Inspired by the commercial desires of global brands and retailers to access the lucrative green consumer market, carbon is increasingly being counted and made knowable at the mundane sites of everyday production and consumption, from the carbon footprint of a plastic kitchen fork to that of an online bank account. Despite the challenges of counting and making commensurable the global warming impact of a myriad of biophysical and societal activities, this desire to communicate a product or service's carbon footprint has sparked complicated carbon calculative practices and enrolled actors at literally every node of multi-scaled and vastly complex global supply chains. Against this landscape, this paper critically analyses the counting practices that create the 'e' in 'CO2e'. It is shown that, central to these practices are a series of tools, models and databases which, in building upon previous work (Eden 2012; Star and Griesemer 1989) we conceptualize here as 'boundary objects'. By enrolling everyday actors from farmers to consumers, these objects abstract and stabilize greenhouse gas emissions from their messy material and social contexts into units of CO2e which can then be translated along a product's supply chain, thereby establishing a new currency of 'everyday supply chain carbon'. However, in making all greenhouse gas-related practices commensurable in enrolling and stabilizing the transfer of information between multiple actors these objects oversee a process of simplification reliant upon, and subject to, a multiplicity of approximations, assumptions, errors, discrepancies and/or omissions. Further the outcomes of these tools are subject to the politicized and commercial agendas of the worlds they attempt to link, with each boundary actor inscribing different meanings to a product’s carbon footprint in accordance with their specific subjectivities, commercial desires and epistemic framings. It is therefore shown that how a boundary object transforms greenhouse gas emissions into units of CO2e, the outcome is of distinct ideologies regarding ‘what’ a product's carbon footprint is and how it should be made legible. These politicized decisions, in turn inform specific reduction activities and ultimately advance distinct, specific and increasingly durable transition pathways to a low carbon society.

Geoeengineering the climate by reflecting sunlight or extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere has attracted increasing attention from natural scientists, social scientists, policy makers and the media. This article examines promotional discourse related to geoengineering from the 1980s to 2010. It asks in particular how this option for dealing with the problems posed by climate change were framed through the use of conceptual and discourse metaphors and whether one can argue that these are metaphors we ‘live by’ or metaphors we might ‘die by’. Findings show that an overarching argument from catastrophe was bolstered by three conceptual master-metaphors, namely The Planet is a body, The Planet is a machine and The planet is a patient/addict, linked to a variety of discourse metaphors, older conceptual metaphors and clichés. This metaphorical landscape began to shift while the article was being written and will have to be closely monitored in the future.

Most research on international climate finance and the private sector has focused on tracking the private sector’s contribution the ‘100 billion USD goal’ within the UNFCCC context. In recent years, it has become evident that the range of actual and potential contributions of private actors from developed countries to support developing countries is far broader than ‘publicly mobilized’ private climate finance. The research presented here takes a north-south scope focusing on Belgium. In this study, after a brief theoretical framework, we offer qualitative data from interviews assessing the involvement of Belgian-based private entities in climate-relevant activities in developing countries. With an actors-based perspective we first observed some perceived opportunities, and several barriers, such as particular finance access issues for small project developers. Then we found that in both mitigation and adaptation a wide range of private actors in Belgium – from households to small and large companies through the financial sector - already contribute with varying degrees to International Private Climate Finance (IPCF) in different sectors. Hence, they participate to address climate-related investment needs in developing countries.

Integral to the reproductive processes of the biota of several forest, shrub, and grassland biome-types, wildfire ignites some 3,400,000km2 of Earth’s vegetated surface annually. Though a highly complex phenomena coupled with not one, but several Earth systems, human actions are both directly and indirectly changing wildfire frequencies, intensities, severities, and behaviours, and to the detriment of both environment and society. Nowhere is this felt more so than the wildland urban interface, which home to roughly 1/3 of the nation’s populous and 40% of its housing stock, is the fastest-growing land-use type in the conterminous United States. A place where fire-averse architectures meet increasingly fire-prone lands, loss of lives, properties, and livelihoods to a series of wildfire complexes of proportions unprecedented in living memory have rendered there an urgent need to reconsider the challenge of living with wildfire as a vital landscape process. The product of a transdisciplinary study which converged state-of-the-knowledge from fields as diverse as the fire, ecological, and wider Earth sciences; information, communication, computing, and related technologies, both digital and biological; evolutionary, smart and living materials, architectures, and urban systems; philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and policymaking, this thesis presents a new wildland urban interface paradigm modelled on the biochemistries, behaviours, and systems of fire-adapted flora and the fire regimes they form. Migrating biomimetics from the level of species to systems, relying not on generic notions of nature and its workings, nor assumptions more generally, but on rigorous interrogation of the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes from the molecular to landscape to planetary scale, and across both human and geological timescales, several original theoretical and technical architectural and urban concepts are discussed, together with their possible applications and implications both within and beyond the wildland urban interface. Integrating insights from local and global indigenous and ancient fire cultures, the findings conclude that not merely is a reconciliation of human and non-human systems at the interface of fire-prone wild and urban lands possible, but therein resides potent ecological, social, and technical potentialities that merit further research in the years ahead.

Chapter Overview: Transcending the boundaries of space and time, whereas the 5-part case studies series is exclusively focused on recent western U.S. wildfire complexes and the future WUI insights as can be gleaned therefrom, this triangulated case study extends across continents and centuries to discuss parallels between events that have historically been considered as mutually exclusive, therein studied in silos. Traversing transdisciplinary information as relates to both wildland and urban fires, a system of systems approach is employed by means of illuminating how, at the level of biochemistry, physics, and the wider sciences, fire behaviours as are witnessed in wildlands have become manifest in cities past and present, and why the matter thereof it pertinent to architectural and urban design futures. While informing the new WUI paradigm this thesis puts forth, the purpose of this chapter is that of highlighting the wider applicability of the findings of this research programme, and of critiquing construction, and other built environment concepts as evidence vulnerability to fire.

Climate change is a global problem that has reached the level of crisis today and has transboundary effects. These effects have important consequences especially in cities where population and economic activities are concentrated.Rising sea levels as a result of increasing global average temperatures, increases in the number, frequency and severity of extreme weather events and disasters such as floods, droughts and storms, and the prevalence of public health problems; are consequences of climate change in cities. The negative effects of these results on economic activities, environmental situation, basic services, infrastructures, housing, human well-being, social structure and health of all living things in cities are quite high. However, the relationship between cities and climate change is not unidirectional. Urbanization processes and activities carried out in cities are also a significant source of climate change with their greenhouse gas emissions and high use of natural resources. The aim of this study is to evaluate bidirectional cause-effect relationship between climate change and cities. In the study, it was concluded that greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation actions in the fight against climate change also contributed significantly to the resilience of cities. Another result obtained in the study is that cities are the key to the solution in the fight against climate change.

https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-3/

IPCC SPECIAL REPORT ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND LAND (SRCCL)

Chapter 3: Climate Change and Land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems

Bangladesh is likely to be one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change due to geographical location and geo-morphological conditions. Bangladesh experiences extremely disastrous situations like a cyclone, flood, saline water intrusion, water logging, heavy rainfall, river erosion, storm surge, etc. that occur frequently in the coastal part of Bangladesh. This results in a huge loss of lives, damages properties and degrades the integrity of the environmental components. This study was conducted on 2 villages (Chotta Chalna and Shivnagar) of Dacope Upazila of Khulna district with the purpose of assessing existing climate change adaptation scenarios and techniques for mitigating climate change-related risks. Necessary data were collected from various sources namely direct household survey, focus group discussion, and key informants interview and from various journals, related thesis papers. About 46% of the respondents cited cyclone is the most terrific type haz...

Global climate action plans risk resulting to climate maladaptation and shocks when prudent measures are inapt. Adaptation strategies require multidisciplinary approach from all sectors with periodic monitoring and evaluation which are carefully planned, locally adaptable and results-oriented. For decades, various governments, development practitioners and international organizations have made concerted efforts in tackling large scale climate events. These stern initiatives forms part of Millennium Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 13 meant to combat climate change. The increasing demand for frameworks that effectively monitor and examine the outcomes of these huge investments made by policy-makers across regions have enhanced the evaluation and monitoring of various climate change adaptation strategies. This study sought to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of initiated adaptation strategies. The study used descriptive statistics based on informants’ ...

Increasingly high-profile research is being undertaken into the socio-environmental challenges associated with the overproduction and consumption of food from animals. Transforming food systems to mitigate climate change and hidden hunger, ensure food security and good health all point to reducing animal-based foods as a key lever. Moving beyond animal-based food systems is a societal grand challenge requiring coordinated international research by the social sciences and humanities. A 'selective openness' to this range of disciplines has been observed within multi-discipline research programmes designed to address societal grand challenges including those concerned with the sustainability of food systems, inhibiting the impact of social sciences and humanities. Further, existing research on animal-based foods within these disciplines is largely dispersed and focused on particular parts of food systems. Inspired by the 'Sutherland Method' this paper discusses the resu...

A Chapter 8 of The Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Roadmap in Lao PDR is based on Strategy on CC of Lao PDR (in March 2010 ), Climate Change
Action Plan for 2013-2020( in April 2013) and Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, these
approved by the Lao government. Both of the Strategy and Action plan on CC Management are
expected to guide central and local government agencies as well as mass organizations, the private
sector and other groups to play their parts in addressing CCA and Natural Disaster. These are also an
importanting part of the Lao PDR contribution to international CC efforts under the UNFCC.

Forest provides multiple goods and services, including wood supply, carbon accumulation, ecosystems services, water purification, protection against natural hazards and recreational services. Forests in Europe have been accumulating carbon (C) at a rate of more than 100 million tonnes (Mt C) per year from 1990 to 2010. Climate change is expected to have major impacts on forest ecosystem. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, higher temperatures and changes in precipitation are likely to have significant effects on the vegetation period, growth, health and distribution of trees as well as on forest ecosystems, and thus on the goods and services provided by forests. Climate change may also enhance the frequency of favorable conditions for forest fires extending the fire seasons in both time and space. An increase in storms, droughts and heat waves can lead to higher rates of tree mortality, and make forests more susceptible to secondary damages, such as insect and fungal infestations.

El desarrollo sostenible en la práctica requiere de sistema de cooperación local expresados en una gobernanza participativa que permita tanto al gobierno cuanto a la población civil y entes privados tomar decisiones técnicas y políticas a favor de la conservación, la economía social y solidaria y la identidad cultural. En esta obra hacemos una aproximación al concepto de gobernanza local en la práctica con el análisis de casos reales en los temas claves para el desarrollo de la Reserva de Biosfera Sumaco.

Dans la présente étude, nous avons appréhendé les perceptions paysannes sur les pratiques agroforestières (RNA et
Plantation) en zone agroécologique nord-soudanienne du Burkina Faso ainsi que les facteurs qui affectent son
adoption. Des interviews semi-structurées ont été réalisées auprès de 128 chefs de ménages dans les régions du centre-sud et du centre-ouest du Burkina Faso. Les résultats ont montré que les contraintes à l’adoption des technologies agroforestières incluent: la méconnaissance des techniques agroforestières; le manque de terres arables; l’insuffisance
de moyens financier et de manque de main d’œuvre. Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Detarium microcarpum sont les principales espèces d’arbres épargnées dans les champs à cause de leur contribution dans la satisfaction des besoins des ménages. Les populations reconnaissent les avantages suivants aux pratiques agroforestières: la fertilisation des sols et leur protection contre l’érosion, la production de fourrage, de bois de chauffe, de produits forestiers non ligneux et la préservation de la biodiversité. L’âge des répondants, le mode d’accès à la terre, le temps
d’exploitation, les moyens de cultures et le droit de planter des arbres sont les variables socio -économiques positivement associées à la conservation des arbres dans les champs. Au regard de ces résultats, l’adoption à grande échelle des technologies agroforestières nécessiterait la prise en compte des besoins des producteurs.

Climate justice can be defined generally as addressing the disproportionate burden of climate change impacts on poor and marginalized communities. It seeks to promote more equitable allocation of these burdens at the local, national, and global levels through proactive regulatory initiatives and reactive judicial remedies that draw on international human rights and domestic environmental justice theories. Yet, efforts to define climate justice as a field of inquiry remain elusive and underinclusive; a recent book, Climate Justice: Case Studies in Global and Regional Governance Challenges (ELI Press 2016), seeks to fill that void by providing an overview of the landscape of climate justice from a variety of legal and geographic perspectives. On March 10, 2017, ELI convened the book's editor and three contributing authors to discuss current developments. Below, we present a transcript of the seminar, which has been edited for style, clarity, and space considerations .

The book has five sections. The first section, “Unbelievable”, explains why people have such difficulty taking action against the climate crisis. We Are The Weather’s second section, “How To Prevent the Greatest Dying”, presents a compilation of some of the salient facts about the causes and effects of the climate crisis including many facts about the role of animal agriculture (using animals for food, including animals’ eggs and milk). Section 3, “Only Home”, focuses on the Earth as home to humans and our fellow earthlings. Section 4, “Dispute with the Soul”, takes the form of a conversation between Jonathan and an unidentified voice. Part of what the voice does is to accuse the author of hypocrisy, as Safron Foer admits that even after writing “Eating Animals,” he has been more of a lacto-ovo vegetarian than a vegan vegetarian, and that he still craves meat and occasionally gives into those cravings. The book’s final section, “More Life”, looks to the future, including how Jonathan and other adults try to prepare their own children for the unfolding climate crisis.

Natural and anthropogenic climate changes, specifically from sea-level rise, are drastically reshaping coastal waterways and shorelines. However, few regional predictive models capture the longitudinal minutiae of hyper-local changes. In response, I combined georeferenced maps from 1868-2015 with DEM and LiDAR data to calculate the rate of change at high-risk areas of Sapelo Island, Georgia through transect-based digital surveys. Geospatial  analyses are groundtruthed to: (1) test if climate changes are occurring at an increasingly rapid rate from 1860s- present; (2) calculate rate of change at site-specific scale; and (3) propose a triage system to identify, document, and mitigate at-risk cultural resources.

Since the adoption of the Malta Convention (Council of Europe 1992), the strategy of cultural heritage management in many countries has changed from ex situ to in situ preservation of archaeological remains. The question is whether this change in strategy increases the protection or the risk of losing the undocumented heritage it was meant to protect? The strategy puts a large responsibility on present and future generations, as the concept of in situ preservation implies that the heritage sites remain unchanged ‘forever’. To ensure that in situ preservation may be considered a possibility, knowledge about the present state of preservation as well as the physical and chemical conditions for future preservation capacity is necessary. This accumulated knowledge is called environmental monitoring. The alternatives to in situ preservation are to simply let sites deteriorate and eventually disappear, or to preserve through detailed archaeological investigation and documentation, also called ex situ preservation or preservation by record. The possibilities, limitations and consequences of in situ site preservation are main topics of this work.
The focus of this thesis is on three complex topics; in situ preservation of unsaturated archaeological deposits (discussed in chapters 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7), rural medieval archaeology (discussed in chapters 3, 4, 6 and 7) and effects of climate change on archaeological remains (discussed in chapters 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7), all within the context of Norwegian Cultural Heritage management and research.
Chapter 1, Outline and Scope of this Thesis, introduces the central questions and problems, study methods, case sites, project framework and project partners, the legal and management framework and conventions. Specific aims of the present study are; 
• To which extent is archaeological contextual readability retained in rural archaeological deposits at different stages of degradation? 
• Which are the possible effects of the rates of degradation on their contextual readability?
• Is it possible to define threshold levels in the archaeological deposits?
• When archaeological observations are coupled with environmental parameters, can one define which parameters most affect the present conservation state and conditions for future in situ preservation of archaeological deposits in the unsaturated zone?
• What may be the effects of climate change on these parameters?
• How can studies of artefact preservation and microscopic and macroscopic subfossils contribute to evaluations of state of preservation?
• Can degradation processes be curbed or mitigated? If so, which mitigation strategies may be required for the investigated sites?
• How may this contribute to a decision support system for cultural heritage management?
Chapter 2, General Introduction, briefly discusses the background for evaluations of in situ preservation of archaeological sites, includes an introduction to rural medieval archaeology in Norway, the North Norwegian farm mounds as archaeological monuments, and discusses their role compared to that of the medieval towns. Modern Norwegian cultural heritage management adheres at least partly to the Malta Convention, though within the set time frames of the Norwegian Heritage Act, meaning that the intention is to preserve as many archaeological sites and as much of each individual site as possible in situ. Heritage evaluation and climate change is also discussed, with a brief overview of predicted climate change for the study area of Northern Norway. The chapter includes suggestions for threshold levels and some possible mitigating actions.
Chapter 3, North Norwegian Farm Mounds - landscape conditions and assumed agrarian technologies required for their existence, is a paper on farm mounds as an archaeological object. It puts the farm mounds into a research context and discusses the parameters that have affected their existence over time.
Chapter 4, The Magnate Farm of Åker. Past, present and future of a farm with central functions, presents a south Norwegian farm mound as comparative material to those in northern Norway. This particular farm mound has played an important role as a central place in southern Norway for centuries, and it has been exposed to severe infringement and changes from modern infrastructure projects. Probes monitoring temperature and moisture were installed at the site in 2007, and the monitoring has continued since then, with a few breaks because of battery failure.
Chapter 5, In situ site preservation in the unsaturated zone: case Avaldsnes, gives a thorough description of the methods and equipment used in the monitoring projects, and an explanation of the methods and requirements advocated by the Norwegian Standard concerning deposit monitoring, and potential problems following that. This is another type of comparative site on the west coast of Norway with preserved rural archaeological deposits, in a climate that differs from the ones presented in chapters three and four, and gives some insight into how archaeological remains are preserved in a wet and wild climate.
Chapter 6, Research and monitoring on conservation state and preservation conditions in unsaturated archaeological deposits of a medieval farm mound in Troms and a late Stone Age midden in Finnmark, Northern Norway, contains the results from farm mounds and high north investigations, archaeological, geophysical, and geochemical and palaeobotanic analyses written with InSituFarms project partners. It also includes laboratory experiments on preservation of deposits in different temperature and moisture scenarios to give input to possible climate change effects, tying together the theories and heritage management aspects.
Chapter 7, Synthesis; Implications for archaeological heritage management, discusses the lessons learned from the thesis work and the InSituFarms research project. It is structured in accordance with the research questions posed in Chapter 1, on how climate changes may affect the studied objects (through decay studies and climate predictions), aspects of preservation, and ultimately the implications for archaeological heritage management of these sites and all rural archaeological sites with preserved deposits, independent of site type or dating. This chapter exemplifies definitions of threshold levels for different types of threats to continued preservation and suggests an improvement to the national heritage database including these considerations.
Chapter 8, Conclusion and Further Perspectives. This final chapter gathers the findings of the previous ones and points to future work. The results of the research presented here have demonstrated that it is possible to define parameters that most affect preservation of archaeological sites and it is possible to see effects of climate change on these parameters. That accentuates the importance of preparing strategies to deal with the effects of climate change on the preservation of cultural heritage sites.  Focus for future research should be on refining these threshold levels and corresponding mitigating actions to enable defining a point when one should go from in situ to ex situ preservation. The threshold levels suggested in this thesis should be tested further through laboratory and on site experiments. This work advocates the necessity for the development of sustainable mitigating actions for a number of different threat situations as exemplified in the threshold levels, and to evaluate the scientific potential of sites chosen for in situ preservation.

In this brief paper, I look at the UNFCCC's carbon trading, CDM, and JI schemes with a skeptical eye. While these schemes have good intentions to lower GHGs, I claim they are relatively infective. Developing and developed countries have little incentive to build clean carbon emitting projects. It is difficult to argue against building cheap and dirty power plants that supply electricity that quickly improve the quality of life for millions of people.

In addition to the incentive problem, there is plenty of room for state subsidies to be misdirected to CDM projects that have little to do with actually lowering GHGs. For example, financing hydro-electric dams do more damage rivers, habitat, and species in less time than the projected impacts from climate change.

Next, I question existing corporations' intent when they finance CDM/JI projects. To me, it looks like another facet of greenwashing.

Finally, I briefly argue that mitigating GHGs to acceptable levels will not occur in a way that will prevent the impacts from climate change. In this respect, adaptation becomes the more appealing choice. However, the argument against adaptation is that it is not profitable and therefore hard to justify in the market place. I conclude that, unfortunately, adaptation to impacts will most likely occur ad-hoc and post-disaster.


CITATION: Cote, Michael, Carbon Trading and CDM, Development or Green Washing? (July 2008). Available at: http://umass.academia.edu/MichaelCote/Papers/344813/Carbon_Trading_and_CDM_Development_or_Green_Washing

Dimension essentielle de nos existences, le temps est une clé d'entrée encore peu utilisée dans la fabrique et la gestion de la ville. On a souvent aménagé l'espace pour gagner du temps mais on a rarement aménagé le temps pour gagner de l'espace. Plus largement, l'approche chronotopique croisant espace et temps est longtemps restée marginale. Mais les temps changent. Les contraintes qui pèsent sur la ville contemporaine, la mutation des modes de vie, la nécessaire maitrise de la mobilité des biens et des personnes et de l'étalement urbain, les besoins d'autonomie, de proximité et de partage exprimés avec force par les citoyens lors de la crise sanitaire, les attentes générales en termes de développement durable et de transition passent notamment par un changement de regards et de pratiques pour l'observation, la fabrique et la gestion des mondes urbains. La réponse à ces défis nécessite le déploiement d'une approche chronotopique et rythmique de la ville qui intègre la question du temps à toutes les échelles de l'appartement à la métropole en passant par le quartier, sur le court, le moyen et le long terme. Elle appelle également le passage d'une approche en termes de zoning et de spécialisation des espaces (résidence, travail, courses, loisirs)-dont on a pu mesurer les effets négatifs-à une approche en termes de mixité des usages et des fonctions, de polyvalence et d'hybridation des espaces et des temps. Ce changement d'approche est une évidence, une nécessité et une opportunité pour esquisser ensemble des scenarios pour la ville de demain, une ville malléable et inclusive qui réponde aux besoins des résidents et visiteurs avec un impact limité sur les milieux. C'est une évidence car la ville n'est pas une entité figée mais un système vivant qui évolue en permanence à différentes échelles et selon différents rythmes et l'être urbain n'a pas les mêmes attentes et besoin tout au long de la journée, de la semaine ou de la vie. C'est une nécessité car nous devons répondre aux défis économiques, sociaux, culturels et environnementaux.

Biomass briquettes can be considered as the best alternative energy source compared to wood fuel. Clean energy in households is a tool to improve human health, lower climate change impacts and save hundreds of millions of people, especially for women and children from toiling during daily fuel collection. To achieve a progressive response in sustainable development Goals, Clean and efficient household energy will improve health, gender equality, sustainable urban environments, and climate action and green recovery post COVID-19. The adoption of the energy from biomass briquettes would help Improve access and adoption of the life changing products to end users influencing their lives socially, economically and financially, improve sales and stability which will translate to more employment and more taxes for the government and improve the economy of Nigeria, achievement of NDC commitment of 20%-45% emission reduction, generally improve the standard of living and productivity of the end users and also safeguard the environment for future generation. It is therefore recommended that; Legislate policies prosecuting individuals and companies indiscriminately clogging trees for wood fuel and charcoal production binding ministry of forestry, Agriculture and environment with such task, Fund research in order to provide various sustainable raw materials for briquettes production with high calorific value and Provide forest guards with adequate resources and welfare to safeguard our green cover, wildlife and other natural resources.

This thesis investigates the interrelationships between settlement distributions, maize agricultural subsistence, and fluctuations in prehistoric climate in the Durango District of southwestern Colorado between A.D. 650-840, also known as the Basketmaker-III/Pueblo-I period. Previous research in the area indicates that large groups of people migrated into the Durango area around A.D. 760, altering age old settlement patterns and establishing some of the earliest villages in the northern Southwest. My focus is to further understandings of the complex interrelationships between settlement patterns and maize agricultural systems and to determine what role agriculture played in the development of these early villages.
Throughout this thesis, I investigate why Basketmaker-III/Pueblo-I peoples chose to live in dispersed or clustered settlement patterns from approximately A.D. 650-840 in the Durango area. This thesis integrates experimentation with dry land and ak’chin farming techniques, excavation and survey data, analysis of Basketmaker-III and Pueblo-I site distributions, modern and paleoclimatic reconstructions, prime agricultural soil and cold air drainage distributions, and aerial photography. I conducted fine-scale research of the agricultural potential around two prehistoric case study communities in the Durango District and then extrapolated my findings onto other communities in the larger area. Finally, I integrate these data into a conceptual model that can aid and direct future research into the prehistoric agroecological and anthropogenic landscapes of the Durango area.

Principal co-authors: Gene Ray, Aurélien Gamboni, Janis Schroeder, Kate Stevenson. Additional co-authors: David Cross, Marguerite Davenport. Visual art contributed by artists Denise Bertschi, Ursula Biemann, Giulia Bruno, Chris Jordan, Armin Linke, Oliver Ressler, Luc Schuiten, Paulo Tavares, and Marie Velardi. Interviews with: Chiara Barberis, Martin Beniston, Mickaël Blanc, Antonin Calderon, Victorine Castex, Philippe Clerc, Hannah Entwisle Chapuisat, Thomas Descombes, Christophe Dunand, Dominique Ernst, Montserrat Filella, Delia Fontaine, Thierry Gaudreau, Denise Gautier, Justin Ginnetti, Raphael Gomez, Jacques Grinevald, Rachel Heaton, Pierre-André Magnin, Olivier de Marcellus, Michel Meyer, Abdallah Mokssit, Charlotte Nicoulaz, Pascal Peduzzi, Géraldine Pflieger, Anne-Cécile Reimann, Oliver Ressler, Philippe Roch, Philippe de Rougemont, Daniel de Roulet, Thibault Schneeberger, Denis Schneuwly, Arlène Shale, Nazhat Shameen Khan, Marie Velardi, Alain Yenni. TAAG Advisory Research Group: Iain Boal, Gabriella Calchi Novati, David Cross, Hannah Entwisle Chapuisat, Anna Grichting, Sacha Kagan, Armin Linke, Nils Norman, Catherine Quéloz, Grégory Quenet, Philippe Rekacewicz, Oliver Ressler, Liliane Schneiter, Paulo Tavares, Eddie Yuen, and the late Chris Wainwright.
The Anthropocene Atlas of Geneva (TAAG) is a long-term research project based at HEAD – Genève/Geneva School of Art and Design and funded (2017, 2018) by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Gene Ray, main applicant and project director).
Please visit the TAAG project website at: https://head.hesge.ch/taag/en/

A video intro trailer by Janis Schroeder can be seen on vimeo at: https://vimeo.com/user93523837/the-anthropocene-atlas-of-geneva-trailer-01

Birds are among the most widely studied organisms on earth and represent an important indicator group
for learning about the effects of climate change – particularly in regard to the effects of climate change on
tropical ecosystems. In this review, we assess the potential impacts of climate change on tropical birds
and discuss the factors that affect species’ ability to adapt and survive the impending alterations in habitat
availability. Tropical mountain birds, species without access to higher elevations, coastal forest birds,
and restricted-range species are especially vulnerable. Some birds may be especially susceptible to
increased rainfall seasonality and to extreme weather events, such as heat waves, cold spells, and tropical
cyclones. Birds that experience limited temperature variation and have low basal metabolic rates will be
the most prone to the physiological effects of warming temperatures and heat waves. Mostly unknown
species’ interactions, indirect effects, and synergies of climate change with other threats, such as habitat
loss, emerging diseases, invasive species, and hunting will exacerbate the effects of climate change on
tropical birds. In some models habitat loss can increase bird extinctions caused by climate change by
50%. 3.5 °C surface warming by the year 2100 may result in 600–900 extinctions of land bird species,
89% of which occur in the tropics. Depending on the amount of future habitat loss, each degree of surface
warming could lead to approximately 100–500 additional bird extinctions. Protected areas will be more
important than ever, but they need to be designed with climate change in mind. Although 92% of
currently protected areas are likely to become climatically unsuitable in a century, for example only 7
or 8 priority species’ preferred climatic envelopes are projected to be entirely lost from the African
Important Bird Area network. Networks of protected areas need to incorporate extensive topographical
diversity, cover wide elevational ranges, have high connectivity, and integrate human-dominated
landscapes into conservation schemes. Most tropical bird species vulnerable to climate change are not
currently considered threatened with extinction, often due to lack of knowledge; systematically and
regularly gathering information on the ecology, and current and future distributions of these species is
an urgent priority. Locally based, long-term tropical bird monitoring and conservation programs based
on adaptive management are essential to help protect birds against climate change.

Climate change has brought many challenges during the last decades facing scenarios under which it occurs, the consequences and victims left and the response by the States and the International communities trying to prevent or mitigate the harm caused by these phenomena. This article which is the product of the research macroproject that is being carried out jointly with the universities belonging to the Legal and Socio- Legal Research Groups and Centers Network, Coffee Triangle Node with the title "Environmental Displacement of the population settled in the Coffee Triangle Eco-Region: Incidence of factors associated with effects of climate change", is intended to explain the emergence and meaning of relatively new concepts in the legal and social knowledge, such as displaced people due to environmental causes and their relationship with environmental and climate justice in order to provide general guidelines about the relationship-interaction of these terms and how they d...

India, a union of states, is a Sovereign, Secular, and Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government. 28 States and 8 Union territories. Healthcare percolates to the last mile (villages) through a hierarchical structure arrangement i.e. Community Health Centre, Public Health Centre and Sub-Centres. A combination of Government and private health care facilities caters to Urban and rural population in a highly diversified social fabric across the country.  With 1.3 billion populations, extremely high density and limited healthcare resources India is fighting battle to containing COVID-19 spread at multiple fronts. Rigorous efforts are being made to contain this deadly virus at all levels in Government hierarchy while scientists across the world are racing to develop a vaccine that can bring the novel coronavirus pandemic to an end. There are nearly 50 vaccine candidates currently under human trials with 11 of them in phase III (typically the last stage of vaccine research) testing around the world. Storage and handling requirements attached with two front runner vaccine technologies i.e. mRNA and viral vector, will influence vaccine candidate selection process in India.

Toughest task will be planning priority groups in a Phased vaccination programme and planner would need to improvise custom criteria befitting to local conditions and healthcare system in India. Data on committed or anticipated access to number of doses of specific vaccine type (technology) on a given timeframe will be the starting point for setting-up priority groups and planning end-to-end procedure for storage, handling, distribution and inoculation. Prevention of fraudulent activities and cyber crime in COVID-19 vaccination procurement and management process is another challenge for authorities in India and would need to be suitably addressed in the National Plan.

COVID-19 is an opportunity for overhauling public healthcare system in India. Author discusses key challenges and strategies in vaccinating whole country against COVID-19.The focus of discussion is more on vaccine administration strategy for rural India which accommodates about 72 % of country’s 1.3 billion populations.

Structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on the perception of 36 randomly selected commercial poultry farmers about climate change in Zaria area of Kaduna State. Questions that bother on egg production parameters of poultry farms; observable climatic parameter changes and means by which farmers control the adverse effect of climate change was included in the questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using frequencies counts and percentages. The relationships between climate parameter changes and egg productivity were established using correlation procedure of SPSS. Secondary data of climatic parameters from meteorological station of Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria was also utilized for the study. Temperature (0 C), relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm) and open pan evaporation (mm) were the climatic elements used in this study. Most of the poultry farms in this study are situated in Samaru (69.4%). About 50% of the farms had been in production for between 6 to 10 years. Only one farm recorded less than 40% percent production in 2008 and 2009. The trend of egg production shows an increase along the years. In the year 2000, 81.8% of the farms recorded between 40-69% production while 77.8% recorded 70% egg production and above in 2009. Prolonged dry spell and drying of water sources was observed as very severe by 22.2% and 27.8% of the respondents, respectively. Heat as well as good feed and water were favored by most farmers to cope with climate change as indicated by 13.9% of the respondents. However, majority (58.3%) use combination of strategies to cope with climate change. The Correlation between yearly productivity of eggs and the effects of climate change on egg production in this study did not follow any specific pattern. This is possible due to the high variability in the pattern of climatic elements in Zaria. Commercial egg producers are negatively affected by changing climate. Livestock insurance, proper utilization of ecological fund as well as provision of social amenities had been suggested by the farmers as government intervention to prevent adverse effect of climate change on egg production. This paper recommends that decisions on the policies, programmes and eligibility procedures concerning the Adaptation Fund should be expedited to provide additional resources required by Nigeria for climate adaptation.

"The main objective of this paper is to make a Preliminary risk management plan using the Environmental risk map of the greater city of Cairo demonstrating the most high-risk administrative areas in the city, supported by field evidence and different sources of information. to reduce the loss of life and property and protect the Nation from all hazards, including natural disasters and other man-made disasters, by leading and supporting the Nation in a risk-based, comprehensive emergency management system of preparedness, protection, response, recovery, and mitigation.

Over the past decade, California has managed decouple the growth of greenhouse gas emissions and the economy, reducing per capita emissions by 17% while maintaining one of the most robust economies in the U.S. With nearly 200,000 clean energy jobs, a vibrant economy, and poised to invest literally hundreds of billions of dollars into a low carbon economy, the world’s eighth largest economic engine is positioning itself as a model for the world. In the fall of 2014, as part of the 25th annual Bioneers Conference, Bioneers convened a very special gathering of key leaders to help start a conversation that seemed long overdue: California’s leadership role in the global effort to combat climate change. This volume, taken from talks given at the 2014 event, is at an accessible, yet detailed look at some of the key areas where California is particularly out in front. Inspired by and featuring Tom Hayden’s incomparable issue framing and historical context, this collection highlights the key next moves according to leading government officials, explores the clean energy slam dunk about to take place from both a structural and investment perspective, and focuses on truly groundbreaking and phenomenally important environmental justice achievements on the horizon. Other topics covered include Water & Climate Change, Natural Systems & Working Lands, Politics & The Inside Game and more.

Consistent with the national socio-economic development frameworks such as GPRSII, MDGs and the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA) and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), the overall goal of the Environmental Sanitation Policy was to develop and maintain a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in all human settlements, to promote the social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the population.The article argues  the policy has chalked some success however, it has not dealt with  all environmental and sanitation problems. A lot more need to be done on the part of the both the government, civil society organisations and individuals.

Au Cameroun, l’État s’est engagé à développer les activités de reboisement (Programme national de reboisement [PNR], Agence nationale d’appui au développement forestier [ANAFOR]). Mais à ce jour, peu de forêts artificielles ont été créées au profit des communes
qui, majoritairement, continuent de se contenter des redevances forestières annuelles (RFA) issues des espaces exploités par les industriels. Seulement, toutes les municipalités du pays n’ont pas des forêts naturelles à potentiel commercialisable.
La Mairie de Paris a ainsi convenu d’appuyer l’Association des communes forestières du Cameroun (ACFCam) pour mettre sur pied un
projet de plantation de forêts communales dans certaines municipalités du pays. Le projet est organisé en deux lots. Le premier lot qui fait l’objet de la présente phase pilote consiste à reboiser 500 ha de forêt en zone de savane humide dont une moitié dans la municipalité de Tonga et l’autre moitié dans celle de Foumban

This paper reports on the recent trend of climate changes taking place in Mulanje, one of the major tea producing districts in Malawi, with a focus on precipitation and temperature. The study analyzed trends in weather time series (air temperature and rainfall) data from 1980 to 2011 using non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. The MK test gave a mix of positive and negative trends for the monthly and seasonal precipitation. Only the month of December showed a positive significant trend while February, April, May, June September, October and November had a significant negative trend. Cool and wet as well as hot and dry season showed a significant decreasing trend in precipitation. The data also indicated that annual rainfall variation is decreasing with time at the rate of about 4.29 mm per year while temperature is increasing by about 0.04°C every year. The MK test for temperature results showed a significant increasing trend for both mean annual minimum and maximum temperature. The results of the study do not deny climate change is happening, therefore, proper adaptation measures should be employed to reduce the vulnerability to climate change in the area because of its economic significance in tea production.