Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 2015

Understanding of water resources and trends of water consumptions is important to offer sustainable water resources management strategy. In this research, water resources and trends of water consumptions in Saudi Arabia were investigated. The non-renewable groundwater reserves were estimated to be 259.1-760.6 billion cubic meters (BCM) with an effective annual recharge of 886 million cubic meters (MCM). The total internal renewable water was estimated to be 2.4 BCM/ year. Approximately 1.4 BCM/year of runoff is collected by 302 dams. The country produces approximately 1.06 BCM desalinated water annually. The wastewater treatment plants treat approximately 0.73 BCM/year of domestic wastewater from which 0.33 BCM is recycled. The water demand in 2009 was 18.51 BCM in which 83.5% were for agriculture. From 2004 to 2009, agricultural water demand was decreased by 2.5%/year, while the domestic and industrial water demands were increased by 2.1%/year and 2.2%/year, respectively. Between 1999 and 2008, domestic water subscribers were increased by 22.7%, while the annual domestic water consumption was increased from 1391 (609-2164) to 3818 (1687-7404) m 3 /subscriber. The industrial water demands were increased from 56 to 713 MCM/year between 1980 and 2009. Following characterization, nonlinear equations were developed to predict the domestic, industrial and agricultural water demands. The predicted water demands were within 1-10% of the historically reported values. The findings might be useful in understanding water sources, water demands and identifying new sources for sustainable water resources management. ª 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2014

Saudi Arabia is facing a chronic water-shortage problem. Demand far exceeds the sustainable yield of both conventional and non-conventional water resources. The resulting demand -supply gap is being bridged through groundwater depletion. In this paper, demand -supply gaps for the coming 20 years are projected under three scenarios: optimistic, moderate and pessimistic. Future sustainable water yields are calculated and allocated to projected water demand in the domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. The study shows that Saudi Arabia will not be able to bridge the demand -supply gap in the near future. Intensive water demand management measures are needed in all sectors to minimize future demand -supply gaps, especially focused on the largest water consumer: the agricultural sector.

2011

W ater is one of the most precious and valuable resources affecting the Saudi development plans. The acute shortage of fresh water r esources poses a major challenge in Saudi Arabia. Demand for fresh water is on the rise assufficientwater is no longer available to meet daily needs. Some 95% of water comes from aquifers. Desalination plants and waste water reclamation projects provide about 4% and 1% water respectively. About 30% of thewaterfor householdconsumption comes from desalinating plants. The users of desalinated water of the Kingdomrepresent about 26% of world total. In the light of the present scenario of declining water r esources and increasing demand, the Kingdom must considerthe most viable option i.e. Water Demand Management (WDM) .However, othernecessary water conservation measures should not be overlooked . The article also suggests that in order to use water resourc es efficiently ,factorssuch as economics, social aspects and environmental conditions must receive du...

The purpose and the goal of the paper is growing substantially demand for water and waste-water infrastructure and that is being met through the available scarce and dwindling water resources. The kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) faces an acute water shortage due to arid climate and absence of permanent lakes and rivers. Ever-increasing imbalances are usually met by increasing water supplies, whereas the concepts of water-demand management have not been given due importance and weight age. Meeting the rapidly rising demand with scarce and depleting resources remains the critical issue. This paper places emphasizes on the urgency of adopting conservation and water-demand management initiatives to maintain demand supply relationship and achieve an acceptable balance between water needs and availability. Demand for water and waste-water infrastructure projects has remained unaffected by the global financial crisis, and it continue to grow exponentially. Waste-water is a rapidly and globally expanding area of infrastructure development, that enables the sustainable re-use of scarce water resources for non-potable purposes in industry, agriculture, and greening. particularly in the agricultural sector-the largest and most inefficient user of water have been suggested. The paper suggests that the water-use-efficiency (WUE) in various sectors can be enhanced and improved in a local area of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The objective of this paper is to safeguard and conserve this precious natural resource through environmental enhancement technologies for the future generations to come. It is presumed that water resources can be managed on sustainable basis by devising and employing environmental technologies including water conservation measures and develop water for sustainability and efficiency. The main goal of this paper is showing; how Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be used to support infrastructure of demand water and waste-water. To improve governance and management to the highest level. Provide water service to the Saudi people up to the level of developed countries whilst minimizing the fiscal burden. To develop and introduce technological and institutional innovations. To conserve and enhancement the environment. The usefulness of these measures can be supplemented through the vibrant and viable extension and education initiatives and capacity building programs. In this work, three sets applications of GIS models have been produced. The geodatabase of district areas in Saudi Arabia including these layers of area, Subarea, cites, water in land, water area, land cover, roads, railroads, elevations and mountains.

Knowing the water consumption per capita per day is an important information regarding design and planning of water supply system. This paper aims to develop methodology for water consumption per capita per day and consumption pattern. The methodologies used for finding demand and pattern of water consumption are mostly based on questionnaire which having less accuracy. There was no study found that are based on real time water consumption pattern and per capita water consumption. In this study special type of device Arduino flow meter were used which were installed in the outlet of storage tank to student residence to find water consumption pattern and per capita demand. The study shows that the per capita consumption of water in a student hostel was 74.5 Liters on test day and the maximum consumption per capita was reaching to 8.2 liter on 14:00 hours having peaking factor of 2.64. The study recommend a special type device Aurdino flow meter for the measurement of real time per capita consumption and time series pattern of water consumption. The Aurdino water flow meter can provide the water consumption and pattern data with maximum precession. INTRODUCTION Water is crucial for maintaining quality of life on earth. The sustainability of socially sensitive good such as water depends on effective and efficient use of available water resources. The extensive use of water has increased globally and the strength of supply side measure is questionable. Due to severe increase in population, technological advancement and economic growth; the demand for water supplies is continuously increasing. Many researchers has stressed on water demand Management rather than only the supply side management. The race for water consumption from urbanization, agricultural crops and industrial sector is very vast. The earth population will increase by the year 2050 to 9 billion so more water be needed to produce food [1]. Clean water is not abundant in nature. Although our planet 2/3 part is covered with water. The amount of water available for our use on the earth is limited. In the available water, the 97% is saltish water (sea water) and the remaining 3 percent is potable in which 2 percent of which is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps, and the only 1 percent as serviceable water [2]. A decade ago the Department for the Environmental Food and Rural Affairs UK forecast that there might be shortage of water resources to meet demand after 2025 [6]. The population of Pakistan rises from 34 million in 1951 to 170 Million through the year 2010. The Proportion of urban population jumps from 17% in 1951 to 36% by 2010 with urban population of 58 million and population density of more than 209 persons per square kilometer. High population growth rate and Rapid urbanization directly impact the water demand for domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. In Pakistan, the agricultural sector utilize about 96 percent of available water and the rest of the 4 percent, 2 percent for industrial and the remaining 2 percent is used by the domestic sector. About 35percent of domestic water supply is unaccounted for water. [3]. Traditional water supply planning is based on fixed water requirements and the critical mechanisms to deliver the water to meet those demands [7]. The growing costs to attain 100% water supply reliability and the necessity for more sustainable management of scarce water resources have led to the renowned concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The concept of IWRM has been recently recognized as a practical strategy for achieving effective, equitable and sustainable development and management of the world´s limited water resources [8].

International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2012

The accurate forecast of residential water demand is critically important for arid and oil rich countries such as Saudi Arabia which depend on costly desalination plants to satisfy the growing water demand. Achieving the desired prediction accuracy is a challenging task since the forecast model should take into consideration a variety of factors such as economic development, climate conditions and population growth. The task is further complicated given that the water sector in the country is characterized by high levels of unaccounted-for-water and heavy government subsidies, which lead to an artificially high water demand. This study presents a model for forecasting the long term water demand for Riyadh city, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The proposed model used historic records of water consumption to calibrate an econometric predictive model for per capita water use. The explanatory variables included household income, persons per household and maximum monthly temperature. Both the effects of unaccounted-for-water and conservation measures were also included. The calibration results indicate that socioeconomic factors and weather temperature are equally important for water demand. The results also predict considerable savings if a comprehensive policy for water conservation and unaccounted-for-water management is implemented.

Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS), Vol. 3, No. 4, 2014

Water is one of the most precious and valuable resources in the world generally and in Saudi Arabia specially. Situated in the tropical and sub-tropical desert region with arid climate, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is exposed to dry winds and limited water resources .Therefore, the scarcity of fresh water resources poses a major challenge and affects the Saudi development plans since they realized that their supply of freshwater cannot be taken for granted. Moreover, the demand for fresh water is increasing because of population growth and household consumption pattern. This paper indicates that the Water crisis in Saudi Arabia should be a top priority for the government, since it will affect the country on all levels. It also stresses the importance of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as the solution to this crisis, using long term water demand model to show the benefits of regulating the water demand for the agricultural sector since it constitutes more than 80% of the total water demand. But this does not undermine the effect of domestic or industrial water demand, since such demand for water will soon increase due to the constant increase in the population growth rate. Historical data was analyzed to create a predictive model, this model showed that agricultural water was mostly affected by three major factors which are alfalfa, sorghum production, and the cultivated land. The analysis also showed that the specific effect of each one of those factors on the agricultural water demand by using the concept of demand elasticity. In conclusion, fresh water is a finite resource that is becoming scarce. While it's true that water is constantly being recycled through the Earth's water cycle, people are using up the planet's fresh water faster than it can be replenished.

SIAM Undergraduate Research Online, 2014

The objective of this paper is to introduce models to determine an effective, feasible, and cost-efficient strategy for Saudi Arabia's water supply system to meet its projected demand in 2025. This paper uses cost minimizing and production maximizing approaches to build the models. The water management system is divided into three processes-desalination, distribution, and wastewater treatment. For desalination and wastewater treatment aspects of the water supply, we use a Cobb-Douglas production maximization model. The model determines the optimal levels of different inputs that maximize the production of usable water, given the Saudi Arabia government's budget constraints. For the water distribution model, a cost function is minimized with the 2025 water demand constraint and is used to determine the optimal diameter of the pipes and hydraulic head. Using the desalination process model, the paper found that the optimal level of input of electricity is 4.9 billion kW h and the maximized water output is estimated at 3.3 billion m 3. In addition, using the wastewater treatment model, the paper found that the optimal level of electricity input is 26.5 billion kW h annually and the maximized level of water production is 7.7 billion m 3. The water distribution model estimates that, given the 2025 water demand in Saudi Arabia, the setup and operating cost of the water distribution grid is approximately $68.88 million. The model also estimates that a minimum pipe diameter of 5.37 m and hydraulic head of 1186.14 m is required to meet the demand of three sectors-agriculture, industry, and domestic. * This paper was an Outstanding Winning paper in COMAP's Mathematical Contest in Modeling 2013.

International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 2021

Water is an essential source of sustaining life and used in generating electricity, agriculture, industry, and the daily domestic uses. This study was prepared to determine the water consumption of Anbar Province in the west of Iraq according to agricultural, industrial, and domestic demand. In addition, the study is evaluating the expected future water consumption by demand sites within study area. The results showed the domestic water demand will increases by 32% from 267.30 million m 3 /year in 2021 to 352.70 million m 3 per year in 2035, with a deficit of 24.5% in the year 2035. Furthermore, the study had appeared the agricultural demand was 1404.38 million m 3 /year according to the limited cultivated area, which equals 42.93% from the total available area of 221,250 hectares. The agricultural demand increases to 2611 million m 3 /year when uses all available area, and this cause occurs deficit in water demand reach to 1591 and 1715 million m 3 /year in the years 2030 and 2035 respectively. In contrast, the study referred to necessary apply other irrigation methods as drip and sprinkler irrigation, which has high irrigation efficiency. In addition, using lined channels and pipes to transport water to reduce losses by leaching and evaporation.

‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬ : ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫أآﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ . ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫آﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ . ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫وﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎرات‬ ‫أرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‬ ٢٠٥٠ ‫م‬ . ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أوﺿﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬ ‫وآﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ . ABSTRACT