西中医大会

We situate elderly Chinese immigrants’ utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in social contexts (e.g., family and social networks), exploring how TCM is used as a tool, a resource, and a product of meaning-construction in their everyday life. We conducted in in-depth interviews with 20 elderly Chinese immigrants in the United State, exploring the complexity of their understanding and practice of TCM. We used grounded theory to identify the set of meanings that are particular to elderly Chinese immigrants’ use of TCM as a part of their health practice. For our participants, TCM is not just a resource for illness management. Instead, incorporating TCM in their health practice allows them to: (a) perform and reaffirm their cultural identity as Chinese, (b) maintain their moral status and fulfill their social roles, and (c) pass down health knowledge and cultural heritage. Clinical implications were discussed.

This study explores two conflicting models of how patients experience mind-body therapies; these models frame the design of a clinical trial examining the effects of qigong (a traditional Chinese movement therapy) on the immune systems of former cancer patients. Data consist of ethnographic research and in-depth interviews conducted at the Boston teaching hospital where the trial is to take place. These interviews, with biomedical researchers who designed the trial and with the qigong master responsible for the qigong arm of the trial, reveal two fundamentally different understandings of how qigong is experienced and how that experience may be beneficial. The biomedical team sees qigong as a non-specific therapy which combines relaxation and exercise. The qigong master, on the other hand, sees qigong as using specific movements and visualizations to direct mental attention to specific areas of the body. Thus while the biomedical team frames qigong as a "mind-body" practice...

Wir leben in einem Zeitalter, in dem medizinische Körperdarstellungen allgegenwärtig sind. Die durch verschiedene bildgebende Verfahren hergestellten Körperbilder nehmen nicht nur in der Prognose, Diagnose und Behandlung des Körpers eine unübersehbare Rolle ein, sondern bestimmen auch unsere Vorstellung vom Körper selbst. Indem er die Körperdarstellungen aus kulturvergleichender Sicht analysiert, hinterfragt Li-Chun Lee die in der Gegenwart selbstverständlich erscheinenden Körperbilder. Er zeigt, wie kulturspezifisch diese scheinbar ganz normalen Bilder konstituiert sind und wie unterschiedlich der Körper durch Bilder sicht- und lesbar gemacht werden kann.

Objectives: This article aims to clarify the understanding and publication status of both The Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (Donguibogam) and some of its recent research progress made in North Korea, as well as their influences upon the academic of Koryo medicine in North Korea.
Methods: Analysis was carried out based on various reference books, dictionaries and Korean translation of Donguibogam (1964 Ver.) published by North Korea, as well as the North Korean quarterly medical journal, Koryo Medicine.
Results: The academic of Koryo medicine in North Korea regards Donguibogam, a Korean medical classic as it was written by native Korean physicians and it became an important ground material for basic research and clinical study. Various terminologies used in the original version of Donguibogam were defined as unscientific and superstitious by North Korean academics, which were then subsequently removed from the Korean translation of Donguibogam (1964 Ver.) published by North Korea. Therefore, this version cannot be seen as a complete edition of Donguibogam.
Conclusions: The Donguibogam is known as one of the ‘three major books of Koryo medicine’ in North Korea. As a treasure of East-Asian traditional medical classic, Donguibogam is expected to become the medium for a closer research collaboration between the North and South Koreas including China in the future.

Adlay (Coxi lachrymal-jobi), an annual crop, has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for its biological activity and as a nourishing food. Its phytochemical composition has been extensively studied; however, information on its policosanol (PC) and phytosterol content is scarce. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the PC, phytosterol and oleamide contents of different fractions of adlay collected from Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Taiwan. Biochemical compositions of the samples were identified using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The adlay bran had higher contents of policosanols (246 mg/kg), phytosterols (4733 mg/kg) and oleamide (45.8 mg/kg) than had hulled and polished fractions. Although plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption, policosanols may inhibit endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Although adlay contains beneficial phytochemicals that justify its use as a food ingredient or dietary supplement, research is still needed to confirm its traditional use in Asian medicine.

Dragon's blood is one of the renowned traditional medicines used in different cultures of world. It has got several therapeutic uses: haemostatic, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antiviral, wound healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. ...

Abstract:  Attempts to prevent illegal trade in bile and gallbladders from Asiatic black bears, Ursus thibetanus, are hampered by difficulties associated with identifying such items. We extracted DNA from bile crystals of unknown species origin and generated partial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences using either universal primers (positioned in conserved regions of cyt b), or primers designed on existing U. thibetanus sequences (UT). Species origin was determined by aligning resolved sequences to reference sequence data. The universal primers were unsuitable for U. thibetanus identification when multiple species templates were present in the samples. The UT primers amplified U. thibetanus DNA from all sample extracts, including those containing mixed species templates. The amplified fragment can distinguish U. thibetanus from the most closely related species, U. americanus, a distinct advantage of DNA sequencing over the methods currently used to analyze suspected U. thibetanus bile.

growth that could have weakened the membranes leading to premature rupture. We would propose that any future use of precipitated egg white as a sealant would include sterilization of the agent as well as addition of a preservative. We share the conclusion that different dynamic factors could affect the action of a mechanical plug or sealant to close an iatrogenic defect in the fetal membranes. Ovomucin, the active ingredient in our precipitate, is the protein responsible for the gelatinous nature of the egg white and has intrinsic adhesive characteristics. 1 The search for the ultimate sealant has led some investigators to consider a tissue engineering approach while others have tested various synthetic hydrogels. 2,3 The final successful method will require a stable initial adhesion in an aqueous environment, lack of entry into the fetal respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts from efflux of the agent into the amniotic fluid, and elastic properties to account for growth and stretching of the amniotic membranes with advancing gestational age. All fetal interventionists await the results of these approaches in animal models before a human application can occur.

Conclusion: Drug–herb interactions can cause adverse reactions. A computerized reminder system can enable TCM practitioners to reduce the risk of drug–herb interactions.

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This article reviews the usual methods used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the West, then discusses some alternative treatments that are being used by practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The paper concludes by suggesting that some TCM methods, such as tai chi and qigong, should be considered for the treatment of ALS in conjunction with the current Western methods.