A common practice uses funny and cute internet memes to describe natural hazards, such as hurricanes, to the general public. Emergency managers create an industry lacking credibility and seriousness when they use unrealistic and comedic scenarios to describe disasters. If people believe that hurricanes are cute and funny, they will not understand their risk and therefore will not prepare adequately.

Despite compelling reasons to involve non-scientists in the production of ecological knowledge, cultural and institutional factors often disincentivize engagement between scientists and nonscientists. This paper details our efforts to develop a biweekly newspaper column to increase communication between ecological scientists, social scientists and the communities within which they work. Addressing community-generated topics and written by a collective of social and natural scientists, the column is meant to (1) foster public dialogue about socio-environmental issues and (2) lay the groundwork for the co-production of environmental knowledge. Our collective approach to writing addresses some major barriers to public engagement by scientists, but the need to insert ourselves as intermediaries limits these gains. Overall, our efforts at environmental communication praxis have not generated significant public debate, but they have supported future co-production by making scientists a more visible presence in the community and providing easy pathways for them to begin engaging the public.

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a science policy concept that gained traction from 2000 onwards in the EU and US, in which alignment on purposes and values between different stakeholders is a key aspect. This thought experiment problematizes this particular notion: ethically acceptable and societally desirable outcomes are not necessarily achieved when alignment is a consequence of early closure. To argue this point, we took the example of the potential development of scanning technology for the detection of paedophilia among job applicants, for which indicators of broad societal support were found in an RRI project on neuroimaging. We analysed this case by looking through several lenses, obtained by structured and non-structured literature searches. We explored how facts and values are masked when a taboo topic is considered. This results in the black boxing of the problem definition, potential solutions and development trajectories. Complex unstructured problems can t...

Little is known about how citizens perceive the transition towards a bio-based economy (BBE), despite the fact that they are one of the most important actors in this transition. Citizens’ perceptions of bio-based innovations can support policy-makers to improve the quality of decision-making and the bio-based industry to develop innovations. This study explores Dutch citizens’ arguments for and against three selected bio-based innovations: bioplastics, bio-jetfuels and small-scale bio-refineries. Randomly selected Dutch citizens were consulted in seven focus groups discussions (n = 57). Results show that participants generally favor the contribution of bio-based technologies to economic growth and sustainability, but also mentioned several negative effects, such as high costs, food shortages or deforestation. In forming their opinion, citizens carefully weigh pros and cons of bio-based technologies from the perspective of their own interests and context, and this varies per bio-based technology. Their acceptance and support towards bio-based technologies increases when they feel more engaged with these technologies, and becomes even stronger when they identify opportunities for direct personal benefits, as in the case of the small-scale bio-refinery. This acceptance and support reduces if another important value is threatened (e.g. accessible mobility in the case of bio-jetfuels). Reliable information on both the advantages and disadvantages of bio-based technologies, coming from a neutral and independent body, is necessary in order for citizens to make their own judgments.

Synthetic biology is a diverse jungle of techno-epistemic approaches arising from a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines. However, the field is also seeking to promote a unique identity along a disciplinary framework, and its supporters seem quite uncomfortable with the coexistence of multiple definitions, approaches, and aspirations of synthetic biology. They generate unfortunate divisions that may impede the advancement of synthetic biology and deteriorate its public image. This chapter addresses this paradox of a multidisciplinary field obsessed with the question of its unity. I lean on a close reading of a Special Issue of the journal Nature entitled “Beyond divisions: Building the future of synthetic biology” (May 2014) and contrast it with the results of a workshop with synthetic biologists entitled “Worldviews and Values in Synthetic Biology” held in Paris in June 2014. I also use the first issue of Nature Nanotechnology (2006) as an instructive counterpoint. I argue that far to be driven by traditional disciplinary norms and ethos, the calls to unify synthetic biology pertain to funding, industrialization and market imperatives. Above all, I show how they are based on and perpetuate the view of the public as a threat. I conclude with a plea to value and publicly expose the epistemic as well as cultural diversity of synthetic biology.

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This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

This paper presents findings from a qualitative UK study exploring the social practices of schoolchildren visiting an interactive science discovery centre. It is promoted as a place for ‘learning through doing’, but the multi-modal, ethnographic methods adopted suggest that children were primarily engaged in a) sensory pleasure-taking and 2) playing out shifting relations of affect and sociality. In discussing this, the paper does not ask what children are learning but rather what they are doing – and how this does or does not relate to the scientific principles presented to them. The paper confirms studies that discovery centres are highly social spaces in which cognitive processing is only one aspect but goes further in suggesting that the twin dimensions of the social and the sensory are so paramount in governing children’s responses to exhibits as to eclipse thoughts of science.. The findings suggest that old-style live demonstrations are more effective than technologically interactive exhibits in foregrounding scientific concepts.

Araştırmanın temel amacı yeni medyanın bilim ve toplum etkileşimini sağlamada ve geleneksel medyanın bilim iletişimi bağlamındaki kamusal sorumluluklarını yerine getirmek açısından zafiyetini aşmada nasıl katkılar sunabileceğini örneklendirmektir. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’de faaliyet göstermekte olan çevrimiçi bağımsız bilim platformlarından 10 tanesi, derinlemesine görüşme ve içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, çevrimiçi bilim platformlarının ekonomik olarak daha bağımsız olmaları, hız baskısı ve sayfa/süre kısıtlılıklarına bağlı kalmamaları, bilim anlatıcılığını kar amacıyla değil gönüllü bir faaliyet olarak
üstlenmeleri ve yeni medyanın sunduğu etkileşim olanaklarını etkin kullanma konusundaki esneklikleri bağlamında geleneksel medyaya kıyasla daha avantajlı olduklarını ve daha nitelikli bilim yayıncılığı yapabildiklerini göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda, izleyici/
okuyucu çekebilmek için popüler sosyal medya mecralarına ve yaygın arama motorlarına ihtiyaç duymaları anlamında da bazı dezavantajlarının olduğu görülmüştür.

Millions of children visit zoos every year with parents or schools to encounter wildlife firsthand. Public conservation education is a requirement for membership in professional zoo associations. However, in recent years zoos have been criticized for failing to educate the public on conservation issues and related biological concepts, such as animal adaptation to habitats. I used matched pre- and postvisit mixed methods questionnaires to investigate the educational value of zoo visits for children aged 7–15 years. The questionnaires gathered qualitative data from these individuals, including zoo-related thoughts and an annotated drawing of a habitat. A content analysis of these qualitative data produced the quantitative data reported in this article. I evaluated the relative learning outcomes of educator-guided and unguided zoo visits at London Zoo, both in terms of learning about conservation biology (measured by annotated drawings) and changing attitudes toward wildlife conservation (measured using thought-listing data). Forty-one percent of educator-guided visits and 34% of unguided visits resulted in conservation biology-related learning. Negative changes in children's understanding of animals and their habitats were more prevalent in unguided zoo visits. Overall, my results show the potential educational value of visiting zoos for children. However, they also suggest that zoos’ standard unguided interpretive materials are insufficient for achieving the best outcomes for visiting children. These results support a theoretical model of conservation biology learning that frames conservation educators as toolmakers who develop conceptual resources to enhance children's understanding of science.

每年都有数百万的儿童与他们的父母或老师同学们一起近距离接触野生动物。而对公众进行保护教育也是对各专业动物园协会的成员们的一项基本要求。但是，最近几年，动物园受到越来越多来自动物权益保护组织的批评，认为他们没有很好地展示他们对生物保护的公众理解的权威性，以及对相关生物学概念的诠释，例如动物对栖息地的适应性。的确，迄今为止还没有一个完整的研究项目严格地评估过动物园对他们最主要的受众---儿童在有关生物保护的学习方面的影响。这份（我的）研究是对于全世界7-15岁儿童游览动物园的教育价值的最大规模调查（包括样本2839个）。这项研究从对生物保护的学习方面（通过注释图检测的方法）以及从对于野生保护的态度转变方面入手，评估了通过有教学引导和无教学引导这两种方式游览伦敦ZSL动物园所获得的相关学习成果。结果显示，有34%参与无教学引导的孩子和41%接受教学引导游览的孩子学习到了生物保护相关的知识。多数接受无教学引导浏览方式的孩子对于动物和动物栖息地的理解呈现消极变化。总的来说，本研究为儿童游览动物园的潜在教育价值提供了依据。但是，研究同时也认为动物园常规的无教育引导尚不足以激发来访儿童的最优学习效果。该研究遵从一种生物保护学学习的理论模式： 将保护学教育者视做开发概念资源的工匠，从而提升儿童对科学的理解。

Queer counterpublics have been seen as a significant resource for gay men's HIV prevention and harm reduction (Berlant & Warner 1998; Warner 2002; Race 2009). This chapter works with this concept to think about how critical collectivities of sex and social movements around HIV prevention  might operate in the digital context. The question is particularly timely right now, since we are in the middle of a radical transformation in sexual geography in many Western contexts, and digital technologies are no doubt implicated in whatever will emerge from this. In my home town of Sydney, regarded by many as the historical and symbolic centre of Australian gay life, the intensity of the state assault on 'nightlife' in the last couple of years has left many of us reeling, as one by one bars, clubs, parties and the experience of street-life that connects them seem to be vanishing through closures, curfews and intensive policing. The urban conditions that once made it possible to imagine Sydney's LGBTIQ population as a heterogenous but inclusive sexual community are changing rapidly and inexorably. While some see these changes as a welcome by-product of the increasing acceptance of gays and lesbians into mainstream life, the governmental erasure of urban sexual scenes has occurred alongside a proliferation of homonormative discourses that prioritise marriage equality and normalising conceptions of gay life. In their eagerness to present gays and lesbians as respectable, everyday folk, these discourses frequently assume sex, drug and HIV-phobic forms (Liu 2015, p. 2). Their capacity to shut down constructive responses to the realities of sex, drugs and HIV infection will not be lost on anyone who has followed online discussions of any of these topics recently. These remarkably polarised and polarising debates are conspicuous for their denigration of those expressions of queer or embodied life that are taken to compromise the public image of sexual minorities as normal upstanding citizens. Needless to say, such instances of 'in-group purification' (Goffman 1963, p. 108) further stigmatise practices that require more constructive, generous forms of attention and open acknowledgement, especially with respect to their public health implications.

The exemplification of queer counterpublics in the critical literature draws extensively on the cultural forms of late twentieth-century urban sexual subcultures in the West, pre-Internet. This paper aims to distil some key principles from this work and consider how they might be taken forward and enacted in the present context, given the increasing prominence of sexual media and hookup apps as constituent elements of gay sexual culture.

The early years of the 21st century were marked by the increasing prominence of neuroscientific ideas in wider society. The proliferation of neuroscience has been accompanied by lively debate, alternately excited and apprehensive, about its societal significance. However, consideration of neuroscience’s cultural implications has largely remained speculative due to a paucity of research that directly examines how publics engage with neuroscientific ideas. Drawing on Social Representations Theory and the principles of embodied phenomenology, this thesis aims to map the contours of the neuroscientific knowledge that surfaces in ordinary, everyday life in contemporary Britain. Its investigation focuses upon two empirical contexts, cataloguing the representations of brain research that materialise in (i) the mainstream print media, and (ii) the common-sense understanding revealed by a series of semi-structured interviews with London residents. A content analysis of 3,630 newspaper articles confirms that the period 2000-2012 saw a steady expansion of neuroscience’s prominence in public dialogue, primarily within appeals to readers to optimise their brain function by moderating their mental activity, nutritional intake and lifestyle choices. Thematic analysis of 48 interviews, however, suggests that laypeople have remained largely unaware of the media attention afforded to neuroscience, with the brain occupying a negligible space in people’s day-to-day thought and conversation. Interview respondents situated brain research within the socially distant ‘other worlds’ of science and medicine, characterising direct experience of brain-related pathology as the only context that would motivate them to engage with neuroscientific knowledge. However, more latent meanings attached to the brain surfaced as the interviews progressed: the brain was also constituted as a tool over which individuals can exert control, and as a source of human variation, invoked to articulate and explain social differences. Through rigorous analysis of original empirical data, this thesis traces the paths by which neuroscientific ideas travel through the public sphere, distinguishes how they are elaborated and re-constituted en route, and explores the implications this may have for social life.

ÖZET

Vatandaş bilimi bir diğer ifadeyle halkın bilimsel araştırmaya katılımı bir bilimsel yöntem ve sosyal hareket olarak gelişmekte olan bir olgudur. Bildiride Türkiye'deki vatandaş bilimi olgusu literatüre göre çizilen kavramsal çerçeveyle birlikte değerlendirilerek öne çıkan, sınırlı varlık gösteren ve bilim iletişimine dair durum incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya göre, Türkiye'deki vatandaş bilimi olgusunda literatürle tutarlı şekilde vatandaş bilimcilerin başlıca veri toplamada var olduğu doğa koruma ile ilgili büyük ölçekli çevre araştırmaları ön planda iken daha katılımcı araştırma türleri sınırlılık göstermektedir. Bilim iletişimi açısından ise hem diyalog model hem de eksik modele dair unsurlar görülmüştür.

ABSTRACT

Citizen science so called public participation in scientific research is a developing phenomenon as a scientific method and social movement. The research examined the citizen science phenomenon in Turkey by assessing prominent vs. limited research type and science communication with the conceptual framework extracted from the literature. The research indicates that as consistent with the literature, while prominent research are large scale conservation related environmental research in which citizen scientists are mainly in data collection, more participatory research are limited. Considering science communication, both dialogue model and deficit model notions are existed in the phenomenon.

ETHICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

I – Critically Mapping Current Approaches

From an early stage, nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) have been associated with a political will to integrate upstream the question of their "ethical and societal implications". In this context, the implication of the social and human sciences (SHS) has given way to a great variety of approaches to NST ethics. After a decade of SHS involvement, it is time for an appraisal. This article seeks to critically map the different approaches of SHS involvement in NST with regard to their problematization of ethical issues and to identify their shortcomings and limitations. Especially, it is argued that concrete technoscientific NST developments and the concerns with the values that they generate should be better articulated.

II – For an object-centred approach

The ethics of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) calls to question the division between the neutrality objects and the morality of uses. NST lead us therefore to a new kind of "Copernican revolution", taking us from a situation where the subject is the only moral being to a situation where objects fully enter in the field of moral philosophy. This article shows how the epistemological analysis of the mode of existence of nano-objects can renew the ethical issues on several singular fieldworks. The demonstration will be based on four case studies of nano-objects, conceptualized as "relational objects" : artificial molecular machines, drug nanocarriers, bio and eco-toxicology of nanoparticles, and biomarkers for personalized medicine.

ÉTHIQUE ET ÉPISTÉMOLOGIE DES NANOTECHNOLOGIES

I – Cartographie critique des approches existantes

Les nanosciences et nanotechnologies (NST) ont été placées très tôt sous le signe d’une volonté politique d’intégrer, en amont, la question de leurs « enjeux éthiques et sociétaux ». Dans ce contexte, les démarches « d’accompagnement » des technosciences par les sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) se sont multipliées, et diverses approches de l’éthique des NST ont été proposées. Après une décennie d’implication des SHS, un bilan s’impose. Cet article propose une cartographie raisonnée des différentes démarches d’accompagnement des NST par les SHS quant à leur problématisation du questionnement éthique, et en indique les insuffisances et les limites. Il soutient notamment que les développements technoscientifiques concrets des NST et les questions de valeurs qu’ils suscitent doivent être mieux articulés.

II – Pour une approche centrée sur les objets

l'éthique des nanosciences et nanotechnologies (NST) appelle à remettre en question le partage entre la neutralité des objets et la moralité des usages. Les NST nous poussent par conséquent à une sorte de nouvelle « révolution copernicienne », nous faisant passer d'une situation où le sujet est le seul être moral à une situation où les objets entrent de plain-pied dans le champ de la philosophie morale. Le présent article montre comment l'analyse épistémologique du mode d'existence des nano-objets permet de renouveler le questionnement éthique sur des terrains à chaque fois singuliers. La démonstration se fera sur la base de quatre cas concrets de nano-objets, conceptualisés comme des « objets relationnels » : les machines moléculaires artificielles, les nanovecteurs de médicament, la bio et l'éco-toxicologie des nanoparticules, et les biomarqueurs pour la médecine personnalisée.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) is described as various traditional practices that involve all procedures for partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for cultural, religious, traditional and or non- therapeutic reasons in many societies of the world (WHO, 1997, 2010). Statistics by the WHO indicates that FGM/ affects more than 130 million women globally. FGM/C has no known health benefits but severe effects on the physical, social consequences, mental and psychosocial well being of those who have undergone it and once which occurred before and after the FGM/C procedure was carried out.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) is no longer a practice experienced African women only, research indicates that FGM/C has spread out beyond borders and become a global menace, brought about by the increased immigration rates towards the west. According to legislations in many countries, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) is considered a criminal offence because it violates human rights, compromises the health of women and puts girls at risk of life-long complications and infections. Empowering people and communities where FGM/C is practiced with knowledge on the subject and providing them with necessary resources can hasten the fight against FGM/C and also help in eliminating the practices.
This study also looks at the legislations on FGM/C and legal policies and frameworks formulated for the eradication campaigns and on the abandonment of FGM/C in Kenya.  It discusses the best practices, the lessons learnt, the opportunities for the abandonment of FGM/C as well as the challenges facing the elimination of FGM/C practices in Kenya and especially among the pastoralists’ communities of Kenya. It reviews the Kenya National Policy on FGM/C, the National Plan of Action for the eradication of FGM/C and looks at the mandate of the Kenya National Anti FGM/C Board and other FGM/C Stakeholders, providing services for women and girls who are at risk of undergoing FGM/C in Kenya.
This study addresses the concept of FGM/C practice as well as the different myths and beliefs that support its continuation. The study focuses on the experiences of pastoralists’ women and girls of Narok and Kajiado Counties of Kenya, who have undergone FGM/C and the ones who haven’t. Ones who have suffered the consequences of FGM/C and ones who have been rescued from the risk of FGM/C. These are women who understand their cultures best and can tell more on the practices, by looking at their flashbacks, the FGM/C procedure, consequences involved before and after FGM/C, cultural beliefs, religious views on FGM/C practices, and the human rights that violation against girls and women through forced or coercive Female Genital Mutilation.
This study also investigates the Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) and its effects on maternal deaths prevalent among the pastoralists’ communities of Kenya.  Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) is recognized both locally and internationally as an outdated traditional practice, which violates the rights of women/girls and one that is difficult to eradicate. Lack of education, unemployment and poverty are mentioned as some of the variables that enabled the FGM/C practices to thrive in these communities. 
While research indicates that there are many types of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C), with other unclassified types, some practicing communities in the locations where this study was conducted neither know of the either harmful nature or the consequences of any one type of FGM/C.  Among these communities, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) still remains a sensitive and a taboo topic to be discussed in the public. However, we all agree that the time has come for FGM/C and other harmful practices to be addressed, albeit with great concern and care on people’s feelings and culture. 
For this study, the Principal Investigator and the ‘Talking Trees Project’ team interviewed women from 22 small towns and villages spread across Narok and Kajiado Counties namely: Magadi, Namanga, Ngong, Kiserian, Kajiado, Kule, Narok, Jerusalem, Olkeri, Oljororok, Ntilal, Naijile Oltinga, Naadadapo, Sarara 1, Sere Olipi, Lauragi 2, Lengarde/ Leshunyai, Lenchekut, Lorian and Sionta 2, where the FGM/C was still practiced. 
The ‘Talking Trees Project’ which was implemented between 2016 - 2017, was organized around: Maternal healthcare, FGM/C, alternative rites of passage, women’s health, human rights, child development and early child-marriage. The ultimate goal of the programme was to mobilize indigenous pastoralists’ communities to participate in open public health debates and forums, which led to voluntary open public declarations on the abandonment of harmful traditional practices like: FGM/C and child marriage.
The ‘Talking Trees Project’ brought a multidisciplinary team of experts and pastoralists communities together, to discuss and develop an understanding of the discrepancies between modern science and traditional practices that would help the researchers to understand the causes and ways through which maternal deaths prevalent among these communities could be prevented or reduced.
The ‘Talking Trees Project’ also helped the project team and the researchers/scientific experts involved in compiling an inventory of existing indigenous health care training and capacity building activities relevant to the management and sharing of public health research data to the target groups, to improve research collaborations among like-minded researchers and share findings in research institutions in ways that have the potential to accelerate progress in public and or maternal health. 
In this regard, this publication aims to galvanize the efforts of local and international movements and campaigns to end Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C). The publication covers the ‘Talking Trees Project’s own activities, and can be shared freely and promoted among the pastoralists' communities, donors, partners and researchers, who might find it useful or thought-provoking in the context of their own work.

In order to find solutions in the current panorama of “post-truth” and “anti-intellectualism,” a recent report from the Science and Technology Committee of the House of Commons has suggested a move towards more direct communication from experts. Since some historical examples have shown that experts’ excessive confidence and patronisation of the public resulted in breaking trust between Science and Society, my study focuses on the possible pitfalls of direct communication from experts. I took the TED Talks format as a case study, as its core feature is precisely a direct popularisation of any topic from the most authoritative experts in any field. My quantitative and textual analysis of TED Talks on Artificial Intelligence (AI) highlighted that the tone of the majority of the talks given by experts in the field is overly optimistic and patronising, and that AI is depicted through a discourse of unchallengeability and inevitability. My analysis has also shown that the only talks which present less commanding tones, and tackling issues, are those given by non-experts. With non- experts I mean speakers whose expertise is not strictly related to the research and development of AI. My study emphasised the potential dangers of seeing the developers of a technology also as the most authoritative communicators about that technology. I concluded that, if we want to build a long-lasting bond of trust between Science and Society, we need to provide different angles, which require voices from people who are not directly touched in their work by public discussion. This necessity ultimately reaffirms mediators as key-figures in the communication between experts and the public.

These papers were received in response to a call to all presenters to submit papers up to three months after the conference. Except where indicated otherwise in the table of contents, these papers were presented either to parallel sessions of individual papers or to pre-arranged panel sessions.

Desarrollo del proyecto de la exposición itinerante llamada "Matematízate" realizada en la UNAM como una colaboración del Instituto de Matemáticas y de la Dirección General de Divulgación de la Ciencia. Este trabajo se presentó en el 'Primer Congreso de Comunicación Pública de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación' organizado por CONACyT en Querétaro, del 7 al 8 de septiembre de 2015.

Millones de niños visitan zoológicos todos los años con sus padres o la escuela para tener un encuentro de primera mano con la vida silvestre. La educación pública para la conservación es un requisito básico para ser miembro de las asociaciones de zoológicos profesionales. Sin embargo, en los últimos años la crítica a los zoológicos se ha incrementado por parte de los grupos que abogan por los derechos de los animales por no demostrar con certeza su valor para la comprensión pública de la conservación ni de otros conceptos biológicos relacionados, tales como la adaptación de los animales a los hábitats. De hecho, hasta la fecha ningún estudio a gran escala ha evaluado rigurosamente el aprendizaje de la biología de la conservación considerando a los niños como la audiencia clave en los zoológicos. El presente estudio representa la investigación más grande (n = 2839) reportada a nivel internacional sobre el valor educativo de las visitas al parque zoológico para niños de 7 a 15 años de edad. Este estudio evalúa los resultados relativos de aprendizaje de las visitas autoguiadas y guiadas por educadores en el zoológico ZSL de Londres, tanto en términos de aprendizaje sobre biología de la conservación (medido por dibujos esquemáticos) como en el cambio de actitudes hacia la conservación de la vida silvestre. Los resultados muestran que un 34% de los niños que realizan visitas sin guía y un 41% que visitan guiados por un educador evidencian aprendizajes relacionados con la biología de la conservación. Cambios negativos en la comprensión sobre los animales y sus hábitats fueron más prevalentes en los niños que realizaron visitas no guiadas al zoológico. En general, este estudio ofrece evidencia sobre el potencial valor educativo para los niños de visitar los zoológicos. Sin embargo, también sugiere que la oferta estándar en los zoológicos de visitas educativas autoguiadas es insuficiente para lograr mejores resultados de aprendizaje en los niños.. El estudio apoya un modelo teórico de aprendizaje de la biología de la conservación que define a los educadores de la conservación como generadores de herramientas para desarrollar recursos conceptuales que promuevan el mejoramiento de la comprensión científica en los niños.

Trench（这个问题）提出了一个关键问题---我们如何能够知道科学传播是否向大众成功地传播有价值的东西。谨慎采用，熟练操作，并有效共享的高质量效果研究能够为研究实践者提供一个基础，来发现发现科学传播活动的哪些方面正在在工作，通过什么样的方法，面向哪个受众群以及原因。这篇论文辩证地回顾了主流科学传播实践的评估现状，并将关注点聚焦在了拥有最优资源的机构。

的确，“科学中心和博物馆已经在设计和实施游客调查和其他评估步骤方面脱颖而出，他们旨在宣传和提高自身的实践能力”（Trench, this issue）。但是，在这些机构中“行业标准”的游客调查和评估步骤提供了一个基本错误的虚拟目录以及调查设计，抽样和分析中的低质量实践。的确，我已经在华威大学社会研究方法的教学中使用了来自领先科学传播评估顾问和机构的案例来演示调查设计和推理论证的低质量实践。

Highlights
• Features original insights from extensive ethnographic work on carbon capture pilot projects in Australia, including interviews with key policy proponents.
• Critically reviews attempts to develop Large-Scale Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects in Australia and the USA to show the reliance of project developers on government grant funding and Enhanced Oil Recovery contract revenue.
• Key finding is divergences between coal and oil industry expertise in worldviews and framing of risks to projects.
• Argues that oil and gas expertise has been crucial to framing CCS projects, including view of public as risk to projects through protest. This framing creates epistemic blindspots and excludes potentially constructive forms of public participation and governance.
• Understanding friction between industrial partners in CCS projects should help policymakers more easily confront the need to phase out fossil fuels and commensurate changes in infrastructure and lifestyles

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

Anthropologists of science conventionally examine the cultural politics of natural sciences. However, historical and social sciences also have cultural contexts and consequences. This essay extends science studies to public engagement with Maya hieroglyphic decipherment. In the 1970s several scholars claimed to discover Maya hieroglyphs’ grammatical structure. Linda Schele popularized decipherment through sites including the Maya Meetings, public workshops at the University of Texas-Austin. As archaeologists and competing camps of hieroglyph experts challenged Schele and her colleagues’ interpretations, the Maya Meetings established a public of witnesses committed to these experts’ claims. The Maya Meetings cultivated public assent through highly-regulated practices enabling participants to imagine that they had independently confirmed decipherments. Public engagement bolstered experts’ problematic claims to have imparted “voice” and “history” to the ancient Maya by transforming this complex medium into writing. I show how such public engagement did not simply democratize knowledge production, and intensified hierarchies within Maya studies.

Emerging patterns of public engagement in science and technology are at the heart of an ongoing historical transformation of science. It is here that a much debated “new social contract for science” is currently being negotiated in practice. Alternative future constitutions of science and technology are implied in various ways of doing public engagement. I take a few steps towards developing an analytics for differentiating and relating practices of public engagement. This is led by three questions: Why is the public concerned about science and technology? How does the public, or specific publics, engage with science and technology? Who speaks for the public in which ways and what kinds of political orders does this implicitly perform? In conclusion I make the case for setting up an observatory to trace forms of public engagement as they currently unfold in practice in order to systematically map their diversity and assess effects for the emerging future constitution of knowledge societies.

This thesis deals with the role of expert knowledge in contemporary societies and its relationship with other disparate knowledge. Constituted from a modern perspective as the understanding of nature isolated of social relations, expert knowledge has always threatened to reduce political decision-making to a consensus among experts. The need for greater dialogue between experts and citizens has been, since the beginning of the 20th century, one of the greatest concerns for the European Union. In this vein, we include a mapping of the experiences of citizen participation that took place in Spain between 2002 and 2013 where experts and citizens gathered to discuss issues related to science and technology. We propose a systematization of the experiences to account for their idiosyncratic characteristics, focusing on the kind of participating actors and the way they are put in relation. This helps us to point out the existence of what we call 'hybridization modes', which are molecular ways of relating science, technology and society. As a whole, we see a commitment from the Administrations to situate the discussion as a way to weave a more harmonious relationship between science, technology and society. The deliberation allows that a great amount of scenarios can be constituted, which opens the possibility of diagramming an extendable number of potential solutions. However, from the detailed analysis of a particular experience, the Barcelona Citizen Conference of Older People, we found that if the decision-making process is not delimited, it raises the risk of allowing the discussion to continue unabated, threatening the possibility of reaching agreements. Responding ethnographically to the production of a document constituted during the experience with the aim of informing public policies, we experiment with new ways of thinking about participation and politics, extending the focus towards the role of materiality. We do it through an existing figure in ancient Egypt: the harpedonapt. We suggest that politics should not be understood as an essence, but rather as something in movement, something that can be reported as a trajectory, something always precarious. Through a topological approach we realize how different intensities are related.  Applying this topological approach, decision making appears as the crystallization of a (new) topological matrix arranged for new encounters to take place. Following the capacity of this final document of recommendations to inform public policies beyond the Citizen Conference, we see how it fails to consume its objectives. It fails because the document does not manage to survive the institutional political ecologies, heteronomous for it. This leads us to open up the possibility of thinking about an 'ecologically and differentially speculative ethics'. An ethics that poses the question concerning encounters capacities. We consider essential to ask ourselves about the collective ways of becoming difference, while at the same time we consider vital to situate the production of this difference in the encounters and to speculate with a notion of care that enables an approach to encounters as relevant ecologies that allow participating entities to differentiate collectively in a way that puts the life of the whole in the foreground. Thus, facing the future becomes a recursive speculation about how to take care of the encounters, how to make them ecological, how to enable the possibility that each entity has the opportunity to differentiate itself in a way consistent with its potential, but above all by attending to the worlds that the entity participating in the encounter will contribute to produce.