With the purpose of making the process of legal translation accessible to investigation, the author resorts to the parametrization of translational reality as an inalienable component of her translational theory being proposed here for consideration. The aim is to propose a more precise theory of legilinguistic translation which compels the author to clearly distinguish primitive terms and postulates. These latter specify the image (model) of the reality in question in terms of relevant dimensions used to characterize a set of translational objects and relations. The dimensions secure a systematic examination of the translation reality and process. In order to illustrate the practical application of the parametrization in legal translation, the discussion concerning this translation approach is limited to certain selected types of legal communicative communities which is amply exemplified. The research is based on data and information gathered during an in-depth case study of translations and parallel text corpora mainly in the field of civil law including insolvency and bankruptcy law.

The article presents the major English and Polish terminology related to selected aspects of judicial and police cooperation between the EU Member States in criminal matters. The author discusses the following institutions: Eurojust, the European Judicial Network (EJN), European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), Europol and the following measures: European Arrest Warrant (EAW) and European Evidence Warrant (EEW). The terminology was extracted from EU regulations and their official Polish translations as well as official websites of relevant institutions.

The article discusses the basic terminology connected with formation and incorporation of companies limited by shares in the United Kingdom. The main focus is placed on the Memorandum of Association and changes in its prescribed content and status under the new Companies Act 2006, i.e. the so-called new-style Memorandum. The semantic field of the Memorandum is described with reference to the complementary document, Articles of Association, as well as two parallel Polish documents umowa sp. z o.o. and statut S.A. The remaining part of the article examines registration terminology and major terms of the old-style Memorandum, including company name, objects, registered office, subscriber, and promoter.

The article discusses the terminology, phraseology and stylistics of Polish and UK contracts of employment and selected accompanying documents. The analysis is based on a contrastive study of parallel texts, as well as two existing translations of the Polish Labour Code. As re-gards stylistics, the texts of UK employment contracts are written in a less formal register than Polish contracts, which results in a register shift in translation. The author explores the macrostructure of employment contracts and written statements of particulars of employment, as well as regulations which are incorporated in such documents. The remaining part of the article discusses their microstructure, including commencement, continuous service, working time, place of work, pay and bonuses, leaves and time off, sick pay, termination and dismissal, disciplinary procedures, and pension schemes. As the author has attempted to show, a contrastive analysis of parallel texts raises the awareness of natural equivalents in the target language and helps overcome lexicalisation problems.

Notre intention était d'examiner dans un premier temps comment les facteurs textuels peuvent peser sur le sort des référents pragmatologiques en traduction juridique et dans un second temps comment le degré de différentiation des cadres juridiques de référence qui sont mis en question lors de la traduction d'un texte juridique peut causer des difficultés en matière de traduction des référents pragmatologiques.

Mots-clès:
traduction juridique, facteurs de textualité, systèmes juridiques, droit comparé,

A majority of African student translators manifest weakness at two major levels: the conceptual and productive. From different perspectives, this is either termed 'language' or 'cognitive' problem. This dual view is a pointer to the tacit but intractable bond between language and cognition. The language↔cognition↔translator education relationship that begins with the mother tongue (L1), as well as its impact on the African translation learner constitutes the essence of this write-up. Working from the hypothesis that the cognitive development of the African child is adversely affected by the lack of a 'veritable' L1 blueprint, this reflection qualitatively substantiates this claim, and then concludes that mother tongue inclusion in the African school syllabus through appropriate language planning is, more than before, an imperative, given that as a contextual L1, it engenders and nurtures cognitive skills which are indispensable in translation learning and practice.

Egzamin na tłumacza przysięgłego. Komentarz, teksty egzaminacyjne, dokumenty. Redakcja naukowa: Bolesław Cieślik, Liwiusz Laska, Michał Rojewski. Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2010, str. 173, ISBN 978-83-255-1667-3. Teksty egzaminacyjne dla kandydatów na tłumacza przysięgłego. Opracowanie zbiorowe pod redakcją Zofii Rybińskiej. Warszawa: Translegis, 2011, str. 288, ISBN 978-83-85430-99-5.

administrativo, las lenguas de especialidad que sustentan este tipo de traducción.
La finalidad última de esta obra es ayudar a los traductores, o a los aprendices de
traducción, a enfrentarse a la traducción de textos pertenecientes al campo temático del
derecho respetando las convenciones de género y aplicando las estrategias y técnicas
apropiadas para cada encargo de traducción. Para conseguir este objetivo en este manual se
abordan tres grandes áreas formativas: (1) la adquisición de conocimientos sobre traducción
jurídica y derecho; (2) la adquisición de habilidades prácticas de documentación, uso de
nuevas tecnologías y redacción y revisión de traducciones; y (3) el desarrollo de actitudes
y valores éticos relacionados con la socialización profesional de los traductores jurídicos y
jurados.

English abstract
This book is the first worldwide handbook of Portuguese Technical Translation. It covers theoretical texts on writing, translating and creating terminological neologisms; it also covers practical subjects in technical translation, such as internationalization, localization, and project management, CAT tools, QA issues, checklists, and international standards. It also presents the largest Portuguese terminological vocabulary in this domain.

Resumo em Português
Este livro é o primeiro manual de tradução técnica em toda a Língua Portuguesa. Abrange textos teóricos acerca de escrita, tradução e criação de neologismos terminológicos; abrange também temas práticos em tradução técnica, tais como questões sobre internacionalização, localização e gestão de projetos, ferramentas CAT, procedimentos de garantia de qualidade, listas de verificação e normas internacionais. Apresenta ainda, neste domínio, o maior vocabulário terminológico em português.

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

The use of Translation in Language Teaching (TILT) has had many ups and downs during the history. While it was dominant during Grammar Translation Method (GTM), by the advent of the "Direct Method" and "Reform Movement", its use was completely prohibited in language classes based on the assumption that using L1 in foreign/second language classes can cause interference. However, recently some scholars have called for the revival of TILT as they believed that translation can facilitate the process of language learning and preserve learners" identity. The aim of this study was to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using TILT from linguistic, humanistic and practical perspectives. For so doing, a questionnaire was distributed among 122 Iranian EFL learners to examine their perceptions in this regard. The results indicated that Iranian EFL learners had a positive attitude toward the use of TILT which further substantiated the benefits of "judicious" use of students" L1 in language classes. The results were discussed and the recommendations were made.

Over the recent decades, a close relationship among linguistics, translation, and ideology has drawn the attention of many linguists and translators. The researches reveal that both source text (ST) and target text (TT) embody hidden ideologies and so it can be mentioned that ideology affects the writer's/translator's linguistic selections. Equipped with specific strategies and using special diction potentially, translators may manipulate words and structures, either intentionally or unintentionally, to reflect their own ideologies or the dominant ideologies of their societies and as a result influence and control the mind of recipients. To uncover the fact, focusing on syntax, the present study attempts to investigate whether syntactic structures/strategies play a role in reflecting Persian translators' dominant or intended ideologies or not. For answering this question, this paper utilized Critical Discourse Analysis framework (CDA) and Van Dijk's model (2004) and it was conducted in two phases. In the first phase of the research, the English socio-political texts and their Persian translations were collected from variant sources considering Iran's regional and international issues during 2014-2015. Then in order to find any ideological syntactic manipulation used by translators (as a syntactic strategy), English texts as a source text and their Persian translations as a target one were closely compared. In the second phase, the percentages of various ideological syntactic structures/strategies were computed and the instances extracted from Persian translations were analyzed using Van Dijk's Ideological Square. Results of the study and analysis of target language instances reveal the salient role the syntactic strategies and manipulation play in representing Persian translators' ideologies mainly deletion and addition through the polarization of Us and Them.

This paper seeks to demonstrate how the concept of generic competence (primarily intended for monolingual specialized communication) could be extended to address important issues in translating legal texts. First, generic competence is discussed against the backdrop of the related concept of translation competence. Then, a case study is presented which examines a closely related set of documents employed by the professional community of lawyers
(represented by an English solicitor and Polish advocate) engaged in the specialist domain of probate law (legal process related to the estate of a deceased person). It is argued that both generic competence and professional expertise should be included in the range of competencies required for the translator of legal texts.

The article discusses fundamental terminology and phraseology connected with company representation in Polish law and has two objectives. The first objective is to conduct a detailed analysis of the most salient terms, prokurent, pełnomocnik zgromadzenia, kurator spółki, pełnomocnik do głosowania and przedstawiciel, with a view to determining their conceptual fields and obtaining a basis for cross-linguistic comparison. The second objective is to identify and assess their English equivalents in translation practice, demonstrating various techniques applied by legal translators to deal with incongruity and non-equivalence. The third section presents an overview of Polish phraseology related to representation to aid translators in achieving naturalness in translation.

Over the past three decades Process-oriented Descriptive Translation Studies has developed noticeably. Think-aloud protocols (TAPs), as a verbal report, are still the most applied empirical method to investigate the complex and conscious processes of translator’s mind during translating. This article deals with the cognitive process of professional translators’ problem-solving to translate a neologism from English source text into Persian by using TAPs. Likewise, the researcher has also used the means of video recording to observe the other behaviors of participants during the problem solving. The results indicate that the professional translators do not use one single way of performing a translation task and the complexity of the process of problem-solving (neologisms translation) depends on the translation competence of translators. Finally, the researcher has also presented a cognitive model for the translation process of neologisms in ideal situations. As the translation universals are cognitive phenomena, the cognitive model presented here can be a pattern for trainee translators in education to visualize the natural process of neologism translation.

Keywords: Cognitive Process, Think-Aloud Protocols (TAPs), Problem-Solving, Neologisms 
                Translation, Professional Translators

As a crucial communication material, the brand name exhibits its growing importance in the worldwide communication. It is a special text with a strong function and a clear persuasive purpose. This paper aims to explore the translation strategy and methods of English brand names from the perspective of culture. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. The translation methods should be based on the text's function and the target culture. This paper is a tentative study of the guiding strategy and possible methods used in English brand names translation by analyzing the Chinese and English brand names, and how they fulfill the function of promoting products and enhancing the cultural exchange in the hope of offering a new perspective in the brand name translation practice. The study used the Skopostheorie as the guiding theory and strategy to analyze English brand names, which were selected from the brand names database " brandirectory ". It is found that the translation should follow the target-culture oriented strategy to conform to the habitual use of target language, social culture and aesthetics in target market.

The article analyses the names of business entities formed under Polish, English and US law. Polish organizations are formed under commercial or civil law and are grouped in one semantic field spółka. English and US law makes a sharp distinction between partnerships and companies/corporations and does not have a single superordinate term corresponding to spółka. The three English translations of the Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies use the same English equivalents of the Polish entities, creating the SL-oriented authoritative terminology. It is rather unproblematic to find equivalents of English and US partnerships in Polish due to a relatively high degree of congruity between the concepts. On the other hand, companies/corporations pose more translation problems due to the finer categorization of these entities in English and US law, based on different criteria. Furthermore, it is shown that the Polish dictionaries covered by the analysis contain some errors and do not list some standard partnerships and companies/corporations (in particular US entities seem to be underrepresented).

The book is one of the few in-depth investigations into the nature of EU legal translation and its impact on national legal languages. It is also the first attempt to characterise EU Polish, a language of supranational law and a hybrid variant of legal Polish emerging via translation. The book applies Chesterman’s concept of textual fit, that is how translations differ from non-translations, to demonstrate empirically on large corpora how the Polish eurolect departs from the conventions of legal and general Polish both at the macrostructural and the microstructural level. The findings are juxtaposed with the pre-accession version of Polish law to track the «Europeanisation» of legal Polish – recent changes brought about by the unprecedented inflow of EU translations.

Apesar da importância reconhecida à textologia contrastiva na didática da tradução, são extremamente escassos os estudos focados no par de línguas espanhol português. Como forma de compensar, pelo menos em parte, essa enorme lacuna,
propôs-se aos alunos de Tradução Jurídica de Espanhol do MTIE do ISCAP um trabalho de análise de diversos textos jurídicos autênticos. Três desses trabalhos são aqui apresentados, os quais abordam tipos de texto bem diferenciados: os recursos de apelação, os testamentos e os contratos de trabalho.
Palavras-chave: tradução jurídica; textologia contrastiva; ensino de tradução; tradução de recursos de apelação; tradução de testamentos; tradução de contratos de trabalho

Por su naturaleza normativa, el Derecho tiende a la recopilación y a la codificación, de modo que a lo largo de la historia los juristas han ido generando documentos muy estereotipados y repetitivos que constituyen géneros textuales perfectamente definidos, que llamamos ‘géneros jurídicos’. Esta circunstancia, que no se da en otros ámbitos de conocimiento, por ejemplo la medicina o la economía, en donde se utilizan formas textuales mucho más abiertas y libres, tiene, no cabe duda, sus detractores, pero también posee incuestionables ventajas desde el punto de vista de la teoría de los géneros, tal y como intentaremos demostrar aquí. Para abordar el estudio de los géneros jurídicos que pretendemos, hemos ordenado éste capítulo en ocho secciones. En la primera, la introducción, se define el concepto de género jurídico dentro del marco del Derecho. La segunda revisa y amplía, con el suficiente respaldo bibliográfico, el concepto de género introducido en el capítulo anterior, desde la perspectiva de su evolución experimentada en los últimos años. La sección tercera aborda el análisis de géneros aplicado a los textos jurídicos, distinguiendo dos subsecciones, la de los trabajos monográficos sobre un determinado género jurídico y la de los grupos GITRAD-GENTT. En la sección cuarta se analizan las aplicaciones de la teoría de los géneros a la didáctica del tecnolecto jurídico (como lengua materna y como segunda lengua) y a la didáctica de la traducción especializada. Las secciones quinta y sexta proponen nuevas formas de manejo de los géneros jurídicos dirigidas a mejorar la calidad de la traducción mediante el empleo de córpora electrónicos de géneros paralelos (sección quinta) y de córpora de transgéneros (sección sexta). La sección sexta incluye una propuesta de estudios estadísticos sobre córpora de ‘transgéneros’ (tal como se define el concepto de transgénero en Monzó, 2002) para intentar definir de forma empírica las convenciones propias de los documentos jurídicos traducidos, ‘normas de traducción’ según la terminología de Toury (1995) o Chesterman (1997). Por último, la seción séptima defiende la idea de que la identificación de las convenciones de género típicas de cada documento jurídico (distintas en lengua origen y lengua término en el caso de la traducción) puede contribuir al desarrollo de sistemas expertos de reconocimiento, indexación, redacción y traducción automática de textos legales, una de las áreas de investigación más activas actualmente debido a la necesidad de contar con sistemas expertos y ontologías que permitan gestionar electrónicamente los textos de especialidad. El capítulo se cierra con unas conclusiones sobre los puntos más importantes abordados en él.

This paper analyses some key issues related to legal-institutional translation, a specialized and fascinating area, which plays a significant role as a means of communication between legal systems.
In an attempt to provide an integrated approach to legal translation, this dissertation focuses on some methodological similarities between comparative lawyers and legal translators when faced with two major problems: the incommensurability between legal systems, which determines a degree of conceptual and terminological incongruency between legal languages. In order to be effective, legal translation must take account of both legal and linguistic aspects: building upon legal comparison, further dimensions need to be considered, essentially relating to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors in terms of the context and the distinctive nature of legal discourse.
In legal language some clear traits can be identified at various levels: specific technical terms, stylistic features, complex syntax and the frequent resort to standardized forms and stock phrases. In addition, the language of the law is inherently vague and polysemic. Structural characteristics include the system- and culture-boundedness of legal discourse and the special pragmatic status of legal texts, essentially connected with the performative nature of legal language, defined as a “langage d’action”.
The distinctive nature of legal texts has methodological and practical consequences.  Legal translation is not a process of terminological transcoding and involves specific aspects, which mark it off from other areas of specialized translational activities and require special strategies and techniques.
The main emphasis will be on some key cases for discussion: the dispute on untranslatability, the debated concept of equivalence and Nord’s theoretical distinction, based on the function of the translated text, between instrumental and documentary translation.
An attempt is made to shed light on the first two issues in their development over time, eventually rejecting the idea that there is one universally applicable concept of equivalence. Therefore, standardized and absolute models should be abandoned in favor of a more dynamic and flexible approach, based on an integrated approach to legal concepts and pragmatic considerations. Some examples are presented to show that, on this basis, legal translation is possible and productive.
A dynamic approach is also relevant when theoretical principles are implemented in actual practice, which is characterized by indefinite situations with blurred edges. According to Dullion’s analysis, Nord’s distinction corresponds to a continuum with two extreme poles and several intermediate cases. For example, documentary translations can produce indirect legal effects in practice; moreover, thanks to translation legal texts can be a vehicle for legal transplants and the introduction of legal concepts in new systems.
Attention is also drawn to the changing role and competences of legal translator, who is now regarded as an active mediator, whose decision-making powers and responsibilities have been constantly increasing.
The concluding remarks attempt to show that, if a dynamic and flexible approach is chosen, legal translation can enhance knowledge, information and text quality, thus enabling and improving cross-cultural and cross-system legal communication. Some examples will be analyzed in the end, opening the way to further comments: legal translation is not only possible but also vital in our era of multilingualism and globalization.

Studia nad teorią, praktyką i dydaktyką przekładu 6 2 0 1 1 Bolesław Cieślik, Liwiusz Laska, Michał Rojewski (red.), Egzamin na tłumacza przysięgłego. Komentarz, teksty egzaminacyjne, dokumenty, Wyd. C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2010, 173 strony (recenzja książki)

This paper provides an overview of the Translation Quality Index (TQI), a measurement methodology that can be used as a reliable indicator of translation quality. The authors have been developing the TQI methodology for the past five years. The TQI was first implemented for commercial use in 2004.

We live in a world which is globalized and where international relations are much more active than ever. As people do not speak common language, need for translation and interpreting is more crucial in this regard. We cannot think of close contacts among states, societies, people and businesses without the mediation of translation and interpreting than before. Thus, translation and interpreting have became crucial and are playing a very important role in human interactions. International law, which regulates relations between organizations and states, has also gained importance. Thus, it can be said that international law (as a result of this translation and interpreting as well) has also become more crucial. Thus, legal translation has also become important among the other domains of translation. However, translating and interpreting are not easy at all. There is no room for error in translation and interpreting as legal consequences may follow. Legal translation involves very complex matters and specialized terminology. This is why it is extremely important to assign the legal translation task to a translator who is well qualified and specialized to handle translation of legal documents. The field of legal translation in Kosovo is not so much developed. There is a limited work and study done in this regard. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a modest contribution in this regard with description and discussion of the issues regarding translation of legal texts. Solutions offered herein may be taken as a basis for further research.

The collective power of Japanese popular culture permeating the rest of the world through manga and anime is a recent issue of interest for scholars. Studying the scanlation and translation of the manga, which are multimodal texts that hybridize linguistic and visual arts, also entails several topics of discussion and interest for the translation scholar. There are facets of these multimodal texts as in manga the narrative is conveyed through composite, cinematographic narrative with integrated frames. In turn these can yield interesting translation solutions and strategies, especially when compared in terms of the two mediums of production (i.e., in print and on the Internet). The following study entails a comparative analysis of the scanlation and translation of the manga Naruto into Turkish especially concentrating on: the format (i.e., arrangement of pages, lettering, typography), what was translated what was not (i.e., dialogues, onomatopoeia, honorifics, names), and the use of diverse translation strategies (i.e., adding notes, dealing with discourses, registers and translators choices). In this sense, as is the aim behind the study, manga translations present translation studies with rich grounds of research into multimodal, multicultural dialogue and interaction. As the potential for intercultural dialogue through comics has never been stronger than the present, manga seem to be a medium through which this may be achieved across cultures. Comparative studies in different languages and cultures would not only be a benefit for the comics' translators and scholars, but also the field of translation, as discussing the abundance of decisions and possibilities would enrich the discipline.

The study aimed to correlate the reading comprehension and translation performance of English linguistic students, then inform some pedagogical implications for the teaching of reading comprehension in translation classes in order to enhance the translation quality performed by the students. To this end, 45 junior students of English linguistics specialization of Hung Vuong University, including 5 males and 40 females, aged from 20 to 22, were subject to a TOEFL reading comprehension test and a translation performance test (ATA guidelines, 2011). Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation, SPSS version 20.0. The coefficient correlation of students' reading comprehension and their translation performance was noted 0.721 at the significant level of 0.01. It was found that the Reading comprehension was closely related to translation performance. Along the reading comprehension question types, translation performance was affected by the ability to determine gist and main ideas of the text, identify the vocabulary, infer the implied meanings and identify the writer's style and attitudes. The results were discussed, and implications for teaching reading comprehension to enhance translation performance were presented.

Debido al nivel de contaminación actual, la industria del automóvil ha presentado alternativas ecológicas a los vehículos convencionales. Todo esto tiene su repercusión en la traducción de textos de este ámbito, ya que aparecen nuevos conceptos y términos. Con este artículo se presenta un trabajo terminológico sistemático no prescriptivo, con el que se establecen equivalencias entre el par de lenguas español-alemán. En primer lugar, se realiza una descripción del trabajo así como del corpus textual utilizado para la extracción terminológica. Posteriormente, se comentan una serie de aspectos de la terminología para pasar en último lugar al glosario final.

Following experimental descriptive method, the paper explores  the difficulties and problems faced by the English language students of Al Quds Open University in legal translation process; that is, while translating legal terms/documents  from Arabic to English and from English to Arabic. A test was designed by the researcher in order to explore and investigate the difficulties and problems faced by the students.  The test included four questions: 1) Translating English legal paragraph, 2) Translating Arabic legal paragraph, 3) Translating ten Arabic legal terms and 4) Translating ten English legal terms. The test was applied on the English language students of Al Quds Open University in Gaza Region in Palestine during the second course of the academic year 2010/2011. The samples of the study were chosen and selected randomly. Following suitable statistical methods, the paper offers the obtained results with critical discussion. Possible solutions, recommendations and suggestions to overcome these difficulties and problems also form important parts of the discussion in the paper.

Key words: Legal translation, Difficulties of Palestinian students, translation style, cross-cultural bilingual communication, court interpreters

This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets were analyzed based on House's functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of " mistranslation " , 15 instances of " grammatical mistakes " , six instances of " addition " , six instances of " omission " and four instances of " substitution ". The only covert error was " tenor mismatch " in all sample sentences. The study findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students' translation. Moreover, awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective way.

The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti " s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target-language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place. Other procedures " frequencies show no meaningful difference. Once implemented on more cases, the findings of this study have the potentialities of generalization to identify the most frequently occurred errors in movie translation industry and henceforth suggesting translation solutions for rendering dubbing and subtitling with more degree of naturalness.

Due to the important role of figures of speech in prose, the present research tried to investigate the figures of speech in the novel, Harry Potter Series, and their Persian translations. The main goal of this research was to investigate the translators' problems in translating figures of speech from English into Persian. To achieve this goal, the collected data were analyzed and compared with their Persian equivalents. Then, the theories of Newmark (1988 & 2001), Larson (1998), and Nolan (2005) were used in order to find the applied strategies for rendering the figures of speech by the translators. After identifying the applied translation strategies, the descriptive and inferential analyses were applied to answer the research question and test its related hypothesis. The results confirmed that the most common pitfalls in translating figures of speech from English into Persian based on Nolan (2005) were, not identifying of figures of speech, their related meanings and translating them literally. Overall, the research findings rejected the null hypothesis. The findings of present research can be useful for translators, especially beginners. They can be aware of the existing problems in translating figures of speech, so they can avoid committing the same mistakes in their works.

This study aimed to apply strategies of domestication and foreignization in translating culture-specific references of an English text into Arabic, where the translator has to make his\her decision on the basis of specific factors such as the background of the readership, the goal of the target text, the message of the source text and the client’s purpose in translating the source text. As “The Burglar Who Liked to Quote Kipling”, which has enjoyed translation into a wide range of international languages, has not been translated into Arabic, the topic’s choice was intentional. The question- whether the foreignization and domestication strategies are applicable in translating English literary work, and if so, which one is the most appropriate in this context motivated the study. The examples provided and the points of discussion have examined this issue in the context of a specific translation brief. It is hard, as I conclude from this study, to adhere to one strategy and follow it blindly, as our wish in translating such a piece is to inform, amuse and preserve our culture and norms.

The paper discusses potential applications of corpus-based methodologies to legal language studies, the focus being placed on their implications for translation research and translator training. Corpus-based studies have been applied to translation since the 90ties; prior research tended to exclude translations as a nonrepresentative language. However, relatively few current projects concentrate on legal translation
specifically. Corpus-based methodologies analyse authentic data and language in use. They help to eliminate the speculative element and to verify research hypotheses on a larger scale. Their major contribution seems to be the possibility to improve the naturalness of translation. They may be applied to analyse the translationese against the non-translated language and, in consequence, to identify interferences from the source language. A substantial deal of research is devoted to the so-called translation universals, that is ‘universal features of translation’ (Baker 1993: 243) independent of specific language pairs, i.e. explicitation; simplification, disambiguation; normalisation or conservatism; leveling-out; and over- and underrepresentation of SL or TL elements, including untypical distribution of collocations. It will be argued that some of these hypotheses require further analysis in the context of legal translation. For example, how does the tendency to disambiguate relate to strategic ambiguities and purposeful flexibility of legal language (vagueness)? Is the tendency of explicitation and sanitation not in conflict with the high accuracy requirement in legal translation? And more generally, how does the untypical distribution of TL elements impact the naturalness of translation? It seems that corpus-based studies is a promising
methodology that may open up new perspectives on legal language and translation.

Translation quality assessment is at the heart of any theory of translation. It is used in the academic or teaching contexts to judge translations, to discuss their merits and demerits and to suggest solutions. However, literary translations needs more consideration in terms of quality and clarity as it is widely read form of translation. In this respect, Persian literary translation of Kite Runner was taken for investigation based on House's (2014) functional pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. To this end, around 100 pages from the beginning of both English and Persian versions of the novel were selected and compared. Using House's model, the profile of the source text register was created and the genre was recognized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The results were minute mismatches in field, tenor, and mode which accounted for as overt erroneous expressions and leading matches which were accounted for as covert translation. The mismatches were some mistranslations of tenses and selection of inappropriate meanings for the lexicon. Since the informal and culture specific terms were transferred thoroughly, the culture filter was not applied. Besides, as the translation was a covert one. The findings of the study have implications for translators, researchers and translator trainers.