LAW AND ORDER IN TURKISH SOCIETY, 2016

In the post-Cold War period, Turkey and Russia had problems with bilateral, regional and international issues. But they did not cause a major hostility. The reason for this was the economic relationship between the two countries. Clearly, both countries did not wish that the political conflicts damaged the economic relations. In the Cold War era, the biggest political issue between the two countries was their hostile regimes to each other. Neither political hostility beginning after the World War II, meant the ending of the economic relations, nor disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the beginning of the friendship or close relations. In the new period, on the one hand, the new problems have emerged between Turkey and the biggest heir and successor of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation, but on the other hand, economical relations were also developed. In this context, the main problematic of this study is that the disadvantages experienced in the political sphere between Russia and Turkey did not present an obstacle to the development of the economic relations. This was the main principle of the relations and now on the verge of breakage because of the fact that Turkey shot down the Russian jet on November 24, 2015. This incident not only strained the political relations but also affected the economic relations negatively. Russia started to take measures that might cause decrease in the trade volume between the two countries. Therefore, this incident deserved to be the time limit of the study. The study will be discussed in the tradional approach of International Relations by the notion of that the subject of history is unique.

Recently, the concept of cooperation is highlighted in the relations between Republic of Turkey and the Russian Federation. Turkey and Russia was in competition for ages. However after the Cold War, the relations between Turkey and Russia started to develop towards cooperation and in the 21st century the cooperation gained momentum. Today the Russian Federation and Turkey are no longer rivals, they now have complementary economies and interests that require them to form a new multilevel partnership. In this work, the process of economic and political developments and the possible developments in future in the Russian-Turkish relations are analyzed.

CONTEMPORARY TURKISH – RUSSIAN RELATIONS FROM PAST TO FUTURE

The aim of this scientific research is to observe the development of Russian-Turkish relations during the Putin era. The analysis also includes a historical review and strategical points as a geopolitical aspect. In the framework of Erdoğan's reforms at the beginning of the 21 st century, this paper draws attention to new spheres for cooperation such as defense tenders and technology related to regional security. The Cyprus issue as a part of Turkey's international interest was included in the aspect of the Russian presence in the Mediterranean region. The situation in the Caucasian region and the Georgian crisis provided an agenda for Transcaucasian discussions between Russia and Turkey. This research does not bypass the energy issues including «Turkey stream» and Akkuyu. The Ukrainian crisis and the Crimean issue retain their relevance in contemporary Russian-Turkish relations given their significance within Turkey's regional policy. In addition, the SU-24 aircraft accident, which has a critical place in terms of the two countries' relations, and the nine month restoration process that followed this incident, is also addressed in this article. The Syrian crisis, which became a significant issue in the international arena due to its being related to cooperation in the sphere of regional security and defense, is also mentioned in this study.

The goal of this issue, which is dedicated to the memory of Ambassador Karlov, is to explore the various aspects of the present, ongoing rapprochement process between Turkey and Russia. Considering that the main dilemma of Turkish-Russian relations in the last quarter century has been to achieve a genuine strategic partnership in the presence of significant regional disagreements, it is important to discuss the prospects and challenges lying ahead of this relationship. To this end, articles in this issue discuss the dynamics of cooperation and competition in four significant areas of Turkish-Russian relations: i) bilateral economic ties, ii) strategic challenges in the Middle East, iii) regional issues in the Black Sea and Caucasus, iv) the development of transport corridors in Eurasia.

SCIENTIFIC ARTSAKH, 2020

This article discusses the dynamics of relations between Russia and Turkey and particularly the balance of power in the Black Sea and the South Caucasus. The article first aims briefly to describe the bilateral relations of Russia and Turkey after the Cold War and analyze their balance of power relations in the Black Sea and the South Caucasus. For this purpose, the economic and energy cooperation is examined. Then, particularly regional foreign and military policies and their outcomes is analyzed. The author examined qualitative methods (retrospective case study) to reveal the main tendencies of bilateral relations and comparative analysis of power balance relations. Both primary and secondary (academic and expert works) sources have been considered as basis of the research. According to the results of the analysis the author concluded that two countries continue both cooperate in mutually beneficial realms and compete in order to expand their political influence. As economic and energy cooperation is mutually beneficial, the parties seek to avoid direct military confrontation, preferring absolute gains over relative ones. Regarding the balance of power in the Black Sea and in the South Caucasus the article proposes that currently Russia compared to Turkey has considerable dominance in these regions.

Abstract—In the postSoviet period, Turkey (along with Russia) has been a key actor in the geoeconomic and geopolitical architectonics of modern Eurasia. The Russian–Turkish rapprochement is predetermined by a stable set of historical, cultural, demographic, and socioeconomic circumstances. Economic relations with Turkish partners are most typical of coastal regions in the south of Russia adjoining Turkey (Krasnodar krai and Rostov oblast), the country’s leading capital megalopolises, some Turkic regions (Tatarstan, Bashkor tostan), and territories that specialize in the production and transportation of energy resources that are exported to Turkey. The further efficient interaction of Russia and Turkey is hindered by not only the remain ing foreigneconomic contradictions and mental barriers but also by the absence of a thoughtful and mutually acceptable strategy of a joint Russian–Turkish Eurasian future, including that at the regional level. Keywords: geopolitics, geoeconomics, geohistorical legacy, foreign economic relations, Russia, Turkey, Eur asia, cooperation between social geographers

2013

This study has been investigated Turkish Russian Political relations from the historcial beginning of those relations until today as condensed academical research. In this research we have clarifed what's the Turk means for Russians and also, Russian race's perception in Turkey. For the best explanation of this academical work we should underline that's Turkey was an old Ottoman Empire's second generation and the Russian Federation was the USSR's(Soviet Empire's) continuation. As we neglected this academical research from the all dimensions, but political investigation between those two countries are more important for world politics. In this way, Russian today's President Vladimir Putin's political behaviour was an exponent for Turkey Prime Minister Recep tayyip Erdoğan's regulations and instructions in nowadays. An important steps has been started as travel without a visa between Russia and Turkey. Also an economical agreements and treaties has been signed between Turkish and Russian leaders as well in the all areas, mostly in the War Industry technologies area and in fruit sector as well. Turkish economical growth was the world's high impact factor in the AKP government, during Erdoğan's period.

Opportunities and Difficulties on Russia-Turkey Relations

Since 2000s, Russia and Turkey relations have gained a new dimension with rapprochement on their bilateral relations. First of all, both sides agreed to care their vulnerabilities in their own domestic affairs which are related with separatist movements and combating on terrorism. Therefore, Russia and Turkey focused on economic cooperation and joint energy projects as well. Afterwards, both sides have articulated strategic partnership and aimed to reach the volume of trade to $100 Billion among themselves. Eventually, they have brought their relationship to a significant point, however they still have difficulties in their bilateral relations. In this study, the opportunities and difficulties on Russia-Turkey relations are discussed analytically with considering geopolitical and international circumstances. Additional to this, the both sides' foreign policy identities and their perceptionsperspectives are evaluated regarding their regional and global ties with international institutions and powers as well. As a result, that study indicates the opportunities and difficulties on Russia-Turkey relations with tangible facts within the international relations system.

Международные отношения, 2022

The article provides a brief analysis of the history of development and the current state of the Russian-Turkish partnership within the framework of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, which can be considered a functional area of cooperation that uses the convergence of the countries of the region by creating cooperation on various issues, such as the production of energy from underground resources of strategic importance for the region, agricultural production and tourism. In addition to this, the Black Sea Economic Organization is of notable importance in terms of sustaining stability in the region due to addressing the growing security concerns in the Black Sea region. The concept of a global security threat changed shape with the end of the Cold War. This led to a change in the view of international organizations on defense and allowed a focus on increasing the level of stability through the global policy of cooperation organizations created for security and economic purposes. The article also describes the measures and results of the two countries to ensure the fuel and energy balance in the Black Sea region, steps to reduce political tension associated with Turkey's participation in a strategic partnership with the EU countries, key projects in the fuel and energy sector. It should be noted that the identity of the historical destinies of Russia and Turkey, their historical and cultural role of the "East" in the West and "West" in the East, the unique geopolitical position, geographical proximity contribute to the strengthening of economic, political, cultural ties between Russia and Turkey.