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Different Aspects of Psychological Consequences of War-Traumatized Adolescents during the Peace in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina, pp. 43-76 (Mevludin Hasanoviæ, Sehaveta Sraboviæ, Emir Hasanbašiæ, Mirela Šehoviæ, Munevera Rašidoviæ, Department of Psychiatry, Tuzla University Clinical Center, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and others)
Acta Medica Academica, 2011
Research into the psychosocial consequences of war and political violence on children's and adolescent's developmental wellbeing has shown a steady increase over the last decades. Numerous studies, from differing cultures in different war zones around the world, have documented the effect on children of exposure to war atrocities. The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) 1992-1995, at the end of 20 th century found the citizens of BH and the world mental health professionals and scientists unprepared to deal with the adverse consequences for the entire BH population and especially for its most vulnerable part, children and adolescents, to be able to take adequate measures of sufficient mental health care to prevent devastating consequences of severe multiple traumas. Only a few research studies were done during and after this war in BH, the United States, Sweden, Norway, the UK and Germany focusing on the relationship between war trauma, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, suicidal thoughts, acculturation, repatriation, poverty, behavioral problems, school adjustment, relational problems of children and their mothers after deployment of war PTSD veterans and war prisoners, and treatment of psychological consequences in examined children and adolescents from BH. The major part of this paper reviewed available literature on Medline that reported national and international studies which investigated the psychological consequences of war on BH children and adolescents and several papers about children and adolescents from Srebrenica, that were not indexed on Medline, but showed very crucial results for the issue described.
2012
a) The research carried out: eight different samples of citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina were assessed in 1998 and 1999, two to four years after the end of the 1992-5 war, covering a wide range of variables including traumatic and stressful experiences and various measures of psychosocial adaptation including PTSD. b) Main results and conclusion: the results were published in nine papers which are described in this Context Statement, and which are also included as Appendices.
European Psychiatry, 2012
To estimate neuroticism and its relationship with psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Bosnia-Herzegovina (BH) refugee and internally displaced adolescents after the 1992-1995 war. Subjects and methods-A sample of 217 pupils (108 females and 109 males) aged 15.1±2.1 years was divided into three groups from the northeastern BH regions: Srebrenica (n=69), Zvornik (n=79), and Bijeljina (n=69), who were exposed to the trauma of the 1992-1995 war and became refugees or internally displaced persons for the duration of the whole war and after it were evaluated for assessment of war trauma, the presence of PTSD, neuroticism, and its associations. Data collection took place in June 1999 in the classrooms of the adolescents' schools, with the written permission of the Tuzla Canton Ministry for Culture, Sport and Education. Results-Srebrenica pupils were significantly more introverted. The prevalence of PTSD differed statistically significantly between the groups: Srebrenica (73.9%), Zvornik (60.8%) and Bijeljina (47.6%)(Chi-squ-are=9.854, df=2, p=0.007). The PTSD prevalence, PTSD symptoms and social dysfunction were the most severe in Srebrenica, then in Zvornik and finally in the Bijeljina group. In the Srebrenica group neuroticism was significantly associated with PTSD cluster symptoms and problems in social functioning. Adolescents with PTSD, in all three groups and in the whole sample, were more neurotic. Loss of father significantly increased introversion of the adolescents in all three groups, and decreased the adolescents' sociability in Zvornik and Bijeljina. Conclusions-Refugee and internally displaced adolescents from Bosnia-Herzegovina suffered very frequently from PTSD 3.5 years after war. The PTSD prevalence is highly reported and differed significantly between groups. PTSD associated positively with neuroticism and introversion. Loss of father significantly increased the adolescents' introversion in all three groups, and it decreased the adolescents' sociability in Zvornik and Bijeljina.
Objective. To estimate frequency, type and severity of the psychological trauma, severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms’ clusters and prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Bosnia-Herzegovina (BH) refugee and internally displaced adolescents after the war 1992-1995. Subjects and Methods. The sample of 217 pupils (106 females) aged of 15.1±2.1 years consisted from three groups of participants originated from different geographical regions from north-eastern BH: Srebrenica (n=69), Zvornik (n=79), and Bijeljina (n=69), who were exposed to the war catastrophes in the 1992-1995 war and were forced to leave their homes and property during the whole war and after it. War trauma experiences, PTSD symptoms severity and PTSD prevalence of adolescents were evaluated with Bosnia-Herzegovina version of Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Results. The severity level of PTSD symptoms’ and social dysfunction was most severe in Srebrenica, than in Zvornik and finally in Bijeljina group. The prevalence of PTSD statistically significantly differed between Srebrenica group (73.9%), Zvornik group (60.8%) and Bijeljina group of respondents (47.6%) (χ²test =9.854, df=2, p=0.007). Conclusions. There were regional variations in Bosnia-Herzegovina warfare. Refugee and internally displaced adolescents suffer very frequently from PTSD 3.5 years after war. The most difficult war trauma was in surviving adolescents from Srebrenica, than Zvornik and finally from Bijeljina. PTSD prevalence is highly reported and significantly differed between groups. Keywords: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Srebrenica, Zvornik, Bijeljina, Adolescents, Refugees, Exile, PTSD.
Intervention, 2014
Ethnic and religious divisions were primary, sig-ni¢cant factors in the cause and escalation of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.These issues remained highly volatile in the immediate post war process and continue to impact current social, economic and political systems and structures. Psychosocial peacebuilding theory and practices are important means to facilitate social and relational change, and help people move toward reconciliation and social action. The authors present cases that examine these issues, within the Bosnian context, addressing the importance of psychosocial trauma recovery, problem solving and con¢dence building workshops, as well as provision of safe spaces where war and social narratives can be shared, and healing and attitudinal shifts begin to take place. In this article, psychosocial, trauma informed, peacebuilding processes are shown to provide insight into the importance of integrating emotional, psychological and identity factors (inherent within complex and ongoing con£icts) with economic development and actions for political change. Both are necessary for individual and collective healing and creating new relational, social narratives and structures.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2002
As part of a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) psychosocial programme during the war in Bosnia-Hercegovina, data were collected from a community sample of 2,976 children aged between 9 and 14 years. Children completed standardized self-report measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, anxiety, and grief, as well as a report of the amount of their own exposure to war-related violence. Results showed that children reported high levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms and grief reactions. However, their self-reported levels of depression and anxiety were not raised. Levels of distress were related to children's amount and type of exposure. Girls reported more distress than boys, but there were few meaningful age effects within the age band studied. Results are discussed in the context of service development for children in war.
The Central European Journal of Paediatrics, 2011
Objective – To estimate the frequency, type and severity of psychological trauma, the severity of post-traumatic stress symptom clusters and the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Bosnia-Herzegovina (BH) refugee and internally displaced adolescents after the 1992-1995 war. Subjects and Methods – The sample of 217 pupils (106 females) aged of 15.1±2.1 years consisted of three groups of participants originating from different geographical regions of northeastern BH: Srebrenica (n=69), Zvornik (n=79), and Bijeljina (n=69), who were exposed to war traumas in the 1992-1995 war and were forced to leave their homes and property throughout the war and after it. The war trauma experiences, PTSD symptom severity and PTSD prevalence in the adolescents were evaluated using the Bosnia-Herzegovina version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Results – The severity level of PTSD symptoms and social dysfunction was most severe in Srebrenica, then in Zvornik...
Journal of Clinical …, 2003
The purpose of this study was to examine risk and protective factors of postwar adjustment among adolescents from Sarajevo who have been exposed to war traumas during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. More specifically, we wanted to examine differential linkages between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and depression (as outcomes) and (a) war traumas, (b) individual and socioenvironmental factors, and (c) cognitive appraisals and coping mechanisms. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicate that dimensions of war traumas, individual characteristics, and cognitive appraisals and coping mechanisms play a significant role in determining who will have more serious PTSD symptoms. Although individual and socioenvironmental factors are the strongest predictors of depression, dimensions of war traumas also are significantly correlated with depressive symptoms. Common risk factors for more serious depression and PTSD symptoms in postwar adjustment were female gender and low optimism. While the strongest predictor of posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) was trauma experience in the category of loss, the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms was female gender.
2005
Previous research on political violence has shown an inverse relationship between overall exposure and psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to examine this relationship in more detail by exploring the impact of specific types of war-related events upon psychological well-being, as well as the role of social and political context in moderating these outcomes. The psychological well-being of 337 Bosnian adolescents living in two towns on opposite sides of the war was assessed using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Based on the combined symptom scores, and indepth interviews regarding life history, war experiences, and subjective experience of psychological well-being a gender-matched sub-sample of 40 adolescents was selected and completed a 45-item trauma event scale. Results from the quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that the relationship between exposure, displacement and well-being varied significantly depending on the community in which the adolescents lived. Specific meanings given to different types of war events were important in moderating their effect. Living in a neglected, isolated and depressed community, worry about school performance, missing friends and family breakdown could have as significant an effect on well-being as exposure to war-related events. The findings demonstrate the need to take social context and meaning of events into account when examining the impact of war exposure on psychological well-being.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2001
Croatian Medical Journal, 2002
Croatian Medical Journal, 2008
International Journal of Human Sciences, 2006
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2001
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2011
Paediatrics Today, 2012
Epiphany - Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies, 2020
Psychiatria Danubina, 2009
Paediatrics Today, 2012;8(2):100-113. , 2012
Sarajevo 2000: the psychosocial …, 2000
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2004