2020

The concept of modern horticultural technologies has widened the horizon of vegetable industry in India. Now-a-days, it is not only a question of providing enough vegetables for a balanced diet, but also to produce quality vegetables throughout the year. The present per capita availability of vegetable in India is only 210 g against the requirement of 300 g/capita/day (Saravaiya et al.). The crops grown in open conditions are often exposed to varying levels of temperature, humidity, wind flow etc., which ultimately influence the productivity as well as quality of a crop extensively. Further, with globalization of markets and global climate change, protected cultivation along with special horticultural practices emerged as the single most important technology for ensuring high productivity, improved quality and lucrative return.

Protected cultivation of high value vegetables and cut-flowers has shown tremendous potential during the last decade or so. With the progress of liberalized economy and the advent of newer technologies in agriculture, protected cultivation opens up avenues in agriculture hitherto not seen. Many methods of protected agriculture are used to modify the growing environment of plants. Ideally, plant production would take place in regions that do not require protective structures, regions that present ideal temperatures, no harsh extremes, and sufficient but not excess precipitation. This is not the case however, as most countries, save for a select few, require various forms of controlled environment agriculture to protect crops against climatic and environmental extremes. Although the greenhouse industry has developed vast amounts of technology for the temperate climate regions of our planet, much remains to be improved in terms of protected agriculture in the more extreme climates. Tropical, arid, polar and urban locations offer contrasting environments that present various challenges for plant growth. Some challenges are specific to each location, while others are common across them. Tropical and arid climates offer high solar radiation, but present harsh temperature and relative humidity conditions. Most protected agriculture structures are relatively open in nature to ventilate and discharge heat, but are susceptible to pests and diseases. On the other hand, polar climates and urban environments often lack solar radiation and require a high level of control of the air quality. The structures used in these environments are relatively enclosed to entrap heat (polar) and to make efficient use of space.

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2024

The survey starts by examining various sorts of protected cultivation, encompassing a variety of techniques such as greenhouses, polytunnels, modern nurseries, high passages, and shade houses, as well as their benefits and constraint has emerged as a pivotal component in horticultural practices. It then, at that point, features the significance of protected cultivation in tending to worldwide food security challenges by guaranteeing all year crop creation and decreasing dependence on occasional varieties. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted aspects of protected cultivation in horticultural crops, aiming to provide a nuanced understanding of its impact on crop yield, quality, and resource efficiency. The audit further investigates the effect of protected cultivation strategies on the development and advancement of plant crops, including further developed crop morphogenesis, precipitation the board, and the streamlining of natural factors like temperature, moistness, and carbon dioxide levels. Besides, the usage of cutting-edge innovations like aquaculture, aeroponics, and vertical cultivating inside protected cultivation frameworks is inspected, with an accentuation on their true capacity for amplifying crop efficiency while limiting asset utilization. The article synthesizes recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects in this field, shedding light on the dynamic interplay between environmental factors, crop physiology, and technological interventions. By critically evaluating the existing literature, we present a synthesis of knowledge that can inform both researchers and farmers in optimizing protected cultivation for sustainable and resilient horticultural production systems.

India is a famous for its agro-climatic region. Its ranges from extreme temperate to extreme tropical region between these sub-tropical parts exist in our country. I mean to say that we have all the types of climate. That result in free to grow the all types of crop with suitable climatic condition. As far as vegetable is concern, we have diverse group of vegetable that could be grown from extreme hot to extreme cold climate. The majority of cultivation practices occur in the plain area, but there is vast scope for the cultivation at the hilly regions. Statistics of horticultural crop area and production, productivity stated that the for the year 2013-14, production was 277,352 thousand MT with an area of 24,198 thousand ha. Out of these the contribution from vegetable were 162,897 thousand MT and area of cultivation were 9396 thousand ha (NHB, 2015). India is a leading country in area and production after china in many crops in the world, but when we talked about the leader in all crops, we see that we are far behind. Vegetable production is much lower than the present requirement to feed the people of India. The reason is predominantly use of years back technology and cultivation practices is also traditional leading to low productivity. Also there is lack of good management practices for the biotic and abiotic stress. There are different ways to revive from this situation. Bringing additional area under vegetable cultivation, use of hybrid seed and use of improved agro-techniques are some of the important ways to increase the vegetable production. Another approach is cultivation under protected environment. Uncontrolled avail of harsh climate like high wind, hot and humid climate, an extreme cool to extreme hot forces to the farmer and scientist to develop a technology for cultivation of crops under prevailing adverse climate condition.

International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology

The future of protected cultivation in India is very vast but highly depending upon the technicality and recommendation of the technology has to play a significant role under varied agro climatic conditions as a means for sustainable crop intensification ,vertical growth of productivity, leading to optimization of water and fertilizer use efficiency in an environment of water scarcity in addition to better control of product quality and safety, in line with the market demands ,standards and regulations .In the near future, first and most important requirement for the use of protected cultivation technology is for its large-scale use for raising healthy planting material for all horticultural crops and secondly to use the technology for hybrid seed production of vegetables rather production of fresh food for better economic viability in the country and mostly in cluster approach. Further, for sustainability of the technology, it is utmost important to develop a huge skilled manpower in the form of youths in two sets, one set for designing, fabrication/installation and maintenance of protected structure and the other for crop production and management under protected conditions.

International Journal of Enviornment and Climate Change, 2023

Protected cultivation of horticultural crops has emerged as a crucial technique in modern agriculture, offering numerous benefits such as increased yield, enhanced quality, and protection against adverse climatic conditions and pests. This comprehensive review aims to present the current status of protected cultivation practices and explore its future prospects in horticulture. The review begins by discussing the various types of protected cultivation structures, including greenhouses, high tunnels, and shade houses, along with their advantages and limitations. It then highlights the significance of protected cultivation in addressing global food security challenges by ensuring year-round crop production and reducing dependence on seasonal variations. The review further explores the impact of protected cultivation techniques on the growth and development of horticultural crops, including improved crop morphogenesis, precipitation management, and the optimization of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Furthermore, the utilization of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming within protected cultivation systems is examined, with an emphasis on their potential for maximizing crop productivity while minimizing resource consumption. Moreover, the paper delves into the challenges and constraints faced in implementing protected cultivation, including cost considerations, energy requirements, and the use of synthetic inputs. It discusses sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches, such as utilizing renewable energy sources and adopting organic farming practices, to mitigate these challenges and promote ecological balance. Lastly, the review discusses some future prospects and trends in protected cultivation, including the integration of precision agriculture techniques, the use of artificial intelligence, and the adoption of smart farming technologies. These advancements have the potential to further optimize resource utilization, improve automation, and enhance crop monitoring and management, ultimately leading to greater yield and quality improvements in horticultural crop production.

Environment Conservation Journal, 2021

The present paper discusses about the applications of protected cultivation for crop activities, and technology utilization in India. The crop production, management, plant propagation are applied at protected cultivation in sustainable agriculture. The advancement of technology is boosted in protected cultivation that transforms sustainable agriculture into modern agriculture. The various agricultural crops are practiced naturally after research progress in protected cultivation. The various sophisticated technologies like scientific farming, vertical farming, vertical farming with hydroponics, organic farming, micro-irrigation, organic fertigation, chemical fertigation, IPM, IDM, INM, farm machines & tools, aquaponic, micro green farming, in-situ crop preservation, azolla production and seed production are utilized in crop activity and academic & research. The modern technologies are constituted in protected cultivation that transforms modern agriculture into smart agriculture. It...

Journal of agriculture and ecology research international, 2024

Protected farming is a new technology that is being utilized to grow high-value crops like flowers, vegetables, and other perishable commodities. In contemporary agriculture, protected structures offered an enormous chance for greater productivity and production. Protected cultivation, which is the most effective way to deal with climatic variation provide favourable environment for crop growth thereby achieving greater yield and high-quality produce. Protected cultivation structures such as polyhouses, low tunnels, shadow shade net houses, and green houses are frequently used for crop cultivation. Further, the vegetables grown under these structures possess better quality, decreased pesticide residue and higher yields than the ones grown under open-field conditions. As compared to open field cultivation, the reduction in irrigation water requirement was 35.6 % for shadow hall, 35.2 % for polyhouse and 25.5 % shade net house cultivation. Shadow hall is most suited for the cultivation of vegetables as depicted by higher growth and yield parameters, followed by polyhouse, shade net house. Thus, in terms of enhancing agricultural production, soil fertility, profitability, and sustainability, among other aspects, protected structures-based farming is more beneficial than open field conditions. The analysis of the evaluation showed that compared to open environments, the gross and net returns under protected structures (protective cultivation) were much greater.

The Principles and Applications, 2015

2019

Protected cultivation is the concept of growing potential crops in the modified natural environment for ensuring optimum growth of the crop plants without any or least stress and hence offers great scope to harness this potential of growing the high value crops by achieving independence of climate and weather, and to grow these crops during off -season and in marginal environments. Globally, there is a need to increase productivity and quality of the produce to meet the demand of ever increasing quality and health conscious consumers. Hence, a breakthrough in production technology of high value crops such as, vegetables that integrates market driven safe foods/ products driven quality parameters with the production system by ensuring vertical growth in the productivity.