Understanding the epidemiology of foot and ankle trauma could be useful in health services research and for policy makers. It can also define practice patterns. Using the National Trauma Data Bank data set from 2007 to 2011, we analyzed the frequency and proportion of each fracture in the foot and ankle in major trauma hospitals in the United States. A total of 280,933 foot and/or ankle fractures or dislocations were identified. Although oversampling of more severe trauma in younger patients might have occurred owing to the nature of the data set, we found that the most common fractures in the foot and ankle were ankle fractures. Midfoot fractures were the least common among all the foot and ankle fractures when categorized by anatomic location. Approximately 20% of all foot and ankle fractures were open.

Invited presentation, “Templum Dei: Exploring the Language of Sacred Architecture,” Evening Salon discussion hosted by the Institute of Classical Architecture & Art – Utah Chapter, given at VCBO Architecture, Salt Lake City, UT (September 1, 2016). Presentation available online: https://youtu.be/4wFF9BHihf4

The two Turkish baths in Elbasan have been object of a remarkable survey as part of a vast international research. The original system of the two public baths dates back to the mid-sixteenth century. In the Albanian typology of the hammam, the various environments of increasing temperatures are located along a longitudinal axis ending in the cistern area where the

On 18 August 1418, the Florentine Arte della Lana announced an architectural competition for building the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral using Neri di Fioravanti’s design. The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths, Lorenzo Ghiberti (by whom the concept of symmetry was first explained in vulgar Italian) and Filippo Brunelleschi. Lifelong competition between the two remained sharp, but Brunelleschi received the commission, and completed the dome in 1436. It was the first “octagonal” dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame, and was one of the most impressive projects of its time.
A thorough understanding of the physical laws and the mathematical tools for calculating stresses were centuries ahead in the future, but Brunelleschi’s intuitive design marked a break with the medieval logic of construction (or “scholasticism”, according to Panofsky), as well as a return to the classic Pantheon, thus, to a different concept of geometrical compactness and balance. This turnaround resulted in centuries of development and experiments on space, symmetry, scale and proportion that would give rise to 20th-century constructivism and various trends in modern and postmodern architecture. Contemporary praxis is still challenged by such experiments from minimalism to parametricism, from the complexity of space to the variability of generative structures. This provides enough reason to the architects’ community for celebrating the 600th anniversary of Filippo Brunelleschi’s revolutionary design for the dome of Florence Cathedral, the symbolic event which can lay claim as the birth of modern architectural thinking.

Giant Crossbow on Codex Atlanticus (CA) folio 149br/53vb (Article Frontispiece) praise its compelling artistic design, although they doubt its mechanical capabilities . As a partial result of this abbreviated approach, there has been no adequate study of the drawing's mechanical design, although the drawing is an unusually thorough example of Leonardo's combined mechanical and graphic-design skills. Geometrical and proportional aspects of the drawing also reveal his possible early knowledge of Archimedes and the benefits of making a scale model in the form of an isometric drawing. Below I offer an example of a coincidence between his measurements for this crossbow and evidence of his early studies of Archimedean geometry. The detailed measurements to be discussed do not necessarily imply that Leonardo proceeded with such measurements, as they only represent data for analysis with a view to disclosing the extent to which he was using dimensional and proportional strategies in his designs. He often based his engineering studies on a proportional approach to design and construction that is particularly apparent when one compares measurements of his illustrations with his written measurements. At issue in the present study is this proportional consistency in design, as Leonardo apparently intended, and as proven by the precision of the design's measurements, for which we do not have as much evidence regarding his intentions.

The 'Cosmati Pavement' at Westminster Abbey is unique in being the largest and most important example in England of the medieval 'marmorari romani'. Much has been written about the pavement's meaning, its geology, and of its inscriptions which appear to predict the date of the end of the world. But what of its maker Petrus Odoricus, who was he, and how was the design laid out? This research looks at the pavement from the point of view of a designer experienced in the practices of measuring up, setting out, and getting things made.

A B S T R A C T Excavations on the Zhokhov Island yielded a small but meaningful collection of Early Holocene canine faunal remains (MNI = 13). To clarify the morphological characteristics of the Zhokhov dogs' skulls, they were compared to the modern skulls of the Eastern Siberian wolves. This analysis shows, that around 9000 years ago a fully formed, as a species, domesticated dog was present at the Zhokhov site and used by the inhabitants of the area while hunting and as a draft animal. Presence of a developed form of dog sledding has been securely established for this culture. The Zhokhov site osteological dog remains analysis showed that the comparison of two proportional ratios (the ratio of skull height in the cranial region to total skull length and the ratio of snout height at Рm1 – Рm2 to total skull length) is a universal and reliable criterion for distinguishing wolf skulls from wolf-like dog skulls. This method prevents the influence of any single measurement on the identification of any individual as a dog or a wolf. We propose to name them indices DD1 and DD2, accordingly (for Dog Domestication). We also show that a sled dog and hunting dog standard existed, which significantly changes the current ideas about the timing of specialized dog breed formation via directed selection. Full completion of this process marks the third stage of domestication. Two earlier stages precede it in time and space (natural selection via the feeding behavior within specific ecological niche, formed by the human activity, followed by artificial selection based on the animal's ability to be tamed). We suggest that sled dogs could have been used in Siberia around 15,000 years ago.

Proportion and measure interacted in the evolution and construction of the Hindu temple from the 5th through the 15th century AD, but, throughout this history, proportion dominated as the tool to give the monument both validity and form. This reviewanalyzes the ritual force of proportion and its function in the planning of temples by architects. The diagrams that accompany the article are the result of field research and the analysis of built structures.

the development of practical and theoretical geometry by the ancient Greeks was a significant cultural accomplishment, and it proved critical for the evolution of Greek architecture. Interest in geometry in Greece may be divided into three phases. the earliest phase emphasized philosophical and religious applications, such as the speculations of two pre‐Socratic philosophers who used geometric models to articulate their views of the cosmos, thales of Miletos and anaximander of Miletos, both of them active in the first half of the sixth century bce. the second phase was centered in hellenistic alexandria, where the most important compiler, euclid, was active in the third century bce. Our existing corpus of writing about geometry has been preserved from this period. the third phase of exploration of geometry took place in the late hellenistic period, when archimedes of Syracuse and apollonius of perga were prominent among geometers; this period also was remarkable for practical developments in mechanics and engineering (heath 1921: I.345–348, II. 346–352, thomas 1941). the text of Vitruvius illustrates the wide range of interests of such authors; although he regarded himself as an architect and a designer, Vitruvius was, as we would define the role, an engineer (rowland and howe 1999: 21). he wrote his still‐ preserved treatise, De architectura, about 20 bce and dedicated it to the emperor augustus. the development of early Greek geometry took place concurrently with several significant cultural events in the seventh century bce. the reign of psammetichus I (664–610 bce) marked the beginning of increased contact between Greeks and egyptians (hahn 2001: 66–69). During the reign of amasis (570–526 bce), Cyprus fell first under egyptian rule, then that of the assyrians. the capture of the city of Sardis by persia in 547/6 bce opened a direct link between the Greek world, persia, and India (Burkert 2004: 49–55, 70–74). thales observed the solar eclipse of 585 bce, and his book on the cosmos is datable to 547 bce. although individuals such as thales and, later, pythagoras (circa 550–495 bce) could have traveled to egypt and Babylon to gain specialized knowledge, the geometry that existed in egypt and Babylon was not the philosophical geometry of the pre‐Socratics; instead, it featured pragmatic solutions for calculating areas, needed because of the ever‐changing topography due to the annual flooding of the Nile (heath 1921: 122–126). the egyptian rhind Mathematical papyrus documents the interest in area calculations. But the calculations included inaccuracies and approximations, and the level of accuracy was not what we would accept today. Yet the Greeks did not have to go far to meet egyptians or Babylonians as these people were coming to them. It is no coincidence that the early Greek geometers thales and anaximander were from Ionia and that, in the following generation, pythagoras was originally from Samos, just off the Ionian coast.

The result of research on the history of mechanical engineering and design, this study identifies Leonardo’s innovative approaches to technical problems, correcting previous assumptions about his lack of technical knowledge as an engineer. Innovative strategies include his use of Euclidian and Archimedean geometry, dimetric parallel projection, consistency of scale, proportions of one-third throughout the structure, and proportional calculations of its force. The sophistication and precision of the drawing, compared with others by Leonardo and his contemporaries, locates it among his plans for a military treatise, re-dates it to a later period of 1490-93, and associates it with similar working methods across disciplines at the turn of the sixteenth century.

Stupa is essentially a Buddhist commemorative monument housing sacred relics associated with Buddha or other saintly persons. The hemispherical form of the stupa seems to have been derived from the pre-Buddhist burial mounds in India.

While conducting case studies for my thesis project, “Buddha Smriti Stupa and Buddha Samyak Darshan Sangrahalaya in Vaishali, Bihar”, I have come across various instances which has revealed that, in addition to the various elements that make a stupa, the structure is built to “certain proportions”.

This study aims at understanding the basic structure of the stupa in accordance to these proportions.

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The notion that numerical proportional systems contribute to the serene, orderly appearance of the basilica of San Lorenzo has long stood as a virtual axiom of architectural history. In this book, Matthew A. Cohen challenges this and other longstanding preconceptions about proportional systems in the history of architecture. Using Brunelleschi's basilicas of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito as case studies, the author reveals multi-layered, late medieval proportional systems through his analysis of building measurements that he recorded from scaffolding, other observations of the built fabric, and a variety of documentary sources. The proportional analysis is continually explored in light of late medieval developments in mathematics and measuring systems, and in light of modern scholarly theories of proportion. In particular, this book provides an alternative understanding of medieval and Renaissance proportional systems in response to Rudolf Wittkower’s influential writings on this subject. It furthermore uses proportional analysis as a form of historical evidence to shed new light on difficult questions of authorship and construction histories. This book presents a rigorous new observation-based approach to an important but little studied area of architectural history with wide applicability. Winner of the James Ackerman Award in the History of Architecture.

If you enjoy this book, please help out the James Ackerman Award program by buying a copy, available here: https://www.palladiomuseum.org/shop/2 , or through second party retailers.

O artigo apresenta metodologia de orientação e controle dos interesses político-criminais, baseada na estrutura trifásica do dever de proporcionalidade e nos conceitos de merecimento, carência e dignidade penal. Propõe-se uma análise valorativa e finalística a partir da dogmática do direito penal e constitucional, para além da estrita verificação de utilidade da lei penal.

The design and construction of buildings during the Ottoman period has been the subject of extensive research in the past. However, the implementation of sketches and the constructional tracing of basic building elements pertain to a relatively unknown scientific field, which requires further research. The main objective of the present study is to analyse thoroughly the methods of constructional tracing, based on a variety of examples of traditional buildings of the late Ottoman period from northern Greece. The importance of this documentation in the scientific restoration is great, as important data arises for the precise design and chronology of historical constructions.
The approach methodology initially concerns the presentation of the broader scientific framework and the analysis of the design and constructional tracing of the structures. Initially, the design issues related to typology and the connection with the earlier, Byzantine urban architecture are mentioned. The metric system of the ottoman architectural cubit is analysed and an effort is made to explain its origin. The basic tracing and construction tools used by the master builders are presented. At the same time, the basic methods of tracing the structures based mainly on the use of Pythagorean right-angled triangles, as well as on the ad-quadratum medieval system are analysed.
The analysis of the module and the proportions of the presented examples shows that specific numerical metric models and right-angled triangles are used, and are repeatedly applied in a number of constructions. It is concluded that the choice of specific metric models / prototypes and methods of tracing / right-angle triangles is directly related to the application of the dominant building types during the different periods (type with hayat and eyvan, type with interior sofa / hall and type with a central cross-shaped sofa); and greatly affects the form and proportions of the mansions.
The facades of the 18th century mansions, unlike the plans, are not designed in sketches, but they are easily obtained from the careful tracing of the constructional elements in the ground plan and the division with ratios a – a/2. The impression of the "designed" facade is achieved by the application of a standard height for both the whole facade and the individual elements (windows, small lighting openings, etc.) and of course, by the particular morphological elements of the period.
The analysis of the examples gives rise to the basic principles of designing the ottoman urban architecture and describes the geometrical methods of tracing used by the master builders.  In this way, the importance of architectural standards and the role of the particular knowledge of geometry in the construction and the final form of the ottoman monuments are crystallised. This knowledge can contribute substantially to the scientific documentation and restoration of historical structures.

This article presents a geometrical analysis of Bourges Cathedral, based on the application of computer-aided design (CAD) techniques to the results of a recent and highly precise laser survey. This analysis reveals that the cathedral's original designer developed a tightly interlocking and strikingly unified design, in which the five-fold subdivision of the chevet ground plan set proportions that would be vertically extruded into an elevation that can be inscribed both within a square and within a series of progessively smaller equilaterial triangles. These results contribute to an ongoing debate about the use of ‘ad quadratum’ and ‘ad triangulum’ geometries in Gothic architecture, and they provide new evidence for the geometrical coherence of Gothic cathedral design. In methodological terms, meanwhile, this discussion demonstrates the potential of CAD-based geometrical analysis for the study of precisely surveyed medieval buildings.

Ο σχεδιασμός και η κατασκευή των οικοδομημάτων κατά τη βυζαντινή και μεταβυζαντινή περίοδο έχει αποτελέσει στο παρελθόν αντικείμενο εκτεταμένης έρευνας. Ωστόσο, η εφαρμογή των σκαριφημάτων και η κατασκευαστική χάραξη των βασικών δομικών στοιχείων αποτελεί ένα σχετικά άγνωστο στην επιστήμη πεδίο, το οποίο χρήζει περαιτέρω έρευνας. Η παρούσα μελέτη έχει ως βασικό στόχο την αναλυτική διερεύνηση των μεθόδων χάραξης των κατασκευών με τη χρήση ποικίλων παραδειγμάτων της βυζαντινής και μεταβυζαντινής περιόδου από τη ΒΔ Ελλάδα.
Η μεθοδολογία προσέγγισης αφορά αρχικά στην παρουσίαση του ευρύτερου επιστημονικού πλαισίου και στην ανάλυση του σχεδιασμού και της χάραξης των κατασκευών. Αναλύονται τα μετρικά συστήματα του βυζαντινού ποδός και του αρχιτεκτονικού πήχη και επιχειρείται η εξήγηση της προέλευσης και της μεταξύ τους σύνδεσης. Δίνονται στοιχεία για τα οικοδομικά συνεργεία και παρουσιάζονται τα βασικά εργαλεία χάραξης και ελέγχου της κατασκευής που χρησιμοποιούνται από τα συνεργεία αυτά. Ταυτόχρονα, αναλύονται οι βασικές μέθοδοι χάραξης των κατασκευών που βασίζονται, τόσο στα μεσαιωνικά συστήματα τριγωνισμού και τετραγωνισμού, όσο και στη χρήση κύκλων και ορθογωνίων τριγώνων. Η ανάλυση του εμβάτη και των αναλογιών των βυζαντινών και μεταβυζαντινών παραδειγμάτων που παρουσιάζονται, αποδεικνύει ότι χρησιμοποιούνται συγκεκριμένα αριθμητικά μετρικά πρότυπα και ορθογώνια τρίγωνα, τα οποία εφαρμόζονται επαναλαμβανόμενα σε πλήθος κατασκευών.
Μέσα από την ανάλυση των παραδειγμάτων προκύπτουν οι βασικές αρχές σχεδιασμού της βυζαντινής και μεταβυζαντινής αρχιτεκτονικής και διαγράφονται οι γεωμετρικές μέθοδοι χάραξης που χρησιμοποιούνται από τα οικοδομικά συνεργεία. Κατά αυτόν τον τρόπο αποκρυσταλλώνεται η σημασία των αρχιτεκτονικών προτύπων και ο ρόλος της ιδιαίτερης γνώσης της γεωμετρίας, στην κατασκευή και την τελική μορφή των βυζαντινών και μεταβυζαντινών μνημείων.

The main question of this paper is: what do institutions "extend" from and to and how are they influenced by "intensification"? This concept paper does not mediate between old institutionalism and new institutionalism. It does not offer suggestions to policy makers, though implications from the practical examples presented may be applied in Russia. What it offers, in the spirit of sociology of science (социология науки) is an alternative language/paradigm to "evolutionary economics" that is relevant for studying institutional change across a range of fields, industries and sectors.

The research investigates the compositional and proportional properties of Indo- Portuguese façades as
definitive of the style in Goa, with the historic precinct of São Tomé in Panaji chosen as the area of study.
The research is carried out through the listing and classification of façades into compositional types and the
analysis of composition and proportion of façades belonging to the same type. The façades in São Tomé are
found to display a mathematical order in their composition within and across compositional types. The system
of proportions found in the composition of façades, the Quadrature, is one found in Renaissance architecture,
implying that, the idea of the style was also adopted and absorbed at the level of facade composition and
proportion

Interior designers, architects, landscape architects, and even urban designers, agree that environment, as a form of non-verbal communication means, has a symbolic dimension to it. As for its aesthetic dimension, it seems that beauty is related to a certain proportion, partially and as a whole. Suitable proportion leaves a good impression upon the beholders, especially when it matches human proportion. That in fact was the underlining belief of LeCorbusier, according to which he developed his Modular concept.

Modern understanding of the design of ancient
buildings, sculptures, and other artifacts depends in
part on being able to identify the system of linear measurement utilized at the time. But while numer-
ous examples of measuring instruments and standards inscribed in stone have been recovered from the
Egyptian and Roman periods in particular, the scarcity of documentary evidence for the Greek world is reflected in a bewildering and often conflicting range of opinion. The induction of metrical units from surveys,
buildings, or urban layouts cannot provide unequivocal results, and consensus is accordingly lacking, both about the number of different feet used by the Greeks, and regarding their individual lengths.
This paper focuses on the metrological relief recently discovered on the island of Salamis,which is only the
second known example of its kind. On the basis of a fresh surveyit can be shown that, contrary to previous discussion, the slab records the so-called Doric foot of ca. 327 mm, thus providing the first firm evidence for the very existence of this unit. An attempt is then made to reconstruct the original form of the relief on the
basis of symmetry,leading to the hypothesis that first, despite differences, the proportions of the figure were
governed by simple mathematical ratios comparable with those of VitruvianMan, and second, the relief facilitated the comparison of the Doric foot with the so- called Attic foot and the Egyptian royal cubit by means of convenient conversion factors. The conclusion re- views the implications with regard to the study of the architecture of the Classical period.

Cover design: Suzan Beijer Cover image: Jacob Lois, Proportional System of Schielandshuis, from his manuscript Oude en ware beschrijving van Schieland, 1672, coll. Gemeentearchief Rotterdam. Layout: Friedemann Vervoort ISBN 978 90 8728 277 6 e-ISBN 978 94 0060 287 8 (e-pdf) e-ISBN 978 94 0060 288 5 (e-pub) NUR 648

El historiador Gordon Childe caracteriza las formas tempranas de civilización, entre otras cosas, por la existencia de obras monumentales, sistema de escritura, y comienzo del desarrollo científico, basado en la astronomía, la geometría, y la aritmética 1. En estas formas tempranas de civilización existe, además, un desarrollo social estratificado, con una casta sacerdotal que detenta tanto el saber como el poder; y una religión o mitología compleja que suele ser impuesta desde el estado. Son los sacerdotes los que dirigen el culto y encabezan el ritual. Son también ellos quienes poseen el más alto grado de conocimiento matemático y astronómico, y quienes supervisan la construcción del monumento sagrado. De esta manera, la asociación entre arquitectura o arte sagrado y matemática aparece frecuentemente en estas sociedades. El presente trabajo está dividido en dos partes. En la primera exploraré algunas interesantes relaciones existentes entre el número y lo sagrado 2 en el arte de civilizaciones incipientes de Africa, Asia y Mesoamérica. En todas ellas se observa el uso recurrente de ciertas formas geométricas y de ciertos modos de organización basados en el número. En la segunda parte del trabajo me referiré específicamente a Europa y la cultura Occidental. Esta cultura es heredera del pensamiento griego, y particularmente, de la escuela pitagórica. Las nociones pitagóricas de proporción y armonía y sus connotaciones místicas imponen su sello no sólo en el arte religioso sino también en aquellas obras que pretenden elevar moralmente al hombre. La asociación entre el número y lo sagrado en las grandes civilizaciones de la Historia Egipto: En las márgenes del río Nilo, en el norte de Africa, floreció la civilización egipcia aproximadamente entre el siglo XXX a.C. y los primeros siglos de nuestra era. * Docente de la Lic. en Arte, Universidad de Palermo. 1. Las características enumeradas por G. Childe se dividen en primarias y secundarias. No me detendré aquí en las primarias puesto que el interés del presente trabajo se centra en las secundarias. Ref. 1. Ref. 2. 2. Lo sagrado suele entenderse, en general, como asociado a lo religioso. Sin embargo, en un sentido más amplio puede interpretarse como «lo que es objeto de una garantía sobrenatural». Lo sagrado , por lo tanto, no es únicamente lo inherente a un mito o una religión; es decir, no es únicamente «lo divino». En este trabajo se entiende lo sagrado en esta acepción amplia. Ref. 3.

У знак обележавања 50 година смрти архитекта Милана Злоковића, професора Универзитета у Београду – Архитектонског факултета, поново се уверавамо у трајност и актуелност поука његовог уметничког, пројектантског, академског и научног рада. Вредности које његово дело носи за архитектуру и културу наше средине и региона бивше Југославије истакнуте су у многобројним научним и стручним радовима у последњих педесет година.  Архитектонски факултет у Београду има нарочито важну улогу у очувању и промовисању вредности које је професор Милан Злоковић својим четрдесетогодишњим академским радом уградио у темеље савременог архитектонског образовања. Концепција свечаности обележавања 50 година од његове смрти представља стога прилику да се дело Милана Злоковића сагледа на свеж начин из више углова гледања, наиме из аспекта документационе изложбе као и из аспеката студентског рада, кроз говоре на Свечаној академији и записе у публикацији која се објављује поводом свечаности.

The present study, based on a comparative analysis of several plans for Lisbon’s Baixa district, with an emphasis on that area’s public space, contributes to an understanding of the urban design process and presents a fresh perspective on dealing with historical data by conducting a posteriori analysis using mathematical tools to uncover relations in the historical data. The nine plans used were quantified and evaluated in a comparative manner. While CAD was used to quantify the urban morphology of the different plans, comparative tables make it possible to register the data, which was further evaluated through two interrelated processes: mathematical analysis and the urban analysis. The results show the existence of power law relations for the areas of each of the city’s different elements (e.g., blocks, churches, largos and adros). We discuss how this contributes to the understanding of the plans’ elements.

In this paper, the proportions of the Persepolis terrace, Iran, are examined. The «Sectio Aurea» can be applied five times in one series on the ground-plan marking all important points of the built structures. The meaning of this is discussed in connection to Venus as a planet and as a goddess.

Design research is a broad, practice-based approach to investigating problems of education. This approach can catalyze the development of learning theory by fostering opportunities for transformational change in scholars’ interpretation of instructional interactions. Surveying a succession of design-research projects, I explain how challenges in understanding students’ behaviors promoted my own recapitulation of a historical evolution in educators’ conceptualizations of learning – Romantic, Progressivist, and Synthetic (Schön 1981) – and beyond to a proposed Systemic view. In reflection, I consider methodological adaptations to design-research practice that may enhance its contributions in accord with its objectives.

QUOTA SYSTEMS IN COMPARISON, KINGDOM OF BELGIUM, FEDERAL BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, AUTONOMOUS SOUTH TYROL - ADVANTAGES, WEAKNESSES, SOLUTIONS
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Quota systems are not only used for a fairer representation of women in politics and society, but also for the participation of different ethnic or language groups in the community in multilingual areas. They are anchored as system pillars in the constitution or in autonomy statutes. They are intended to guarantee that all ethnic or linguistic groups or minorities, usually historically developed, can participate in the decision-making bodies of the administration and politics. This is done according to their strength, resulting in a proportional distribution, in parity form to give them equal consideration regardless of their strength, or by reserving shares or posts. When quota participation is supported by other measures, such as proportional electoral systems and coalition governments, the result are more or less typical consensual democracies. As noble as the goals of such models are, the details of implementation are difficult, often running the risk of excluding marginalised groups or disadvantaging smaller groups. This study compares three such typical models and examines their advantages and weaknesses with the aim of identifying solutions.--------------------------
QUOTENSYSTEME IM VERGLEICH, KÖNIGREICH BELGIEN, FÖDERALES BOSNIEN-HERZEGOWINA, AUTONOMES SÜDTIROL - VORTEILE, SCHWÄCHEN, LÖSUNGEN------Quotensysteme werden nicht nur zur gerechteren Vertretung der Frauen in Politik und Gesellschaft verwendet, sondern auch zur Beteiligung verschiedener Volks- oder Sprachgruppen am Gemeinwesen in mehrsprachigen Gebieten. Sie sind als Systempfeiler in der Verfassung oder in Autonomiestatuten verankert. Sie sollen garantieren, dass alle, meist historisch gewachsenen Volks- oder Sprachgruppen oder Minderheiten an den Entscheidungsgremien der Verwaltung und der Politik teilnehmen können. Dies erfolgt entsprechend ihrer Stärke, was eine proportionale Verteilung ergibt, in paritätischer Form, um sie unabhängig von ihrer Stärke gleichermaßen zu berücksichtigen, oderdurch Reservierung von Anteilen oder Stellen. Wenn die Quotenbeteiligung von weiteren Maßnahmen, zB proportionalen Wahlsystemen und Koalitionsregierungen unterstützt werden, ergeben sich mehr oder weniger typische Konsensdemokratien. So hehr die Ziele solcher Modelle sind, so schwierig gestalten sich die Details der Umsetzung, die oft Gefahr laufen, Randgruppen auszuschließen oder kleinere Gruppierungen zu benachteiligen. In dieser Studie werden drei solcher typischer Modelle gegenübergestellt und auf ihre Vorteile und Schwächen untersucht, mit dem Ziel Lösungen aufzuzeigen.-------------------SISTEMI DI QUOTE A CONFRONTO, REGNO DEL BELGIO, BOSNIA-ERZEGOVINA FEDERALE, ALTO ADIGE AUTONOMO - VANTAGGI, DEBOLEZZE, SOLUZIONI

I sistemi di quote non sono utilizzati solo per garantire una più equa rappresentanza delle donne in politica e nella società, ma anche per la partecipazione di diversi gruppi etnici o linguistici nella comunità in aree multilingue. Sono ancorati come pilastri del sistema nella Costituzione o negli statuti di autonomia. Sono volti a garantire che tutti i gruppi o le minoranze etniche o linguistiche, la maggior parte dei quali è cresciuta storicamente, possano partecipare agli organi decisionali dell'amministrazione e della politica. Ciò avviene in base alla loro forza, con conseguente distribuzione proporzionale, in forma paritaria per dare loro uguale considerazione indipendentemente dalla loro forza, oppure riservando quote o posti. Quando la partecipazione alle quote è supportata da altre misure, come i sistemi elettorali proporzionali e i governi di coalizione, il risultato è più o meno quello tipico delle democrazie consensuali. Per quanto nobili siano gli obiettivi di questi modelli, i dettagli dell'attuazione sono difficili e spesso rischiano di escludere gruppi emarginati o di svantaggiare gruppi più piccoli. Questo studio mette a confronto tre di questi modelli tipici ed esamina i loro vantaggi e le loro debolezze con l'obiettivo di individuare delle soluzioni.

In this abbreviated version of the Society of Renaissance Studies Lecture delivered at the RSA conference in Chicago 2017, I emphasise the synergy between the artistic and the Euclidian culture of Venice in the period between the arrival of Giorgio Valla in 1481 through to the publication of Luca Pacioli's 'Divina proportione' in 1509.  The lecture draws attention to the vital role of geometry and proportion in the paintings of Giovanni Bellini and Carpaccio, as well as in the pages of the printed book in the age of Jenson and Aldus Manutius.  This geometrical aesthetic has been unduly neglected in studies of Venetian art.

Se describe en este artículo el proceso metodológico para reconstruir el diseño modular del palacio fortificado de Onda (Castellón) a partir de su planta arqueológica, aplicando los principios metrológicos desentrañados en las investigaciones previas del autor en este campo. Módulo, ejes, tamaños y esquema geométrico general quedan identificados sobre la planta base con precisión digital. Se clasifican los diferentes espesores de muros detectados. Se realizan comprobaciones mediante mediciones directas. En esta obra resalta la continua utilización de modulaciones dinámicas, tanto en la rotunda y caracterizadora geometría de su planta general, como en cada una de las partes. Destaca también la variedad de espesores de muro, los desplazamientos de ejes, y el correcto replanteo de la fortaleza. El conocimiento de un sistema común de proporciones en los usos del pasado puede representar un nuevo paradigma en el estudio y conservación de nuestro patrimonio histórico y cultural. /
Described in this paper, is the methodological process to reconstruct the modular design of the fortified palace of Onda (Castellon) Spain, through its anthropologic plan, and applying the Metrologic Principles unravelled in previous research of the author in this field. Module, axis, size and geometric scheme are identified on the base plan, with digital precision. Different thicknesses of the walls are detected and classified. Verifications are carried out via direct measurements. In this building, the continuous utilization of dynamic modulations are highlighted in the decisive and characteristic geometry of the general floor, as in each of the parts. The variety of the thickness of the walls, the displacements of the axis and the correct tracing of the fortress, also stand out. The knowledge of a common system of proportions used in the past could represent a new paradigm in the study and the conservation of our historical and cultural heritage.

In this paper, an analysis of three Serbian medieval Raška churches highlights the significance of the interaction of regular geometric shapes in the composition of their underlying proportional scheme. The complex geometry recognised in the layouts and cross-sections of these monastery churches points to the potential use of a unique triangular proportioning system. This proportional system is derived from the initial geometry of Štambuk’s proportional canon, which employs two circles constrained by an equilateral triangle in a specific setting. As the essence of religious medieval structures is often related to their interior, in this paper 3D “empty space moulds” are created by the parametric modelling of each element of the structure. This research shows how the variation of the two critical points of the church interior, the centres of the dome and of the main apse, along with the key triangles incorporated in the proportional scheme, affect the final 3D structural model.

Full text available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00004-018-00426-z

Historically the study of the proportions
supposes one of the fields of more attractiveness
where they are integrated Art and
Geometry perfectly in the creation aware
of works. The Divine Proportion can be
considered an emblem of this shared
knowledge. The interest that you/they demonstrate
for her artists, architects, mathematical,
philosophers, aesthetes… it
increases with the time and in this study
a revision of the phenomenon is exposed,
analyzing the phases that have transformed
a simple geometric relationship into
the contemporary myth that identifies it
as the key of the universal beauty. It is verified
how the artists look for support in
Science, in this case the Geometry, to find
answers in their yearning of search of the
perfection in the work of art and the truthfulness
of numerous studies is questioned
that attribute the use of this proportion
to artists and works of all the times from
the subjective speculation.
Key words: Proportions study, science, golden ratio