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Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have a significant burden of cervical cancer. Prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are an opportunity for primary prevention and new screening methods, such as new HPV DNA testing, are promising alternatives to cytology screening that should be analyzed in the context of regional preventive programs. Cytology-based screening programs have not fulfilled their expectations and coverage does not sufficiently explain the lack of impact on screening in LAC. While improved evaluation of screening programs is necessary to increase the impact of screening on the reduction of incidence and mortality, other programmatic aspects will need to be addressed such as follow-up of positive tests and quality control. The implementation of new technologies might enhance screening performance and reduce mortality in the region. The characteristics, performance and impact of cervical cancer screening programs in LAC are reviewed in this article.

Caribbean streams are dominated by a shrimp and fish assemblage for which amphidromy (eggs or larvae carried to the ocean followed by migration of juveniles upriver) is suspected. Effects of dams on this assemblage are likely to demonstrate complex interactions as a function of reproductive strategy and type of dam structure. Our goals were to determine (1) whether high dams reduce or eliminate stream corridor permeability with respect to migration, (2) the extent to which permeability is a function of spillway discharge, (3) the relative roles of native fauna and eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide.

In the absence of comparable macroeconomic indicators for most of the Latin American economies before the 1930s, the apparent consumption of energy is used in this paper as a proxy of the degree of modernisation of Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper presents an estimate of the apparent consumption per head of modern energies (coal, petroleum and hydroelectricity) for 30 countries of Latin American and the Caribbean for 1890 to 1925, multiplying the number of countries for which energy consumption estimates were previously available. As a result, the paper provides the basis for a quantitative comparative analysis of modernisation performance beyond the few countries for which historical national accounts are available in Latin America.

Leaf vegetables and other edible greens are a crucial component of traditional diets in sub-Saharan Africa, used popularly in soups, sauces, and stews. In this review, we trace the trajectories of 12 prominent African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) in tropical America, in order to better understand the diffusion of their culinary and ethnobotanical uses by the African diaspora. The 12 AIVs were selected from African reference works and preliminary reports of their presence in the Americas. Given the importance of each of these vegetables in African diets, our working hypothesis was that the culinary traditions associated with these species would be continued in tropical America by Afro-descendant communities. However, a review of the historical and contemporary literature, and consultation with scholars, shows that the culinary uses of most of these vegetables have been gradually lost. Two noteworthy exceptions include okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and callaloo (Amaranthus viridis), although the latter is not the species used in Africa and callaloo has only risen to prominence in Jamaica since the 1960s. Nine of the 12 AIVs found refuge in the African-derived religions Candomblé and Santería, where they remain ritually important. In speculating why these AIVs did not survive in the diets of the New World African diaspora, one has to contemplate the sociocultural, economic, and environmental forces that have shaped-and continue to shape-these foodways and cuisines since the Atlantic slave trade. Since these vegetables are neglected and underutilized species (NUS) that represent the biocultural heritage of the African diaspora in the Americas, their culinary traditions merit intensified scholarly attention and conservation efforts. Las verduras de hoja y otras hortalizas verdes forman un componente crucial de las dietas tradicionales en el África subsahariana, utilizadas popularmente en sopas, salsas y guisos. Aquí, revisamos las trayectorias de doce prominentes vegetales indígenas africanos (VIAs) en América tropical, con el fin de entender mejor la difusión de sus usos culinarios y etnobotánicos por la diáspora africana. Los doce VIAs fueron seleccionados de trabajos de referencia africanos e informes preliminares reportando su presencia en las Américas. Dada la importancia de cada uno de estas verduras de hoja y hortalizas verdes en las dietas africanas, nuestra hipótesis fue que las comunidades afrodescendientes en América tropical continuarían con las tradiciones culinarias asociadas con estos VIAs. Sin embargo, una revisión de la literatura histórica y contemporánea, y consultas con especialistas científicos, muestra que se han ido perdiendo gradualmente los usos culinarios de la mayoría de estos VIAs. Dos excepciones notables incluyen la okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) y el callaloo (Amaranthus viridis), aunque esta última no es la especie utilizada en África y el callaloo solo ha alcanzado prominencia en Jamaica desde la década de los 1960s. Nueve de los doce VIAs encontraron refugio en las religiones de origen africano Candomblé y Santería, donde siguen siendo de importancia ritual. Al 1