The 18th century water-powered ironworks at Agoreggi, in the Basque country, was reconstructed based on contemporary historical records and archaeological investigations. In 1994-1999 three campaigns of experiments were carried out with the aim of reproducing the scale and technology of the iron production. This paper is a fully illustrated description of the experiments and, in particular, of the practical problems of the air delivery system and the use of the copper tobera (tuyere). In 1999 six agoas (blooms) were made of varying quality and size, the largest being a 30kg ferritic agoa smelted from 140kg of ore, but this is only about half the scale of the 18th century production.
It subsequently transpired that the mouth of the tobera used for the experiments should have been 170% larger, thus allowing more air to be blown into the furnace, and the making of agoas closer to the 18th century size. See Crew 2013, 'Twenty five years of bloomery experiments...', pages [46-48], for an overview of the experiments and a brief discussion of the tobera problem.

In 1987 to 1989 15 experiments were carried out, smelting bog-iron ores in a low shaft furnace. The data from XP13 to XP28 are presented, with quantifications of the smelting and of the refining to billets and bars. Analyses of the bog ores are given. Metallurgical analyses, micrographs and P maps of the blooms from XP22 and XP23 are given, and analyses of the billet from XP17 and the bar from XP16. Line traces for P, As, Co and Ni, across the XP16 bar show the segregation of the P and the surface enrichment of As and Ni.

This PPT was presented at the 2009 'World of Iron' conference. It is a comparative study of bloomery iron made from different ores, refined to bars and forged to knives, looking at the metallography and the slag inclusions. This conference presentation has a wider range of images than could be used in the 2013 published version. The second file has a descriptive text.

Full excavation of this small hillfort produced remarkable evidence for ironworking, both smelting and refining, in the late Iron Age, with a second phase of activity in the 2nd/3rd century AD. At the time the 1200kg of slag was the largest quantity recovered from any early site in Britain. The chronology is based on radio-carbon dates and a suite of archaeomagnetic determinations

En Lorraine, les fouilles des ferriers de Ludres-Chaudeau, Ludres-Village, Messein-Les Noires Terres et Frouard-Nerbevaux ont permis de mettre au jour des fragments de blocs-tuyères. En Suisse, les sites de Boécourt-Les Boulies, de la forêt des Bellaires (commune de Romainmôtier-Envy) et de Montcherand recelaient la même catégorie de mobilier. Ces tubes massifs en argile, destinés à insuffler l’air des soufflets dans la cuve du bas fourneau, ont également été identifiés dans deux ensembles métallurgiques alsaciens : Saâles-Sapin Dessus (Bas-Rhin) et Riquewihr/Kaysersberg-Hohe Schwaerz (Haut-Rhin). Tous ces sites ont été fouillés et datés de la période mérovingienne. Bien que les sections des blocs-tuyères ne sont pas systématiquement semblables entre les sites, cette catégorie de mobilier s’observe uniquement dans ces ferriers mérovingiens « à l’Est des Gaules », pour reprendre une expression de Marc Leroy.

Contrairement à leurs prédécesseurs romains, on assiste à une multiplication des sites de production de petite taille en cette période. Cette évolution des grands centres productifs romains aux nombreux petits sites alto-médiévaux ne résultent pas d’une relocalisation de l’économie, mais plutôt de l’adoption d’une nouvelle logique de production. Les fourneaux de ces différents sites présentent de nombreux traits communs qui tranchent radicalement avec les types romains. Ces similarités persistent durant toute la période malgré des changements politiques, économiques et juridiques, traduisant bien ici ce qui semble être une tradition sidérurgique.

Les sondages en cours sur les ferriers de Saâles-Sapin Dessus (67) et de Riquewihr/Kaysersberg-Hohe Schwaerz (68) ont pour objectifs d’approfondir nos connaissances sur cette culture technique qui n’en est qu’à l’état d’esquisse. Ces recherches archéologiques visent également à éclaircir les origines de la métallurgie du fer en Alsace ; la première mention remontant au XIIIe siècle permet d’appréhender le hiatus abyssal entre les données archéologiques et les sources historiques, qui se complètent vertueusement en dépeignant des réalités différentes.

This abstract presents pollen diagrams from peat bogs near to the Llwyn Du and Gelli Goch medieval bloomeries. They show variation in the tree pollen assemblages and microscopic charcoal, which can be linked to the ironworking activity at these sites. Geochemical data from a nearby upland peat bog is also presented, showing elevated lead concentrations during the Roman period and significant pollution from various metals during more recent time.

Danebury is one of the more extensively excavated hillforts in Britain and the nearly 500 iron objects found are one of the largest assemblages from a single Iron Age site in Britain. Both currency bars and pieces of bulk iron, in the form of billets, were imported to the site. Fragments of cut currency bars show that they were being worked at Danebury. The possible sources of the different types of iron, and the objects made from them, are discussed in detail.

This paper covers the archaeological research carried out in the settlement of Gasteiz (Vitoria-Gasteiz) and the abandoned Alavese village of Bagoeta (Arrazua-Ubarrundia), since these two places are essential in understanding the significance of early medieval ironworking in inhabited areas on the Plains of Álava.

Both these archaeological sites have a long history that can be divided into two extensive periods reflecting the development of metallurgical activity and habitat in this area of Álava. The first period, between 600 and 950 A.D., is notable for two rural settlements in which the same iron industry developed that was able to cover the entire chain of work; i.e. from ore reduction to the final forging of the ferramenta (iron tools and artefacts). The second, from 950 to 1100 A.D., reveals significant differences between the two sites. Whereas Bagoeta basically maintained its organisational arrangement in terms of its production and use of space seen in the first phase, Gasteiz rapidly evolved towards a fully urban model, firstly by introducing an urban layout organized around real streets and later by building walls to surround the city. These changes brought about a significant shift in the strategy of iron production by abandoning the reduction activities and retaining only those related to the forge.

LIEN pour la lecture / LINK to read it
https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/read/16922453/universite-paris-sorbonne-e-sorbonne

Etude archéologique des techniques d’acquisition et de transformation du métal dans le cadre de la production des lames de sabre au Japon (IXe -XVIe siècle). / "Cette thèse a pour thème les techniques d’acquisition et de transformation du fer dans le cadre de la production des lames japonaises, sur une période courant du IXe à la toute fin du XVIe siècle. Une partie préliminaire est présente afin de donner une idée de l’évolution de la métallurgie du fer jusqu’à cette date. Le type de minerais, les sables ferrifères, est alors abordé avec ses techniques d’acquisition et d’extraction. S’en suit une étude des méthodes de transformation par le biais des techniques de réduction. L’étude des différents sites permet de mettre en lumière deux types majeurs de fourneau dans l’archipel : un type à cheminée semi-enterré et un type en forme de boîte rectangulaire. Ce dernier débouche d’ailleurs sur la mise au point, au début du XVIIe siècle, du fourneau traditionnel, le tatara. En outre, l’archipel présente un développement des techniques de forge antérieur aux techniques de réduction. A partir du IXe siècle, la forge japonaise se retrouve donc déjà à un niveau technique particulièrement élevé, ayant développé, en plus des techniques de mise en forme, des techniques d’affinage, de carburation et de grappage, autorisant un recyclage du fer, permettant d’affranchir en partie les forgerons de la production des sites de réduction. C’est donc sur cette base technique particulièrement développée qu’a pu se mettre en place une partie de la production des lames. Ce recyclage explique en partie la disparition d’un très grand nombre de lames, auquel il faut adjoindre à partir de la fin du XVIe siècle, des chasses au sabre, permettant de distinguer la classe des guerriers, les samouraïs par un port d’arme qui leur était réservé.

This thesis is dealing with the iron smelting and forge techniques in the
production of Japanese swords, from the 9th to the end of the 16th century.
A preliminary part presents the evolution of iron smelting techniques in Japan,
from the origin to the 9th century.
The types of ore (iron sand) and their acquisition and extraction techniques
are discussed for a period during from the 9th to the 16th century in a
second part.
The smelting techniques used at the same period are then studied. The
archaeological research sheds light on two major types of furnace in the
archipelago: a semi-buried shaft furnace and a rectangular box shape
furnace. This last one leads in the early 17th century to the development
of the traditional Japanese furnace, the tatara.
Concerning the forging techniques, their development in the archipelago was
prior to the smelting techniques. Therefore, from the 9th century, the
technology of the Japanese forge had already reached a high level,
having developed in addition to the basic forge techniques, the
refining, carburizing and clustering (oroshigane) techniques, allowing
the smith to not be entirely dependent on the iron production of the
smelting furnace, but to also be able to rely on the recycled iron.
Consequently, a large part of the blade production in this period might
have relied on that techniques. This recycling helps to explain the
disappearance of a large number of blades, associated to sword hunts in
the late 16th century which led to distinguish a warrior class, the
samurai, carrying a weapon which is, from the early 17th century,
reserved to them."

Current research on a wide range of ironworking topics was summarised in 47 papers from 13 European countries, with other papers on Africa, India, Israel and Jordan. Topics include excavations, experiments, archeometallurgy, palaeoenvironmental studies, history and ethnography, with a date range from the early Iron Age through to the 18th century.

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României MUSTAŢĂ, SILVIA The Roman metal vessels from Dacia Porolissensis / Silvia Mustaţă. -Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2017 Conţine bibliografie ISBN 978-606-543-843-9 902 Contents FOREWORD 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13 157

Current research on a wide range of ironworking topics were presented in 51 papers from 15 European countries, with other papers from Estonia and Africa. Topics include excavations, surveys, experiments and archaeometallurgy, with a date range from the Iron Age through to the Medieval period and with three papers on early blast furnaces.

Nous étudions dans cet ouvrage les archers dans l'armée romaine. Nous établissons leur visage de la fin de la République romaine jusqu'à Trajan à travers les sources littéraires, épigraphiques et archéologiques. Nous examinons par la suite l'efficacité de leurs armes et tentons de montrer qu'elles peuvent refléter un véritable travail technique grâce à une étude métallographique, complétée par des analyses physico-chimiques, du mobilier de pointes de flèche découvert au Puy d'Issolud (Lot), l'antique Uxellodunum: l'objectif principal étant la caractérisation, pour ces armes, des structures métallurgiques, des distributions, des morphologies et compositions des phases et des constituants présents. Il est dès lors possible d'imaginer les différents protocoles d'élaboration et les traitements thermo-mécaniques développés par les forgerons pour leur mise en forme et d'apporter de nouveaux éléments à l'histoire des techniques de la forge en relation avec l'armée romaine et plus particulièrement avec les corps et l'armement des archers.

After a brief survey of the medieval bloomeries in Snowdonia, the late 16th century blast furnace, at Dol y Clochydd, is described in some detail, with the historical evidence, a site description and details of the 1984 season of excavation.
A note is appended to the paper, with more recent references to both the bloomeries and Dol y Clochydd.

A description and a critical appraisal of twenty-five years of ironworking experiments are presented. Initially the experiments were designed to answer specific questions raised by excavations at prehistoric sites in Snowdonia, where bog-ores with both high and low phosphorus were smelted in small diameter furnaces. Later excavations at a medieval site, where Mn-rich bog-ores were smelted on a large scale, raised new questions which were also examined. Other experiments used sideritic ironstones and hard-rock ores, from the east Midlands, Cumbria and Dean. A project at a reconstructed 18th century water powered bloomery in the Basque country is also described. Particular topics examined include the nature of the furnaces, the bellows and blowing rates; the ore, charcoal and clay types, quality and treatment; and the operating conditions, the products and the losses of material through the refining process. Models deriving from the experimental data and their application to the archaeological sites are presented. A number of general questions are highlighted and suggestions made for further work in experimental ironworking.

Les creusets dits « de bronziers », récipients en terre cuite destinés à la fusion des métaux non-ferreux, constituent un type de mobilier commun sur les sites archéologiques ayant un lien avec l’artisanat métallique. Cependant malgré leur ubiquité, la recherche en paléométallurgie les concernant est peu active, au profit des outils pérennes et des artefacts métalliques proprement dits. Les causes de cette omission des creusets peuvent être diverses, qu’il s’agisse d’un manque de temps, de moyens, de la méconnaissance de leur importance ou d’un simple désintérêt pour un mobilier prosaïque, rarement bien conservé.

Ce mémoire de Master 1 a donc eu pour objectif principal de détailler un protocole d’étude raisonné, destiné à être employé pour l’ensemble des creusets du Mont Beuvray, tout en dressant un état des lieux de la recherche. Les objets de ce type mis au jour en 2017 à l’est de la terrasse PC15, un mobilier jusqu’alors inédit à cet endroit et ayant motivé l’exécution de ce travail, ont ainsi servi d’échantillon pour la constitution dudit protocole. Les données choisies devaient éclairer les questions de fabrication et d’usage des creusets, celles intéressant les activités artisanales en général, et la répartition de ces dernières à Bibracte.

Aucune cohérence typologique n’apparaît dans les profils du corpus de PC15, tandis que contenance (10 cl environ) et pâte restent majoritairement homogènes. Tous les creusets paraissent en tout cas datables de la fin de l’occupation de la terrasse. L’un d’eux, vraisemblablement doté d’une perforation de la panse, peut être rapproché des « creusets-moules » d’Alésia, rassemblant ces deux éléments en un unique objet. N’ayant été mis en évidence que de manière récente, de tels outils ont possiblement pu être mis au jour à Bibracte sans pouvoir être interprétés de la sorte.

Un catalogue complet des creusets de Bibracte sera prochainement finalisé au moyen du protocole défini. L’échelle des productions au sein de l’oppidum, tant la quantité de creusets que celle de métal coulé, pourra dès lors être examinée en détail. La question des techniques particulières de production (creusets de cémentation, creusets-moules) sera aussi particulièrement importante, et devra être comparée à d’autres sites. Cette base de données se verra enrichie d’analyses archéométriques supplémentaires, notamment au niveau de la composition des pâtes et des alliages métalliques.

The Nahal Mishmar hoard was discovered in 1962 in a cave, inside a pit, which was covered by a large rock. The pit was close to the entrance of the cave. This cave saw activity during early periods, predating the Iron Age, as well as during the Roman period and therefore cannot be considered a single period site. This paper proposes that the hoard, being a cache, contains items of various periods. It is impossible to determine the nature of activity, which evolved in this cave during a period of six thousand years. It should also be noted that the items were not discovered in a clearly defined strata.

Connu pour être l’emplacement d’un vaste bâtiment civique au coeur de l’oppidum éduen de Bibracte, le site du Parc aux Chevaux 14/15 (PC14/15) a également livré un atelier d’artisanat des alliages cuivreux. Il fut actif pendant la seconde moitié du Ier siècle av. J.-C., une période principalement marquée par l’avènement de l’alliage de cuivre-zinc, le laiton, qui semble avoir été amené en Gaule par les Romains. Une sélection d’objets en alliage cuivreux a été étudiée par spectrométrie de fluorescence des rayons X portable (pXRF), afin d’évaluer la composition élémentaire de leur matière.
Après un inventaire des différents métaux et alliages employés durant cette période de transition, l’atelier est brièvement décrit puis suivi d’une explication de la technique pXRF. La description complète de chaque objet sélectionné et de leurs caractéristiques individuelles sont ensuite utilisées, couplées à des statistiques, dans le but de parvenir à des conclusions et de nouvelles hypothèses.
L(es) atelier(s) à PC14/PC15 emploient des alliages binaires et ternaires, coulés ou martelés en fonction de leurs propriétés physiques propres. Quelques preuves de recyclage sont mises en évidence. Une comparaison avec l’atelier de la Porte du Rebout, lui aussi à Bibracte à la même époque, montre des pratiques très similaires.
L’apparition du laiton n’a pas pu être identifiée ici, puisque le site fut édifié trop tardivement chronologiquement. Aucune évolution particulière n’a pu être repérée en sus de la disparition du forgeage.
L’utilisation de la pXRF sur des métaux archéologiques devra être davantage employée, multipliée et comparée pour évaluer comment tirer le maximum de données de cette technique non-destructive.

Being known as the location of a large civic building in the heart of the Aedui oppidum of Bibracte, the Parc aux Chevaux 14/15 (PC14/15) site has also been proven to be hosting a bronzecrafting workshop. It used to be active during the latter half of the Ist century BC, a period mostly marked by the rise of the copper-zinc alloy, brass, which appears to have been brought to Gaul through the Romans. A selection of copper alloy artifacts has been submitted to portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), in order to assess their metallic content’s elementary composition.
After an overview of the different metals and alloys used during this transitional period, the workshop is briefly described and followed by an explanation of the pXRF technique. The full description of each selected object and their individual characteristics are then used, coupled with statistics, in order to reach conclusions and new hypotheses.
The workshop(s) at PC14/PC15 used both binary and ternary alloys, cast or hammered according to their particular physical properties. There also are a few proofs of recycling. A comparison with the Porte du Rebout workshop, also from Bibracte at the same time period, shows very close practises.
The appearance of brass couldn’t be pinpointed there, since the site was built chronologically too late. No particular evolution could be seen in addition to the disappearance of smithing.
The use of pXRF on archaeological metals has to be expanded further, multiplied and compared to evaluate how to get the most data out of this non-destructive technique.

Two large Roman iron bars, found in a 1920's excavation of a rectilinear smithing site, are described in detail for the first time. The bars are similar is size and weight to some of those in the St-Maries-de-la-Mer wrecks, found in the Rhone delta, and are argued to be one of the standardised forms of Roman trade iron, possibly imported from the Forest of Dean or South Wales. The European, British and Welsh archaeological and epigraphic evidence for Roman iron production and trade is discussed and illustrated.
This revised version has additional references with hyperlinks and new colour illustrations of the Sousse mosaic and the Augusta Raurica tombstone.

Résumé
Le rôle du développement de la métallurgie du fer dans la mise en place des transformations sociétales du Hallstatt D et de La Tène A1 est ici questionné en tentant d’aborder les particularités régionales au sein d’un fond culturel commun à l’ensemble du complexe Nord-Alpin occidental. Tout d’abord, les activités de réduction du minerai de fer se localisent très majoritairement en dehors de l’espace Hallstattien occidental, à l’ouest et au nord-ouest. En revanche, les activités de forge se localisent essentiellement dans le complexe Nord-Alpin. C’est au moment de l’apparition des « résidences princières » (du Hallstatt C2 au Hallstatt D2 suivant les secteurs) que les premières traces d’activités de forge sont notables. Ce n’est ensuite qu’au Hallstatt D3 qu’apparaissent des centres de production importants et des sites d’habitats présentant des activités de forge à demeure.
En raison de leur proximité plus ou moins directe avec les centres de production primaire de fer, certaines « résidences princières » peuvent davantage profiter des richesses engendrées. La grande majorité des productions de fer brut étant en dehors des espaces contrôlés directement par les élites hallstattiennes, les réseaux d’échanges qui se développent à cette période permettent à d’autres régions de profiter de cette économie en plein essor.
Il apparaît donc que le fer joue un rôle important dans le développement des sociétés fortement hiérarchisées entourant les « résidences princières » mais que ce rôle ne se joue pas au niveau d’une exploitation locale du minerai mais plutôt dans la maîtrise des réseaux d’échanges de fer brut ou grossièrement compacté (demi-produits bipyramidés) et dans sa transformation en produits manufacturés.
Abstract
The role of the development of iron metallurgy in the implementation of societal transformations in Hallstatt D and La Tène A1 is questioned here by attempting to address regional particularities within a cultural background common to the entire Northwestern Alpine complex. First of all, the iron ore reduction activities are mainly located outside the western Hallstattian area, to the west and northwest. On the other hand, forging activities are mainly located in the North Alpine complex. It is at the time of the appearance of the "princely residences" (from Hallstatt C2 to Hallstatt D2 depending on the sector) that the first traces of forging activities are notable. It was not until Hallstatt D3 that important production centers and residential sites with permanent forging activities appeared.
Because of their more or less direct proximity to centers of primary iron production, some "princely residences" can benefit more from the wealth generated. The great majority of raw iron production being outside the areas directly controlled by the elites, the exchange networks that developed during this period allowed other regions to benefit from this booming economy.
It thus appears that iron played an important role in the development of the highly hierarchical societies surrounding the "princely residences". Nevertheless, this role is not played at the level of a local exploitation of the ore but rather in the control of the exchange networks of raw or roughly compacted iron (bipyramid semi-finished products) and in its transformation into manufactured products.

Studies of iron archaeometallurgy have, up until the present, been essentially concerned with smelting activities, to the detriment of forge. These studies have been predominantly carried out in regions with a strong tradition of iron and steel making during the antique and medieval periods. Taking this into consideration, this study examines a region with poor knowledge of metallurgy and treats the organization of forge activities during a lesser-studied period in which iron seems to have played a determining role in the structuring of socio-economic systems. 
The activities have been examined using a multidisciplinary approach which crosses archaeological and archaeometric methodologies. More precisely, certain elements can be treated using traditional archaeological methodology while other more opaque elements must be examined using different techniques, namely scientific approaches to the study of materials. This consists in large part of slags, scraps, and other metal objects. The internal texture of these objects represents the fossilization of the techniques applied during their creation. In other words, these internal textures are a veritable “grammatical structure” that allows us to decipher the objects in question and provide them with a larger sense that goes beyond the commonly held attitude that they are merely “sterile” materials (as with slags) or “worn-out” materials (as with corroded metal).     
Beyond these aspects, the present study explores the organization of iron and steel making as a global system, examining the societal components (economic, social, and symbolic), environmental components (potential resources), and a technical component. The five centuries studied here reveal a succession of changes that complete the picture of these societies using a technological approach that is rarely used. The study commences at ancient La Tène with a general artisan production for the elite and moves to an omnipresent production and increasing specialization in which the primary material, shortly before the conquest, was centralized in the oppida and certain villages. This study has identified inter and intra regional exchange circuits of the primary material (the raw masses from smelting, semi-products), in relation with the segmentation of the chaîne opératoire (smelting/forge) and the building of a societal hierarchy in the periods examined. On this point, a new type of semi-product (socket bars), observed in workshops, constitutes a true regional technical system.
The study of 88 inventoried sites (20 of which have been studied through archaeometry, translating to 145 elements, 15 sites examined in a macrographic way, and 53 through bibliographic research) has allowed for an important updating of the archaeological map of iron and steel making in the north of France. This provides new perspectives in the interpretation of economic and social changes from those that have been common over the past few centuries

Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 5. Hannover: Hahn. Ann. Fuld. 1891: Kurze, F. ed. Annales Fuldenses sive Annales regni Francorum orientalis. Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 7. Hannover: Hahn. Ann. Reg. Fran. 1895: Kurze, F. ed. Annales regni Francorum. Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 6. Annales regni Francorum inde a. 741 usque ad 829, qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi. Hannover: Hahn.

A B S T R A C T Determining the provenance of non-ferrous metals is a major issue in archaeology and history. The classical method using Pb isotopes shows several limitations, and new isotopic tracers need to be developed in archae-ometallurgy. Recently, Fe isotopes were found to be promising for iron metal tracing. In this context, we evaluated the pertinence of Fe isotopes as a new tool for provenance studies of non-ferrous metals. We collected slag and furnace lining samples from the Imiter silver mine in Morocco (Anti-Atlas), where many archaeological remains attest ancient lead-silver production. Their mineralogical composition was investigated by optical microscopic observations, SEM-EDS and EPMA. Besides, we measured both Pb and Fe isotope compositions of these samples by high resolution MC-ICP-MS after wet sample decomposition and purification chemistry. The occurrence of Ag, Pb, Cu and Ag/Pb metallic beads in the slag samples and their high Fe content suggests that these metallurgical materials result from the exploitation of Ag-rich polymetallic ores associated with gossan formations. Isotopic analyses of these slags highlighted their heterogeneous Pb isotope compositions and homogeneous Fe isotope composition. This points to the exploitation of two distinct ore sources with different Pb but similar Fe isotope compositions, despite the Fe isotope variability often encountered in metallic ores worldwide. Hence, Fe isotopes provide a complementary approach to trace lead-silver products from Imiter. Overall, the combination of Pb and Fe isotope analyses constitutes a promising method for further provenance investigations of non-ferrous metals.

161 late medieval copper-based day-to-day items have been analysed, mostly consisting of small artefacts such as dress fittings. The items were all recently excavated from a 14th century AD metallurgical workshop located in Paris. Eight well-defined copper alloys have been identified that refer to various constraints, the most important one being economics. According to the model proposed, most of the alloys were obtained by dilution of a fresh brass master alloy by scrap metal containing small amounts of zinc, tin and lead. Pure lead was added separately in relatively large quantities, with a limit of 6 wt% Pb marking the boundary between leaded and unleaded alloys. It has been found that the less the cost of the artefact, the more the fresh brass is diluted. For the medium-size castings such as cast vessels, alloys containing large quantities of lead or alloys rich in antimony were used. Such complex alloying strategy pertains more to a small industrial-like plant organisation rather than to craftsman activity, as further supported by a variety of archaeological and historical evidence.

L'étude offre une perspective sur l'exploitation des gisements non ferreux dans les Pyrénées de l'Est au cours des trois derniers siècles avant notre ère. Le problème se pose quant à l'exploitation des gisements d'argent à partir de l'étude de plusieurs zones extractives situées au Massif des Corbières.

A revised and extended bibliography organised both on a broadly thematic basis, by topic or by site, and also in reverse chronology by decade. 
It includes a number of conference presentations, in PPT format, which give additional illustrations to support the published versions. It also includes papers by other authors, which relate to our sites and projects, especially environmental studies, by Tim Mighall and his colleagues, and studies of the experimental and archaeological slags, by Mike Charlton.
Where possible links are given which lead directly to the relevant pages on the academia.edu site. Copies of papers which do not have links can be supplied on request (crew.peter.susan@gmail.com). This bibliography will be updated periodically.