Globalization and health, 2018

There is an increasing recognition that non communicable diseases impose large economic costs on households, societies and nations. However, not much is known about the magnitude of diabetes expenditure in African countries and to the best of our knowledge no systematic assessment of the literature on diabetes costs in Africa has been conducted. The aim of this paper is to capture the evidence on the cost of diabetes in Africa, review the methods used to calculate costs and identify areas for future research. A desk search was conducted in Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Science direct as well as through other databases, namely Google Scholar. The following eligibility criteria were used: peer reviewed English articles published between 2006 and 2016, articles that reported original research findings on the cost of illness in diabetes, and studies that covered at least one African country. Information was extracted using two data extraction sheets and results organized in tables. Costs...

2020

Background Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder having major economic burden. Its progression and complication increase the medical cost. Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels result from defect in insulin secretion or action, or both. Accordingly, there are two types and treatment varieties according to the cause [1]. Globally diabetes mellitus is an emerging common chronic illness with an estimated number of 220 million people in 2010.Of these approximately 12.1 million were living in Africa. In Sub Saharan Africa type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of diabetes [2]. In Ethiopia, the estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus in adult population was 1.9% [3] and the total diabetic cases were estimated to be 2.6 million by the year 2025 [4]. Diabetes imposes a large economic burden on the health care system and health spending on diabetes accounted 11.6% of total health expenditure worldwide in 2015 [5,6]. In Latin America ...

Diabetes mellitus is one of the non-communicable diseases that depletes the wealth of any individual directly and indirectly due to the cost associated with treating the illness and its complications. The study aims to estimate the economic burden of Diabetes mellitus in Kenya from a societal perspective using a cost-of-illness approach. The study's results and findings for the economic burden of diabetes mellitus in Kenya relied on the cost of illness approach. The approach identifies and measures all the costs of Diabetes mellitus, including direct and indirect costs. The 552,400 adult cases reported in 2019 resulted in a total economic cost of USD 372,184,585, equivalent to USD 674 per diabetes mellitus patient. The total direct costs accounted for the highest proportion of the overall costs at 61% (USD 227,980,126), whereas indirect costs accounted for 39% of the total economic costs (USD 144,204,459). Costs of medicines accounted for the highest costs over the total economic costs at about 29%, followed by the income lost while seeking care at 19.7%. Other costs that accounted for more than 10% of the total costs include productivity losses (19%), diagnostic tests (13%), and travel (12%). The rest of the cost categories accounted for less than 5%. Efforts should be made to reduce the costs of these medicines to enhance care. The high indirect costs reported, majorly in income lost by patients while seeking medical care, are 19%. Access to affordable health services such as diabetes mellitus education, regular blood glucose screening initiatives, and increasing

Ethiopian Medical Journal, 2020

Background: Diabetes imposes large economic burdens on individuals, their families and on national health care system and national economy. The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of diabetic mellitus to patients and their families.Method: Institution based cross-sectional study design was employed in selected health facilities in Addis Ababa city from April 1 to May 4, 2015. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive and analytical statistics were applied. A correlation was done in order to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables with Spearman's rho correlation coefficient, which identifies the main variable of the study which is cost.Result: This study included 404 diabetic patients. The median direct cost of caring for a diabetic patient was USD 21.8 per month. The median of the total indirect cost was 6 days (mean 17.29) for the patient and their car...

2015

Introduction: Diabetes imposes large economic burdens on national health care, these ranges from individual to national economy. In developing countries, the problem of diabetes was once considered a rare condition, but, because of rapid urbanization, the ageing population and other factors risk factors, its prevalence is raising rapidly. As International Diabetes Federation an estimated average cost in USD was 1,437 per person with diabetes was spent globally on treating and managing the disease in 2013. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the economic burden of diabetic mellitus to patients and their families. Method: An institution based cross sectional study was employed in purposively selected health facilities that provide care for diabetic mellitus in Addis Ababa city from April 1 to May 4, 2015. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. Then the data was entered and analyzed using the statistical package for social scientists version 20 (SPSS-...

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2010

Socioeconomics Direct cost Indirect cost Intanglible cost measures India a b s t r a c t Objective: To assess the annual health care expenditure for a patient with diabetes and extrapolate the same to country specific prevalence estimates for 2010. Methods: This population based, cost of illness study collected retrospective data for last 12 months on direct costs (medical and non-medical) through records, indirect cost through human capital approach and intangible cost by contingent valuation method from diabetes patients. Results: Out of 4677 subjects screened, 1050 had diabetes and 718 participated in the survey. The median annual direct and indirect cost associated with diabetes care was estimated at 25,391 INR ($525.5) and 4970 INR ($102.8), respectively. Extrapolating the direct and indirect estimates to Indian population, the annual costs for diabetes would be 1541.4 billion INR ($31.9 billion) in 2010. Two-way sensitivity analysis assuming 10% variation in both prevalence of diabetes and in treatment costs resulted in an estimated cost range of 1230 billion INR ($25.5 billion) to 1837.3 billion INR ($38.0 billion). Conclusion: Keeping the future diabetes explosion in mind, this heavy economic burden highlights the urgent need for the decision makers to allocate resources for planning and implementing strategies in prevention and management of diabetes and its complications.

World journal of diabetes, 2015

To design a medical cost calculator and show that diabetes care is beyond reach of the majority particularly patients with complications. Out-of-pocket expenditures of patients for medical treatment of type-2 diabetes were estimated based on price data collected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Mali. A detailed protocol for realistic medical care of diabetes and its complications in the African context was defined. Care components were based on existing guidelines, published data and clinical experience. Prices were obtained in public and private health facilities. The cost calculator used Excel. The cost for basic management of uncomplicated diabetes was calculated per person and per year. Incremental costs were also computed per annum for chronic complications and per episode for acute complications. Wide variations of estimated care costs were observed among countries and between the public and private healthcare system. The minimum estimated cost for the treatment of uncomplic...

Journal of diabetes, 2017

Diabetes mellitus accounts for 11% of total health expenditure worldwide, and most people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries. The present study examined the economic and social effects attributed to diabetes in Sudan by calculating out-of-pocket medical expenses and the health and social effects of the disease for people with diabetes (n = 375) and their families compared with a non-diabetic control group (n = 375), matched for age, sex, and residence area. Data were obtained in 2013 in four states within the Sudan, via structured interviews, using instruments from the International Diabetes Federation. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze differences between case and control participants. The median total annual medical expenditure was fourfold higher for people with than without diabetes (US$579 vs US$148, respectively). Annual mean expenditure was 85% higher for those with diabetes (US$1004 vs US$544). People with diabetes were also significantly more l...

2010

Increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is a major contributor for rapid rise in healthcare cost in developing countries since the last decade. It was estimated that around 54% of deaths in developing countries are due to chronic noncommunicable diseases which is predicted to rise by 65% by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is among the most prevalent chronic diseases suffered by more than 180 million people worldwide. By 2030 it is estimated that around 400 million people in the world will be afflicted with diabetes. Annual deaths attributable to diabetes are probably as high as 3 million with more than 80% occur in developing countries. India, China and Indonesia are three countries in the Asian region with most number of people with diabetes. The total number of cases in these three countries is expected to increase more than double from 61 million in 2000 to 163 million in 2030. China and India will suffer cumulative GDP loss of 13.8% and 16.7% respectively, over the next ten year period. Assessing economic burden of diabetes is a challenging task for researchers because identification of direct and indirect cost of the disease is often complex since patients with diabetes also suffers from other complications and co-morbidities. In conclusion, the heavy economic burden of diabetes pose major challenges to health policy makers in developing countries to assess the current approach in managing this chronic disease. Serious efforts should be made on focusing and up-scaling activities on health promotion and prevention of diabetes so that to provide a more cost-effective solution to this condition with huge and increasing economic loss.

PLoS ONE, 2014

Background: Although the large majority of persons with diabetes and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) lives and dies in low-and middle-income countries, the prevention and treatment of diabetes and other NCDs is widely neglected in these areas. A contributing reason may be that, unlike the impacts of acute and communicable diseases, the demands on resources imposed by diabetes is not superficially obvious, and studies capable of detecting these impacts have not be done.