Collective memories are memories shared by a group that influence their social identity. The goal of this paper is to focus on two major limitations in current studies on collective memory and show how the hourglass metaphor can overcome those limitations. The first limitation concerns the partial nature of studies devoted to the analysis of collective memory. Studies tend to focus either on the choice of the past (how memory agents mobilise the past) or the weight of the past (how the past affects the individual or the group). The second limitation relates to the temporal dimension of research conducted so far. Most studies only assess memory over a single generation, yet it can have long-term effects. In this paper, we suggest considering memory work as an hourglass, with the collective and the individual at opposite ends and the sand of memories passing from one to the other, filtered through family values and representations. The hourglass metaphor thus provides a helpful tool to explain the formation of collective memories over time and the interactions between the macro, meso, and micro levels. We approach the study of collective memory from an interdisciplinary perspective, mainly involving psychology, political science, and history. We conclude by suggesting three challenges that future studies of memory will need to address: (1) the need to combine multiple approaches; (2) the need to consider the role of generations; and (3) the need to bridge discussion across disciplines.

This book provides an introduction to political psychology through a focus on European politics and topics. It describes a style of doing political psychology in Europe that has developed out of dialogue with as well as critique of North American approaches. By emphasising the theoretical and methodological diversity of political psychology, the book is intended to contribute to a greater understanding of the strength and utility of the field. • Opens up and extends the study of political psychology to a variety of socio-political contexts and manifestations of political behaviour • Clearly outlines the usefulness and promises of distinctive critical approaches in social and political psychology • Explicitly considers the role of language, communication, identity and social representations in the construction of political meanings. Political Psychology will appeal to upper-level students and scholars who seek to extend their knowledge of the complex relationship between psychology, politics and society.

Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą, sprowadzając ją jedynie do roli użytecznego, bezpiecznego narzędzia interpretacji.

Książka Andrzeja Marca odzyskuje niepokojący charakter widmontologii i ponownie wprowadza widma do myśli metafizycznej. Czym nawiedzona i przeniknięta jest tradycyjna metafizyka, co właściwie ją dręczy, nie daje spokoju oraz nieustannie podmywa jej stabilność?

Kategoria widma Derridy posłużyła Marcowi przede wszystkim do rozważań nad charakterem współczesności i przeobrażeń, jakie dokonały się w obrębie myśli ponowoczesnej. Współczesna kultura, zdaniem Marca, stała się miejscem powstawania widm, nieustannie powracających z przeszłości. Uznając, że nie jesteśmy już w stanie tworzyć utopijnych wizji przyszłości, autor stara się zdać sprawę z widmowego charakteru współczesnej kultury, analizując m. in. strategie vintage, retro, nurt no future w kulturze lat 70. czy nurt fantastyki naukowej w literaturze.

Transitional justice is a major concept in promoting peace and reconciliation between conflicting parties. It is usually associated with formal judicial processes such as criminal justice, rule-of law reform and paying reparations. This chapter focuses on another transitional justice method, a more informal one: memory work. There is a growing realization of the major impact on the way in which the history of a conflict is viewed by the members of parties involved on their psychological and behavioral reactions. Addressing that history properly can promote their well being, conflict resolution and reconciliation between the parties. There are many ways of addressing the relevant history, for example, through truth and reconciliation committees, the rewriting of history textbooks, and commemoration projects. This chapter focuses on another way: the role of the autobiographical memory, that of the people who experienced the conflict directly, as it is manifested in their memoirs, newspaper articles and interviews with scholars. To this end the chapter uses a case study approach, regarding the causes for the main historical event of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the 1948 Palestinian exodus. It explores for the first time the way in which Israeli-Jewish 1948 war veterans presented these causes between 1949 and 2004. The question posed was: did their autobiographical memory present a Zionist narrative (willing flight of the Palestinians) or a critical/post-Zionist narrative (willing flight combined with expulsion)? This exploration is based on an analysis of all published war veterans' memoirs and newspaper articles, as well as interviews with scholars, in the 56 year research period. During this study, interviews were also conducted with 1948 war veterans. Following the description of the empirical findings regarding the Israeli-Jewish autobiographical memory of the exodus, these findings are used to theoretically conceptualize various phenomena. For example, what determines the way in which direct-experience people describe their experiences during a conflict, how these people influence directly and indirectly the collective memory of their society of a given conflict, and the way in which they influence the dynamics of

Este artículo explora de manera pormenorizada de cómo ha sido la incorporación de la dictadura cívico-militar en el espacio público. Detalla la lenta evolución, precisando coyunturas y acontecimientos, de la ubicación en la memoria pública de los distintos segmentos de la sociedad victimizada. Hacer de sus circunstancias una memoria compartida no ha sido sencillo, y menos aún en lo que corresponde al exilio político. Se estudia entonces el relativo olvido del exilio en el espacio público, así como los lugares de memoria que le han sido dedicados.

This article explores the role of literature and romantic nationalism in the creation of nations as this applies to the Faroese nation, in particular the case of the poet Nólsoyar Páll.
It is the ambition to discuss how literature can be a medium of collective identity-making, as it involves the canonisation of what is termed cultural saints (i.e. the heroic, mythological,
and legendary figures who are seen as founders of communities). The article will give an introduction to the research that considers the dynamics of selected vernacular writers, artists or scholars for inclusion into the canon of cultural sainthood. The following will
link a hitherto underexplored part of European romanticism to the developing theory of how durable forms of memory, such as public monuments, banknotes, hagiographies, are constructed.

Political revolutions are, by their very nature, contested events, and liable to remain the subject of conflicting interpretations long after they have turned the existing order upside down and spun it around. This is especially so when they have been violent in their making and then evolved through further cycles of violence and repression, leaving large numbers of people dead and even more traumatised and intimidated into silence. The Zanzibar Revolution is a case in point, and this edited volume, published in association with the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA), grapples with collective and individual memories of the events of 12 January 1964 and their aftermath, and the continuing reverberations of these in the everyday life of Zanzibaris both home and abroad.

Social Memory, Silenced Voices, and Political Struggle begins and ends with reflections on the official commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the revolution in 2014, firstly in the editors’ thought-provoking introduction (‘Memory, media, and Mapinduzi: alternative voices of revolution, fifty years later’), latterly in a series of 15 black-and-white photographs by Ania Gruca (‘Capturing the commemoration: a documentary photo essay on the 50th anniversary of the revolution’). Anniversaries provide the islands’ government with a regular opportunity to reproduce its founding narrative, just in case its name (Serikali ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar) and longstanding slogan (Mapinduzi Daima!, Revolution Forever!) weren’t reminder enough.

Introduction to See You On The Other Side podcast, episode 133, 28 February 2017 (interview by Mike Huberty and Allison Jornlin, Madison, Wisconsin).
Online at http://othersidepodcast.com/blog/2017/02/28/133-popobawa-dr-martin-walsh-idea-virus/.

Monitoringa ziņojumā, kas tapis Latvijas Universitātes pētnieciskā projekta ietvaros, ir apkopoti socioloģisko aptauju rezultāti par iedzīvotāju attieksmes izmaiņām ilgākā laika periodā. Īpaša uzmanība pievērsta sabiedrības izpratnei par starpkaru Latviju, Otro pasaules karu, padomju okupāciju un Atmodu. Tāpat tiek skaidrots, kā ir mainījusies iedzīvotāju līdzdalība ar Latvijas vēsturi saistītajās svētku un piemiņas dienās.

Rezension zu: Lowe, Keith: Furcht und Befreiung. Wie der Zweite Weltkrieg die Menschheit bis heute prägt. Aus dem Englischen von Stephan Gebauer und Thorsten Schmidt. Stuttgart  2019. ISBN 978-3-608-96265-9 [Titel anhand dieser ISBN in Citavi-Projekt übernehmen] , in: H-Soz-Kult, 31.07.2019, <www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-27971>.

The main concern of this book is with the possibilities for an interdisciplinary dialogue between psychology and history. At fi rst sight it might seem obvious that psychology and history, as scholarly disciplines, have a lot in common. For one thing the two traditions of enquiry share, and are continuously brought into contact by, their concern with the human condition: with individual and collective beliefs, mentalities, human behaviour and motivation, memory, personality, emotions and feelings. And yet the dialogue between the two disciplines has been, for the most part, sporadic and fraught with both theoretical and epistemological tensions.

This chapter examines how the First World War is still talked about in Britain within political, media and public discourse. In advance of the centenary of its outbreak, the First World War has been a regular feature of discussion within Parliamentary debates, newspaper columns and a variety of political, social and local interest groups. These particular arenas frequently utilise a set of common responses to engage with, describe and remember the war. Terms such as ‘sacrifice’, ‘stoicism’, ‘futility’ or ‘slaughter’ are evoked in these circumstances to frame the conflict for contemporary society. However, alongside these traditional narratives of the war, alternative concepts of ‘celebration’, ‘community’ and ‘legacy’ have been used across a variety of media to structure the war’s remembrance to mark the centenary. Through an analysis of the political debate during the approach to the anniversary in 2014, a specific ‘war discourse’ will be identified. Using the methodology of critical discourse analysis, this way of talking about the war will be assessed as a form of social practice, reflecting issues of identity, power and politics within contemporary Britain. With the passing of the last veterans of the conflict the war has now moved beyond individual remembrance, however, despite this, the commemoration of the war is maintained and structured through language. This chapter demonstrates that far from receding into history, the way the war is talked about maintains its presence and its effect for British society. In this manner, through the study of the ‘war discourse’, language mobilises the past for the present.

Only when the conflict transforms us, will we be able to transform the conflict.

This paper presents a basic set of criteria to consider when generating dialogic environments. From there he shares an experience of dialogic environment (Memorialab) used to process traumatic experiences related to the social and personal consequences of the Basque conflict.

Everybody is born into a family. Each has its own history, therefore, 'our history' is not made by us, but by previous generations. The rise of International migration and the crumbling of family structures, however, only make it harder for descendants to learn about their family history. Inhibited by language and geographical barriers as well as lost connections to the bearers of knowledge, many offspring of migrant families year for answers to questions such as 'Where do I come from?' or 'How did I get here?' Answering these requires re-establishing lost connections and meeting family one previously did not know. This paper illustrates how the juxtaposition of two generations of Chinese Australian migrants' narrative (a 'pioneer migrant' and an 'overseas born Chinese' are vital to piecing together a segment of family history.

In: Imke Hansen, Enrico Heitzer, Katarzyna Nowak (Hg.): Ereignis & Gedächtnis. Neue Perspektiven auf die Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Berlin 2014, S. 217-253; Zweitveröffentlichung in: Daniela Allmeier u.a. (Hg.): Erinnerungsorte in Bewegung. Zur Neugestaltung des Gedenkens an Orten nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen. Bielefeld: Transcript 2016.

Автор исследует,какие факторы способствуют формированию травмы как одного из видов события. Статья опирается на определение события, данное Г. Зиммелем,выводы А.Ф. Филиппова о влиянии наблюдателя на формирование события, идеи Н. Лумана как теоретика коммуникаций. Используя описание 9/11 Р. Вагнер-Пасифиси, автор статьи делает  вывод  о  том,  что  коллективная  травма  представляет  собой  конструирование нарратива  о  произошедшем,  а  «смысловое  единство»  может  быть  только  временным результатом.

This paper aims to manifest the ways in which Colm Tóibín deals with Irish nationalism and culture through the memories of his protagonist in 'The Heather Blazing'. Drawing on his own and his father’s childhood memories as well as his first-hand experiences of working as a journalist at the Irish Supreme Court, Tóibín creates a fictional realm which is sharply divided by the conflicting perspectives of the past and present Irish societies. This realm is embodied in the protagonist, Eamon Redmon, a high court judge. As a figure who was raised at the core of nationalist ideology and Catholic conservatism, Redmon is unable to establish an identity which fits the modernized and liberalized Irish community of the late Twentieth century. His mind is replete with the vestiges of Irish nationalist spirit and conservative culture as revealed through the narratives of his memories. Even though he seems to have abandoned his religious and nationalist views, his memory functions as a secure store which he recurrently visits. In his memory, concepts of moral / cultural conservatism and patriotism are personified in his father and Éamon De Valera, the prominent Irish politician after whom Redmon is named. From a broader perspective, Redmon’s personal memory represents the collective memory of the whole Irish nation which has been transformed into an internationalized / liberalized secular country while arguably bound to its traditional identity.

Одной из форм передачи традиционной коллективной памяти сегодня становятся  любительские краеведческие издания, подготовленные жителями села или деревни. К их числу относится книга К.П. Гусевой «Поклонись родному дому», которая рассматривается  в статье. В этой книге реализуется «наивный» дискурс, сопутствующий дискурсу профессиональному, кодифицированному. История деревни складывается здесь как сумма отдельных судеб и представляет собой индивидуальные воспоминания, бытовые автобиографии, семейные истории. Рече-
вое оформление книги балансирует между литературной нормой и просторечием.

Pamięć historyczna okresu przedradzieckiego we współczesnym Kirgistanie -między dziedzictwem a kreacją i idealizacją W Kirgistanie 1 niekwestionowana wydaje się opinia Kubata K. Moldobaeva: "Pomimo ostrego pressingu ideologicznego w ciągu długiego okresu narodowi (ros. narod) Kirgistanu udało się zachować wiele swoich tradycji historycznych i wartości kulturowych. Ważnym zadaniem w sytuacji budowy państwowości narodowej (ros. nacional'naâ) jest odrodzenie bezcennego dziedzictwa duchowego i kulturowego. Odrodzenie wartości etycznych należy rozpatrywać jako organiczny, naturalny proces wzrostu samoświadomości narodowej, powrót do duchowych źródeł narodu, jego korzeni. Ważne miejsce w rozwoju świadomości narodowej zajmuje pamięć historyczna, odbudowanie obiektywnej i prawdziwej historii narodu. Odrodzenie wartości narodowo-kulturowych powinno funkcjonować jako proces ich rozwoju: niemożliwy jest powrót do starych form bytu, dawnych obyczajów i porządków; tradycja etnokulturowa formowana przez wieki powinna otrzymać nową for-1 W artykule wykorzystano publikowane już fragmenty prac własnych: P. Załęski, Kultura polityczna więzi w Azji Centralnej (przypadek Kirgistanu na tle państw regionu), Warszawa 2011 oraz E. Breslavskaia, P. Załęski, Tradycja w polityce historycznej i symbolach politycznych niepodległego Kirgistanu, w: Tożsamości narodowe na obszarze postradzieckim. Między dziedzictwem a tradycją wynalezioną, red. P. Załęski, E. Breslavskaia, M. Włodarkiewicz, Warszawa 2012. Artykuł w tej postaci nie mógłby powstać, gdyby nie realizacja grantu habilitacyjnego MNiSW RP w latach 2009-2011. 2 K.K. Moldobaev, Ètnosocial'naâ pamât', identičnost' i globalizaciâ. Izbrannye trudy,

Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются приуроченные к календарным праздникам поминальные обычаи, сопряженные с пространством кладбища. Проводится обзор их современных форм, которые включают как традиционные элементы, так и новации, обусловленные изменениями в сфере культуры, экономики и общественной жизни. Основное внимание уделено наиболее показательным периодам весенней обрядности, связанным с христианскими праздниками — Пасхой и Троицей. Статья построена на материалах полевых исследований, проведенных автором в Костромской и Владимирской областях в 2016–2017 гг. Анализ материалов показывает, что приуроченность основного поминовения к пасхальному или троицкому циклу соотносится с определенными зонами. Внутри каждого периода выделяется конкретный день, в который проводятся основные поминальные ритуалы в пространстве кладбища. Поминальные дни, приуроченные к календарным церковным праздникам, имеют семейно-родственный и общественный характер, что является причиной сохранения их значимости. Коллективный характер поминовения на кладбище способствует обновлению и восстановлению социальных связей, служит актуализации утраченных коммуникаций между людьми. Ключевые слова: календарные праздники, кладбище как праздничный локус, поминальные обычаи, социальные коммуникации, трансформация традиций.

Leif Kramp untersucht erstmals umfassend die Gedächtnisrelevanz des Massenmediums Fernsehen sowie den archivischen und musealen Umgang mit der Fernsehgeschichte. Anknüpfend an die interdisziplinären Zweige der Gedächtnisforschung analysiert der erste Band die Bedeutung des Fernsehens seit Beginn des regelmäßigen Programmbetriebs in Deutschland und Nordamerika unter gedächtnistheoretischer Perspektive. Damit legt dieser Band den Grund für eine differenzierte Bewertung des Fernsehens als Medium des Erinnerns und Vergessens. Auf Basis einer breiten empirischen Erhebung bei zahlreichen Institutionen in Deutschland, Kanada und den USA befasst sich der zweite Band mit dem Status Quo und den Perspektiven der Verwaltung und Nutzung von Überlieferungen aus der Fernsehgeschichte. Kramp analysiert die maßgeblichen Problemstellungen, mit denen sich Museen und Archive konfrontiert sehen: von Fragen der Auswahl, Bewahrung und Zugänglichkeit von Fernsehüberlieferungen bis hin zu ihrer Präsentation und dem Medienwandel, und diskutiert Strategien für die Arbeit von Fernsehmuseen im digitalen Medienzeitalter.

This essay analyzes the collective mnemonics embedded in the statistical discourse of Planned Parenthood’s 1955 conference, _Abortion in the United States_. Conferees recalled a culture that was diseased, remembered both through social data on abortion pathology and epidemiology. The essay conceptualizes how to think of social data as a collective memory of secrets that is incumbent to biopower, particularly regarding statistical anonymity as a form of strategic amnesia. Although primarily a study of this conference, the essay notes the broader importance of collective memory and secrecy for the study of biopower.

The aim of this paper is to situate the Sardinian village within the flux of contemporary social transformations that stand poised to redefine it. Specifically, it examines the highland village of Orgosolo, understanding it as a site that concentrates a clear set of cultural self-definitions that stand opposed to perceptions of life beyond the locality. A key element of local discourse is a view of the collective historical experience that
underscores the social, political, and cultural marginality of rural life in central Sardinia, and associates the village with a dissident identity that is reaffirmed by a social memory of violence suffered at the hand of powerful outsiders from Antiquity onwards. Yet, this perspective on the locality is not the sole one, and as such the village presents a contested site where the normative traditionalist vision holds little traction among an ascendant generation of urban-oriented youth who, for their part, reject the past and any definition of village identity explicitly associated with it.

This article explores some French Canadian (Québec) students’ historical consciousness of the nation through the lens of Social Identity Theory (SIT). Informed by SIT principles, our narrative analysis shows how most Franco-Québécois categorize the past in homogenous categories (e.g., the imperialist Anglophone; the surviving Francophone) and frame their stories into particular modes of present-day orientations. Implications of this study for history education are also discussed.

The 2000th anniversary of the Varusbattle in the year 2009 commemorated an event which – unlike any other ancient event – has raised public interest in Germany and has virtually been turned into a myth. The Cheruscan chief Arminius/Hermann became an icon on the search for a German national identity as his victory over the Roman legions has been considered the date of the founding of the ‘German’ nation. However, historical facts have given evidence that neither was Arminius an altruistic hero nor was the Varusbattle any kind of national upheaval marking a turning point in Germanic history. Nevertheless, the event of the year AD 9 has attained such significance that from the 15th century onwards it has been adapted for innumerable poems, dramas, theater plays, operas, paintings and sculptures. +++ The article offers an overview of these adaptations and allocates them to the particular conditions under which they were created. Thereby it turns out that over and over new ways of interpreting and relating to the event emerged, whether on the grounds of conflicts with foreign powers or in the context of aspirations for German unification. Thus, the historical enemy of Rome could be utilized as a symbol for any political opponent: The Catholic church, the ‘hereditary enemy’ France, the German regional rulers and anybody who didn't match with the Aryan ideal of the National socialist regime. The myth remained alive as long as the Germans primarily defined their own identity by distinguishing and dissociating themselves from others. Even if such approaches have become inconceivable ever since the end of World War 2, the Varusbattle has remained equally appealing up to the present day, as attested by the success of the exhibition cooperation “IMPERIUM CONFLICT MYTH. 2000 years Varusbattle” in Haltern am See, Kalkriese and Detmold. +++ Three aspects contribute significantly to the ongoing fascination among the public: 1) speculations on the location of the battle which have never been certainly resolved, 2) the classical narrative motif telling the epic story of a seemingly inferior fighter against a sheer invincible opponent and 3) the well-liked question of "What would have happened in Germania in case of a Roman victory?"

Ao analisar as relações da história e da memória na sociedade contemporânea, esta obra discute sobre como esses termos se aproximam e se distanciam. Com base nisso, observa as relações entre a história e o mito, o oral e o escrito, a memória e a identidade, o  debate sobre os usos políticos e sociais da memória, avaliando também o papel da história oral e o uso da memória em aulas de História na educação básica. Site para adquirir o livro:
https://www.livrariaintersaberes.com.br/produtos/historia-e-memoria-dialogos-e-tensoes#

Die Konvergenz von mobilen Medien, Sensornetzwerken, digitalen Datenvisualisierungen und den Anwendungen des Social Web hat dazu geführt, dass sich Erfahrungen des Urbanen in einem radikalen Wandel befinden. Die Stadt der Zukunft entwickelt sich heute mehr denn je an der Schnittstelle von mobilen Medienpraktiken, digitalen Infrastrukturen und webbasierten Netzwerken. Deren Bildung stellt daher eine entscheidende Grundlage für die nachhaltige Entwicklung der informationellen Stadt dar. Die digitalen Informations- und Kommunikationsnetzwerke, die geolokalisierenden Navigationssysteme und die Konnektivität und Navigation in Echtzeit verändern die Stadt und schaffen einen medieninduzierten Raum sozialer Erfahrung und des kommunikativen Austauschs. In diesem Zusammenhang verstehen zahlreiche Gesellschaftsdiagnosen mobile und plattformbasierte Vernetzungsmedien als einen richtungsweisenden Indikator zur Bestimmung des urbanen Wandels. Folgende Fragen stehen im Zentrum der Untersuchung: Welchen Stellenwert hat der Aufbau der informationellen Stadt bei der Herausbildung neuer Formen der sozialen und kulturellen Interaktion in einer digitalen Gesellschaft? Inwiefern kann die Digitalisierung des Urbanen als gesellschaftlicher Gradmesser verstanden werden? Zur Beantwortung dieser Problemstellungen möchte ich mich eingehend mit den technisch-medialen Infrastrukturen und ihren möglichen Anwendungen auseinandersetzen, um schließlich ihre Wirkungsweisen für alle beteiligten Akteure herauszuarbeiten.

Based on the analysis of files from the Department of Defence, and drawing on interviews with veterans and on their associations' press, the article focuses on the Algerian War National Memorial in Paris, its long gestation and particularly its double, paradoxical status: that it is at the same time new and old, post-ideological and hyper-ideological. Thanks to its palimpsest configuration, this 'third millennium memorial' — as it was described by its creator (the artist Gérard Collin-Thiébaut) — has demonstrated itself to be perfectly tuned to that peculiar mode of relationship to the past that we can define as 'postmodern', a mode that is characteristic of what historian François Hartog called the presentist 'regime of historicity'.

On the south coast of British Columbia in shíshálh traditional territory, an ancient burial ground (DjRw-14) contains the remains of richly decorated individuals dated to the Charles culture (4000-3500 B.P.). In addition to other grave offerings, the burials contain stone and shell beads ranging in numbers from hundreds to hundreds of thousands. Associated with these highly decorated burials is a faunal assemblage characterized by a low frequency of marine fauna and a high proportion of land mammal, particularly black-tailed deer. These proportions of animals are considered a-typical of Northwest Coast shell midden deposits and may represent specific mortuary or ritual activities associated with honoring the deceased. With an emphasis on deer remains, a zooarchaeological analysis assesses the possible role of animal remains in mortuary activities. In order to establish if the faunal assemblage from DjRw-14 is indeed unique, with its high frequency of deer remains and low numbers of marine fauna, the site assemblage is considered in comparison to other sites in the Gulf of Georgia with similar cultural components. Ethnographic and archaeological evidence of Coast Salish mortuary practices and beliefs are examined to better understand the ritual acts that took place at DjRw-14. The site ceases to be used as a burial ground with the termination of the Charles Culture, but patterns in fauna remain stable, attesting to the persistence of mortuary traditions. The social and political implications of continuing these traditions are considered in terms of creating and maintaining a social memory and an attachment to an ancestral landscape. The results of this study are critical to better understanding foodways and ritual expression in shíshálh funerary practice. The context in which we find animal remains offers the opportunity to explore expressions of mortuary customs and beliefs within the Salish landscape.

This article analyzes the evolution of nostalgic sentiment in Russia over the past 25 years. Unlike in the 1990s, the nostalgic perception of the Soviet past in 2000s transformed under the influence of new government ideology.
Leonid Parfenov's project “Namedni” in both its forms – a TV program and a book anthology – is an example of reflexive nostalgia for the Soviet period of 1946-1991.  Reflexive nostalgia as expressed by liberal intellectuals presumes a freedom of interpretation. Thus, “Namedni” does not reflect the official “patriotic” discourse. The article discusses the specifics of the TV and book versions, significance of visual and literary imagery, and the relationship between history and historical memory. Because “Namedni” exhibits signs of an autobiographical text, it is concluded that memory takes a higher priority than historical science.

Keywords
Leonid Parfenov, "Namedni", media project, Soviet history, post-Soviet nostalgia, history and memory.

Residents of Makeni, Sierra Leone, recall the chaos, terror, and uncertainty of their town's occupation by rebels in qualitatively different terms than they remember ordinary time. Rather than speaking in terms of "what happened" and "when", they create a community of memory by recalling "who happened". They maintain that ordinary time was suspended when the government abandoned the town to the RUF rebels. In this article, I question emphasizing the preeminence of chronological time when documenting memories of war, as in this case time was an epiephenomenon of social relationships. The collective refusal to delineate a day that the war ended is a result of the post-war government's refusal to make amends with the town.

Tekst jest wstępnym szkicem do opracowywanego tematu współczesnych form i sposobów funkcjonowania pamięci o zniszczeniu i odbudowie Würzburga w tym frankońskim mieście. Odtworzenie historycznego centrum i śródmieścia po katastrofalnym nalocie z 16 marca 1945 r. przywróciło m.in. cenne zabytki, pozwoliło też na udoskonalenie układu urbanistycznego. Wciąż trwa pamięć o wydarzeniach finału wojny, podtrzymywana pomnikami, strukturami rzeźbiarskimi, jak również malarskimi - ale i niezliczonymi, drobnymi elementami wystroju czy kompozycji przestrzeni, które dokumentują i komentują tragiczny epizod historii miasta, wpisując go w dzieje kontynentu i wyznaczając zadania stojące przed współczesnymi pokoleniami.

Słowa kluczowe:  Würzburg, Frankonia, odbudowa miast, straty wojenne, pamięć, pomnik

Pensamiento, Palabra y Obra les agradece su acompañamiento al lanzamiento de su número 19. Retomamos el tema del único monográfico que la revista ha tenido, dado que pensar la relación entre arte y paz nunca será suficiente, mucho menos en un momento tan
aciago del país, abonado por tanta polarización, odio y violencia. Sentimos que nuestro compromiso y responsabilidad como revista de una facultad de Artes, en una universidad pedagógica, nacional y además, pública, es pensar, decir y hacer, en cuanto a qué posibilidades
reales tiene el arte de construir ese relato nacional que el país requiere; si es posible reconstruir el tejido social roto; en últimas, indagar por el papel del arte en la transformación social e individual. Este es el verdadero papel de una revista, más allá de las exigencias de
indexación que el Estado hace.