1] This paper documents the migration of the Polar Front (PF) over the Iberian margin during some of the cold climatic extremes of the last 45 ka. It is based on a compilation of robust and coherent paleohydrological proxies obtained from eleven cores distributed between 36 and 42°N. Planktonic d 18 O (Globigerina bulloides), ice-rafted detritus concentrations, and the relative abundance of the polar foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral were used to track the PF position. These three data sets, compared from core to core, show a consistent evolution of the sea surface paleohydrology along the Iberian margin over the last 45 ka. We focused on five time slices representative of cold periods under distinct paleoenvironmental forcings: the 8.2 ka event and the Younger Dryas (two recent cold events occurring within high values of summer insolation), Heinrich events 1 and 4 (reflecting major episodes of massive iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic), and the Last Glacial Maximum (typifying the highest ice volume accumulated in the Northern Hemisphere). For each event, we generated schematic maps G 3

The Atlantic-Mediterranean exchange of water at Gibraltar represents a significant heat and freshwater sink for the North Atlantic and is a major control on the heat, salt and freshwater budgets of the Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, an understanding of the response of the exchange system to external changes is vital to a full comprehension of the hydrographic responses in both ocean basins. Here, we use a synthesis of empirical (oxygen isotope, planktonic foraminiferal assemblage) and modeling (analytical and general circulation) approaches to investigate the response of the Gibraltar Exchange system to Atlantic freshening during Heinrich Stadials (HSs). HSs display relatively flat W–E surface hydrographic gradients more comparable to the Late Holocene than the Last Glacial Maximum. This is significant, as it implies a similar state of surface circulation during these periods and a different state during the Last Glacial Maximum. During HS1, the gradient may have collapsed altogether, implying very strong water column stratification and a single thermal and δ18Owater condition in surface water extending from southern Portugal to the eastern Alboran Sea. Together, these observations imply that inflow of Atlantic water into the Mediterranean was significantly increased during HS periods compared to background glacial conditions. Modeling efforts confirm that this is a predictable consequence of freshening North Atlantic surface water with iceberg meltwater and indicate that the enhanced exchange condition would last until the cessation of anomalous freshwater supply into to the northern North Atlantic. The close coupling of dynamics at Gibraltar Exchange with the Atlantic freshwater system provides an explanation for observations of increased Mediterranean Outflow activity during HS periods and also during the last deglaciation. This coupling is also significant to global ocean dynamics, as it causes density enhancement of the Atlantic water column via the Gibraltar Exchange to be inversely related to North Atlantic surface salinity. Consequently, Mediterranean enhancement of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation will be greatest when the overturning itself is at its weakest, a potentially critical negative feedback to Atlantic buoyancy change during times of ice sheet collapse.

What is the term "Black Europe" and how have scholars employed it? What type of intellectual currency does this particular category hold and what does it yield conceptually and methodologically for both the study of histories of Europe and simultaneously the Black Diaspora? This essay considers some of the ways that thinking with Black Europe as a unit of analysis and as an epistemological approach can transform how we understand the shifting historical contours of Europe and ideas about Blackness.

El Coloquio Internacional Emociones políticas y políticas de la emo-ción: las sociedades urbanas en la Baja Edad Media se enmarca en la línea de investigación desarrollada en el seno del proyecto Ciudad y nobleza en el tránsito a la modernidad: autoritarismo regio, pactismo y conflictividad política. Castilla, de Isabel I a las Comunidades (MICINN, HAR2017-83542-P), cuyo eje analítico gira alrededor del examen de los procesos de organización política que se operan tanto en el interior de la ciudad medieval como en sus conexiones con otros sistemas y agencias en el campo de juego «Corona de Castilla», y singularmente con las agencias «nobleza» y «monarquía» y sus diversos agentes. En dicho contexto, el objetivo de este coloquio internacional es exa-minar el modo en el que emociones y recursos emocionales animan, vertebran, construyen y contribuyen a hacer percibir el campo de juego de lo político en un espacio, la ciudad en el Occidente europeo, y una cronología, la Baja Edad Media, capaces de aportar fuentes y claves suficientes para analizar la influencia que las emociones ejercieron en la identificación y formulación de políticas y de relaciones políticas entre actores y aun agencias. La comprensión de estos procesos resulta esencial no sólo para entender el funcionamiento de lo político en el período medieval sino, especialmente, para comprender el modo en el que se concibe y operan los mecanismos que participan en la construcción del Estado moderno.

In the 1955 movie The trouble with Harry by Alfred Hitchcock there is a dead body that keeps being buried but is always dug up again and persists as an unsolved problem. The same seems to happen with certain concepts, "primitivism" being one of them. We can argue, following D. Haraway (2016), that we should stay with the trouble, that is, we should stir it up, let it cause turbulence. This is what this conference proposes to do in the context of Iberian and transatlantic modernisms. The term "primitivism" is bonded to modernity and modernisms, and it was an important tool in the production of the twentieth-century master narrative in art history. It was used by art critics and the artists themselves, and the art historians who wrote them into history books and museums. The term "primitivism" regarded a certain use of the past, implying different understandings of what that past had been or could be when reenacted in the present. The "past" could be interpreted as a vague concept, often embedded with allochronism (Fabian, 1984), that is, it depended on the presupposition that real time was European (and North American) time. Therefore, there was a chronological hierarchy between what was considered developed and civilised, and what was considered underdeveloped and savage (or folklorist, or naïve, or exotic). "Primitive" objects were understood as belonging to an undetermined past, while "primitivist" modern art belonged to the real present time. "Primitivism" was also used as a derogatory term to classify and reject modernity and avantgarde, from the early twentieth century until the Nazi "degenerate" art exhibitions, and turning it to a positive stance meant to contradict conservative and censorial views on art and artists. Many influential approaches upheld this positive turn to the subject (Goldwater, Gombrich, Rubin). However, dealing with "primitivisms" in art history-in fact, the mere use of the term, with or without quotes-seems to underline each time a Eurocentric viewpoint (still highly prevalent, for example, in the recent two-volume publication by Philippe Dagen, Primitivismes, 2021). Several scholars have acknowledged and discussed the trouble with primitivism as part and parcel of modernisms and their historiography. Edward Said's criticism on "orientalism" (1978)