Publicación con motivo de la exposición "San Martín de Frómista y Cluny: 900 años de la europeización de un monasterio hispano", que resume el contenido de la misma, celebrando la efeméride de la donación del templo de Frómista a San Zoilo de Carrión (y por ende, a Cluny) por parte de la reina Urraca I. Dividida en 2 sedes, una en San Zoilo de Carrión de los Condes, otra en San Martín de Frómista. El presente texto presenta la 1ª parte correspondiente a la sede carrionesa, que narra la introducción de la orden de Cluny en la península, dotando de contexto para la 2ª parte expuesta en San Martín de Frómista, sede protagonista de la exposición. El PDF dispone de hipervínculos a contenidos 3D interactivos que amplían y complementan la información, utilizados igualmente en la exposición.

Textos de José Luis Senra | Ilustración de portada por Aitor Ruiz de Gordejuela

Pri iskopavanju 1999. godine provedenom oko ostataka pročelja crkve cistercitske opatije, čiji se ostaci nalaze u parku Opatovina u Topuskom, pronađena je veća količina kamenih komada arhitektonskih elemenata. Tijekom 2018. godine provedeno je dokumentiranje pronađenih arhitektonskih elemenata s pomoću 3D modeliranja. Razvojem tehnologije devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća 3D modeli počinju se primjenjivati u arheologiji i postaju sve popularniji. Danas u arheologiji razlikujemo dva pojma vezana uz 3D modeliranje: 3D digitalizaciju i 3D rekonstrukciju. Arhitektonski elementi iz Topuskog fotografirani su u svrhu izrade 3D modela temeljenog na fotografijama, što se smatra 3D digitalizacijom (modeli su napravljeni u programu Agisoft Photoscan). Tlocrti, bočni pogledi i presjeci „eksportirani“ su iz programa u obliku ortomozaika te su poslužili kao temelj za izradu nacrtne dokumentacije.

The construction of Dionisius’ Monastery (Dienesmonostora) north of River Crișul Alb /Fehér Körös/ is connected
to the early history of the area around the settlement of Ineu /Borosjenő/ (Arad County). The monastery of
Dienesmonostora is mentioned in the written sources since the 12th century and it was an important family-founded
monastic institution. In time, the traces of the old abbey disappeared both from the landscape and from the local
memory. It seems that building materials were taken from the abbey starting at the end of the Middle Ages, for
the erection of the fortification of Ineu, so that the on-site location of the monastery was somewhat ambiguous
nowadays. Through several field researches performed in the area between the former mill of Bălucana, Crișul
Alb, and Canalul Morilor (Malom csatorna) we were able to locate an area with both material culture remains and
especially brick fragments and architectural components. Corroborating these data with the analysis of maps and
especially satellite images we were able to note that a precinct measuring ca. 100 x 100 m. can be identified in that
area. Based on the data thus obtained we have decided to scan the ground through georadar measurements (GPR)
in order to locate and map the perimeter.

The field palaeogeographical investigation of the archaeological site Ostriv Dubovets have been accomplished by analytical works (grain–size and micromorphological analyses, and study of quartz grains morphology). Floodplain alluvium of the Oldest Dryas was revealed at the base of ‘Ostirv’ deposits. They are overlain by pedocomplex of the BL–AL interstadials. The lower (BL) soil is a Fluvic Planosol, that includes AE and BCg horizons. The upper (AL) soil is a Luvic Stagnosol, that includes Ae, Eg, Btg horizons. In micromorphology of the Btg horizon, disturbed microlaminated and fibrous clay coatings occur. The buried pedocomplex was distorted by cryogenic processes during the Younger Dryas (DR–3), when ground wedges, frost fissures, involutions and postcryogenic textures were formed. A sorting of soil matrix and a cryogenic weathering also took place during this stadial, when the thin layer of alluvium was accumulated. Later on, alluvium sands were re-deposited by aeolian processes. The Holocene deposits are characterized by a facial heterogeneity due to the re-current activation of erosion, aeolian processes and pedogenesis. The last phase of aeolian processes happened during the ‘xerothermic depression’ of the X-IX cent. BC. The modern soil cover was formed during the Subatlantic period. The intensification of human impact has led to the formation of anthropozems and accumulation of pyrogenic carbonates with the subsequent growth of a mollic horizon. Excavations have explored part of the territory of the Pidbortsi Monastery (1592-1832). 20 objects have been opened, including landfill, outbuilding, ground pits. Except for the remains of the monastery, the materials from the Stone Age, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Slavic times were found.
Key words: stratigraphical subdivision, palaeopedocomplex, aeolian processes, palaeocryogenic complex, interstadial and stadial.

У шести розрізах досліджено літолого-стратиграфічну будову відкладів польовими та лабораторними методами (гранулометричний та мікроморфологічний аналізи, дослідження морфології кварцових зерен). Встановлено, що підвищення на якому розташована археологічна пам’ятка є фрагментом низької пізньольодовикової надзаплавної тераси, верхня пачка алювію якої сформувалася упродовж раннього дріасу. Встановлено, що алювій перекривається педокомплексом белінг-алеред, який включає верхній вохристо-бурий псевдоопідзолений ґрунт із натьоками коломорфних глин в ілювіальному ґрунті, та нижній заплавний псевдооглеєний ґрунт. Досліджено палеокріогенний комплекс пізнього дріасу, який сильно деформує поховані ґрунти і представлений головним чином інволюціями та первинно-ґрунтовими жилами. Вперше у межах Волинської височини виявлено яскраві сліди кріогідратаційного вивітрювання та кріогенного сортування матеріалу. Встановлено, що у пізньому плейстоцені відбулася коротка фаза алювіальної акумуляції пісків та подальше їх розвіювання, що призвело до утворення дюни в урочищі. Виявлено фаціальну диференціацію голоценових утворень, що пов’язано із багаторазовою активізацією ерозійних та еолових процесів. Встановлено, що остання фаза акумуляції еолових пісків відбулася упродовж ксеротермічної депресії IX-X ст. до н.е. Реконструйовано фази формування сучасного ґрунтового покриву урочища упродовж субатлантичного періоду. Виявлено значну антропогенну трансформацію едафотопу, що викликало утворення  антропоземів і нарощення гумусового горизонту. Розкопками досліджено частину території Підборецького монастиря (1592-1832 рр.). Відкрито 20 об’єктів, серед яких смітник, господарські споруди, стовпові ями від наземних конструкцій. Окрім решток монастиря, в розкопі було знайдено матеріали кам’янового віку, мідного віку, епохи бронзи, ранньозалізного віку і слов’яно-руського часу.
Ключові слова: літолого-стратиграфічна будова, палеопедокомплекс, еолові процеси, палеокріогенні утворення, пізньольодовиків’я.

In the summer of 2014, fifteen years will have passed since archaeological excavations began on the island of Cabrera, the fifth smallest of the Balearic Islands, located a few kilometers off the southern tip of Mallorca. These excavations served as the starting point for the Project for the Recovery, Consolidation and Museological Interpretation of Cabrera's Byzantine Monastery. This project has been coordinated at all times by Palma City Council's Urban Planning Department and co-directed by the authors of this foreword, a management team joined more recently by Maria Jose Rivas, Josep Maria Puche, and Julio Miguel Roman.' Between 1999 and 2012, archaeological work on Cabrera was funded by Palma City Council. In 2005, 2006 and 2007, the Spanish Ministry of the Environment also contributed financially to restoration and museological activities.2 In 2013, funding was provided by the Balearic Ministry for Education, Culture and Universities' Directorate General for Universities, Research and Knowledge Transfers for land clearance in areas that were to be excavated. The main aim of the Project for the Recovery, Consolidation and Museological Interpretation of Cabrera's Byzantine Monastery has always been to discover and show what the monastery that Pope Gregory the Great mentions in his Epistle XIII, 47, was like. The pope's letter was written in the year 603 AD and it clearly demonstrates the existence of a monastery on the island of Cabrera.

The project is based on conclusions reached in a university degree thesis by one of the authors, Mateu Riera Rullan, entitled Cabrera Monastery in the Late Antiquity, supervised by Professor Miquel Barcelo Perello of Barcelona's Autonoma University, to whom we express ourgratitude. In the thesis, delivered in 2002, data from the small islands of Cabrera, Conillera and 11 lot dels Frares was compared with written sources describing Christian monastic life in the 4th to 8th centuries AD and with archaeological discoveries made at monasteries of the period located on small islands in the western Mediterranean or Atlantic. The thesis concluded that Cabrera was a "holy island" where two types of monastic settlements seem to have coexisted: a main monastery and several hermitages.

Right from the outset, it was proposed that the study of Cabrera's monastic community should be aimed at finding out how the community functioned internally, what use the monks made of the area and its resources, and what modifications they made to the local environment. It was decided that attempts should be made to determine the characteristics of the buildings, to work out how they were used, and to compare them with those cited in written sources. Priority was also given to comparing the archaeological remains on Cabrera with the archaeological remains of examples of 5th to 8th century AD monasteries excavated elsewhere. These are the main criteria on which our work has been based these last few years, leading to the publication of this catalogue.

Thus the aim of this publication is to offer a summary of the archaeological work that has been undertaken in the subarchipelago of Cabrera, contextualizing it within the framework of the 5th to 8th century AD Christian monastic world, a period in which the Balearic Islands formed part of the Vandal kingdom and then the Byzantine Empire.

Entre los meses de diciembre de 2004 a mayo de 2005 se realizó el levantamiento de los restos de la cartuja de Aniago, la toma de datos no fue fácil pues, no pocas veces, tuvimos que movernos entre escombros y en dependencias que presentaban un avanzado estado de ruina,  superando alguna que otra caída de cascotes . Sin embargo, pese al estado de ruina, los restos del monasterio aún dejan sentir el esplendor de otras épocas y la monumentalidad de un conjunto bien estructurado, pensado para desarrollar la vida autosuficiente de una comunidad que buscaba el retiro y la soledad.