Context: Tiger Balm® (TB®) ointments are multi-purpose branded Chinese topical remedies, often used for pain relief and purchasable in many countries as over-the-counter medications.

Aims: To assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of TB® ointments.

Methods: Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PEDro, and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry were systematically searched for relevant articles. The quality of included studies on the efficacy of TB® ointments was evaluated with dedicated NIH tools. Retrieved evidence was then summarized and critically appraised.

Results: After article screening and selection, 12 studies were finally included in the present review (five on TB® ointments efficacy, whereas seven on their safety and tolerability). Two cases of dermatitis and one of cheilitis likely ascribable to the use of TB® ointments have been reported. Based on available studies, it might be estimated that around 4% [95% CI, 3%-5%] of patients with history of contact skin allergy could be positive if patch tested with TB® ointments, therefore caution is recommended in the use of TB® among these subjects.

Conclusions: According to retrieved evidence, TB® ointments might be useful for the management of pain due to tension headache, and they seem capable of increasing leg blood flow if combined with massage. Considering available evidence on topical products with camphor, TB® ointments shouldn’t be used in children, as well as in pregnant or lactating women. Chronic use, large amounts of balm, and the application on damaged skin must be avoided too. Further studies are recommended.

Abstract
Purpose Although several prescriptions and techniques exist for comprehensive fixed appliance treatment, their treatment effects have not yet been adequately assessed in an evidence-based manner. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the therapeutic and adverse effects of various prescriptions or techniques for orthodontic appliances from randomized clinical trials on human patients.
Methods Eight databases were searched up to July 2016 for randomized trials assessing any orthodontic prescriptions or techniques in human patients. After elimination of duplicate studies, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane guidelines, random effects meta-analyses with mean differences (MD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed.
Results Compared to Roth preadjusted appliances, both Begg and modified Begg appliances were associated with statistically significantly worse occlusal outcome assessed with Peer Assessment Review (PAR) scores (1 trial, MD 3.1 points, 95% CI 1.9–4.3 points and 1 trial, MD 2.4 points, 95% CI 1.2–3.6 points, respectively) with low quality of evidence, due to bias and imprecision. Compared to a partially programmed fixed orthodontic appliance, a fully programmed appliance was associated with a statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant increase in treatment duration (1 trial, MD 2.4 months, 95% CI 0.6–4.2 months), supported by high quality of evidence. However, caution is needed in the interpretation of these results as only a limited number of small trials with methodological issues were available.
Conclusions Based on existing trials, there is limited evidence to support any robust clinical recommendation
regarding the prescriptions or techniques for fixed orthodontic appliances.
Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42016042727).
Funding: None.

Introduction: Aim of this study was to assess the registration of orthodontic systematic reviews in PROSPERO. Method: Seven databases were searched for orthodontic systematic reviews published in 2012-2016. After duplicate study selection and data extraction, descriptive statistics, followed by chi-square/Fisher exact tests were calculated. Finally, bivariable/multivariable regression with relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used. Results: A total of 182 orthodontic systematic reviews were identified, 37 (20.3%) of which were registered in PROSPERO, with registration rates ranging from 4.3% in 2012 to 37.0% in 2016. Differences in review registration were found according to publication year, geographic origin, multicentre status, funding, and journal category. After controlling for confounders, each additional year was associated with increased registration probability (RR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.19– 1.93). Reviews from South America were more likely to be registered than reviews from Europe (RR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.06–2.11). Finally, reviews published in orthodontic specialty journals were more likely to be registered than reviews in general dentistry journals (RR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.02– 3.49). Conclusions: A small percentage of orthodontic systematic reviews was registered a priori, although improvement signs have been seen since the initiation of PROSPERO.

Introduction It is quite challenging for researchers to stay current on all of the new and updated information being published in a research area. Summarizing the findings of a specific research topic in the form of a review can aid researchers and audiences become more informed on a research topic. Reviews provide readers the benefit of having summarized information on a research topic without reading all of the published evidence. Well-conducted reviews often provide synthesized results that are an excellent source of knowledge for evidence-based medicine and practice. Synthesized results are important, as research questions are typically studied by different researchers and findings often vary, which makes evidence-based decisions difficult. Properly synthesized results from different studies minimize bias, increase strength of evidence, and provide more reliable findings from which better conclusions and decisions can be made. In this paper, we will discuss how the results from different studies can be synthesized through two of the most common approaches: meta-analysis and meta-synthesis. Our objective is to introduce readers to these two important data synthesis processes with examples.

Context: According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 1.4 million deaths worldwide in 2015 from tuberculosis (TB), with 3.9% being new cases and 21% being previously treated cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

Aims: To review the literature concerning the costing analysis situation of MDR-TB treatment.

Methods: The study was conducted as a systematic review, with a modified checklist being used as the vital instrument. A search was performed of three databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus) using the terms (cost OR economic, socioeconomic, expenditure, burden, fee, charge, budget impact) AND (resistance OR multidrug resistance, MDR) AND (tuberculosis OR TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in order to identify relevant articles published from 2006 to the present.

Results: A total of 1238 abstracts were identified, and 12 papers were ultimately included in the study. The quantity of the published articles was found to increase during in the period 2008 to 2016. Almost all the studies were based on patients’ and healthcare systems’ perceptions. The main data sources used were medical establishments and the reports of various relevant organizations. Primary data were used twice as much as secondary data. All the costing types, including direct costs and indirect costs, were mentioned, albeit not with the same frequency.

Conclusions: Africa owns one-third of the articles included. Further, it was found that MDR-TB should be treated using ambulatory care rather than hospital-based models. Future research studies should focus on Asia, where drug resistance has proved to be a challenging issue.

Review question/objective: The objective of this quantitative systematic review is to identify, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of moisturizers, barrier creams, protective gloves, skin protection education and complex interventions (a combination of two or more of the interventions listed) in preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (OIHD) in wet workers. These interventions will be compared to an alternative intervention or to usual care (workers regular skin care regime). The specific review question is: ''What is the effectiveness of moisturizers, barrier creams, protective gloves, skin protection education and complex interventions in preventing OIHD in wet workers?''

Background Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is an intensive, home-based intervention for families of youth with social, emotional, and behavioral problems. Masters-level therapists engage family members in identifying and changing individual, family, and environmental factors thought to contribute to problem behavior. Intervention may include efforts to improve communication, parenting skills, peer relations, school performance, and social networks. Most MST trials were conducted by program developers in the USA; results of one independent trial are available and others are in progress. Objectives To provide unbiased estimates of the impacts of MST on restrictive out-of-home living arrangements, crime and delinquency, and other behavioral and psychosocial outcomes for youth and families. Search strategy Electronic searches were made of bibliographic databases (including the Cochrane Library, C2-SPECTR, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Sociological Abstracts) as well as government and professional websites, from 1985 to January 2003. Reference lists of articles were examined, and experts were contacted. Selection criteria Studies where youth (age 10-17) with social, emotional, and/or behavioral problems were randomised to licensed MST programs or other conditions (usual services or alternative treatments). Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently reviewed 266 titles and abstracts; 95 full-text reports were retrieved, and 35 unique studies were identified. Two reviewers independently read all study reports for inclusion. Eight studies were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted data from these studies. Significant heterogeneity among studies was identified (assessed using Chi-square and I 2), hence random effects models were used to pool data across studies. Odds ratios were used in analyses of dichotomous outcomes; standardised mean differences were used with continuous outcomes. Adjustments were made for small sample sizes (using Hedges g). Pooled estimates were weighted with inverse variance methods, and 95% confidence intervals were used. Main results The most rigorous (intent-to-treat) analysis found no significant differences between MST and usual services in restrictive out-of-home placements and arrests or convictions. Pooled results that include studies with data of varying quality tend to favor MST, but these relative effects are not significantly different from zero. The study sample size is small and effects are not consistent across studies; hence, it is not clear whether MST has clinically significant advantages over other services.

The Dynamic Software Product Line (DSPL) is becoming the system with high vulnerability and high confidentiality in which the adaptive security is a challenging task and critical for it to operate. Adaptive security is able to automatically select security mechanisms and their parameters at runtime in order to preserve the required security level in a changing environment. This paper presents a literature review of security adaptation approaches for DSPL, and evaluates them in terms of how well they support critical security services and what level of adaptation they achieve. This work will be done following the Systematic Review approach. Our results concluded that the research field of security approaches for DSPL is still poor of methods and metrics for evaluating and comparing different techniques. The comparison reveals that the existing adaptive security approaches widely cover the information gathering. However, comparative approaches do not describe how to decide on a method for performing adaptive security DSPL or how to provide knowledge input for adapting security. Therefore, these areas of research are promising.