Carlo De Mitri
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Books by Carlo De Mitri
Le finalità perseguite nel presente lavoro sono rivolte alla comprensione dei traffici e dei rapporti commerciali che si stabilirono tra le sponde del Canale d’Otranto, in età tardoellenistica, attraverso lo studio del materiale ceramico.
In tale braccio di mare in cui si incontrano l’Adriatico e lo Ionio, i costanti e continui rapporti intercorsi tra le due sponde si sono sedimentati in una serie di tracce che, in tempi e modi diversi, hanno contribuito alla definizione etnica, culturale, economica e sociale di quanti abitano ed hanno abitato questi territori. Il Canale d’Otranto costituisce allo stesso tempo la porta d’accesso al “cul de sac” che è il Mar Adriatico ed il varco di passaggio e di congiunzione di quest’ultimo con il Mediterraneo centro orientale. Gli strumenti metodologici impiegati, che si basano principalmente su un geodatabase e sull’applicazione di software utilizzati nella Social Network Analysis (SNA), mi hanno consentito di stabilire una relazione tra i dati raccolti nella “micro-area” con quelli collezionati in un’area più ampia e, in generale, in diversi settori del Mediterraneo, fornendo così gli strumenti per cercare di rispondere al quesito iniziale della ricerca.
https://www.carlodemitriphd.it
Papers by Carlo De Mitri
almost seem to belong to a kind of 'storytelling' carried out first and foremost by Greek historiography to include them in its own cultural and identity-based past. These geographical areas, however, were already aff ected by contact with the Greek world in the Iron Age, followed by 'colonisation' at the end of the 8th century BC. Between Archaic and Late Roman times, the study of material culture represents a useful tool for mapping routes and passages and proposing new readings of the
circulation of goods and people in the Ionian-Adriatic basin.
The study of specifi c ceramic goods and the analysis of new contexts highlight interesting starting points for hypotheses on the dissemination of these objects. Furthermore, the application of methodologies drawn from social network analysis makes it possible to propose an interpretation of trade routes and connections in different periods.
The emergency excavation carried out in 2020 in Amantia, Prefecture of Valona (Albania), led to the study and
documentation of three funerary monuments and the materials found that were part of the grave goods or part of
them. This study shows how the burials of this phase fit into a socio-cultural koine involving the entire Ionian-
Adriatic basin, with the presence of particular objects such as glass cups, funerary crowns also made of gold and
ceremonial vases with applied reliefs. The re-examination of the documentation in the Ionian-Adriatic area makes
it possible to expand the framework of knowledge and formulate some hypotheses
triggered a series of transformations involving a variety of activities,
especially economic and commercial ones. Goods circulated together
with knowledge and techniques that inexorably evolved into manufacturing skills that were also ‘exported’. The study of particular potteries and amphorae, with the application of methodologies drawn from Social Network Analysis make it possible to put forward interesting hypotheses on the diffusion of such objects and the creation of new production centers that used and reworked craft skills from non-local areas. In particular, the study dwells on the possible role played by the settlements of the Apulian-Lucanian Ionian arc in trade with others sites in the Mediterranean and in the transmission of technical skills between the Ionian-Greek and Italic worlds. This study was conducted through the analysis of the attestation of Metapontine type amphorae and relief ceramic classes such as Mouldmade Ware and Medallion bowls.
Lo studio complessivo del materiale rinvenuto durante gli scavi dell’anfiteatro di Grumento in corso di pubblicazione ha offerto
l’occasione per puntualizzare la presenza di contenitori da trasporto di produzione iberica nella colonia romana posta nell’alta Val
d’Agri, nell’entroterra lucano. Queste informazioni si integrano con il quadro della distribuzione di tali oggetti nel bacino ionioadriatico in relazione ai rinvenimenti censiti sia nei carichi dei relitti sia negli insediamenti terrestri. L’analisi di tali dati e la loro
rielaborazione attraverso l’utilizzo di software mutuati dalla Social Network Analysis pone degli interrogativi per appurare se la loro
presenza in area lucana sia da collegare al commercio esistente con l’area nord adriatica o se sia invece da riferire a percorsi e rotte
che prevedevano un rapporto diretto con l’area tirrenica.
Italica, Eastern Slip Ware and African Red Slip Ware there also was a circulation of Fine Table Ware, which was an imitation
of the most successful classes and was produced in geographical areas gravitating on the Ionian-Adriatic Basin. In addition to
the fine table ware there is a diffusion of household ware and lamps, these also manufactured in Adriatic area and circulating
through trading routes of short range.
The now evidence concern in the South the Salento Peninsula, with the new data from Muro Leccese and Masseria Monittola,
and the recent projects undertaken in Carapelle Valley, between Ascoli Satriano and Ordona, and in Salapia, province of Foggia,
in the North.
Briefly on present the situation of attestation and diffusion of Fine Table ware, Household ware and the Lamps in the Imperial
age and late antiquity.
For understanding the relationship between original products and counterfeit goods in Antiquity it’s possible to employ a
modern economic theory as ‘trading up’ of consumptions and ‘democratization of luxury’. Finely they are a reflection about
of the role and work of the craftsman for thought on the different typologies of handicraft, on the different results of these
activities and on the different categories of luxury.
peninsula between the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. These analyses are based on
data from material culture, mainly pottery, and the application of methodologies used in Social
Network Analysis (SNA). The production of infographics and topological maps shows how in
the Late Imperial period, up to the early 4th century AD, the Salentine peninsula appears to be
integrated into a complex network in which it acts as a transit area, almost as a bridge, between
the Adriatic and the eastern Aegean Mediterranean. The Brindisi-Durres axis constitutes an
important link around which gravitate a series of contacts between these two shores and the
Adriatic basin; especially the East coast seems to be more dynamic into the trade. The analysis
of the pottery produced in the following period, the Late Antiquity, highlights how the centre of
gravity of trade are in a more Southern sector, coinciding with the Straits of Otranto. Moreover,
the route of commercial penetration into the Adriatic Sea seems to shift towards the West, along
the coasts of the Italian Peninsula.
investigation of three tombs and the study of the grave goods found within them. In this study, the preliminary
data from the excavation of the tombs and the ceramic materials related to the grave goods are presented.
The great productive and economic growth of the Salentine peninsula immediately after the Second Punic War also favoured the arrival of new people from the eastern part of the Mediterranean, who carried out work related to the various agricultural and manufacturing activities located in the territory.
The grave goods, of 7 out of 12 burials, allow us to date the tombs between the end of the 4th and 5th centuries AD. The necropolis is to be attributed to the last inhabitants of the neighborhood in the central sector of the Colle del Castello.
offered the possibility of examining landscape transformations in the Salento area after the Roman conquest. This paper aims to discuss this matter. The topic will be dealt with some exempla, also looking at some better-known contexts relating to the period III-II century B.C. In consideration of an overall analysis we can recognise a substantial maintenance of the messapic settlement system after the bellum Sallentinum, while we can verify a more evident caesura after the Annibalic war.
late Hellenistic period, the prevalence of local pottery’s production is highlighted, also in reference
to the fine ware. Through the analysis of three case studies, the origin of the few imported
objects found in some sites are considered and whether they are the result of trade or
may be personal goods that relate to the mobility of people between the opposite shores of the
Strait of Otranto.
Le finalità perseguite nel presente lavoro sono rivolte alla comprensione dei traffici e dei rapporti commerciali che si stabilirono tra le sponde del Canale d’Otranto, in età tardoellenistica, attraverso lo studio del materiale ceramico.
In tale braccio di mare in cui si incontrano l’Adriatico e lo Ionio, i costanti e continui rapporti intercorsi tra le due sponde si sono sedimentati in una serie di tracce che, in tempi e modi diversi, hanno contribuito alla definizione etnica, culturale, economica e sociale di quanti abitano ed hanno abitato questi territori. Il Canale d’Otranto costituisce allo stesso tempo la porta d’accesso al “cul de sac” che è il Mar Adriatico ed il varco di passaggio e di congiunzione di quest’ultimo con il Mediterraneo centro orientale. Gli strumenti metodologici impiegati, che si basano principalmente su un geodatabase e sull’applicazione di software utilizzati nella Social Network Analysis (SNA), mi hanno consentito di stabilire una relazione tra i dati raccolti nella “micro-area” con quelli collezionati in un’area più ampia e, in generale, in diversi settori del Mediterraneo, fornendo così gli strumenti per cercare di rispondere al quesito iniziale della ricerca.
https://www.carlodemitriphd.it
almost seem to belong to a kind of 'storytelling' carried out first and foremost by Greek historiography to include them in its own cultural and identity-based past. These geographical areas, however, were already aff ected by contact with the Greek world in the Iron Age, followed by 'colonisation' at the end of the 8th century BC. Between Archaic and Late Roman times, the study of material culture represents a useful tool for mapping routes and passages and proposing new readings of the
circulation of goods and people in the Ionian-Adriatic basin.
The study of specifi c ceramic goods and the analysis of new contexts highlight interesting starting points for hypotheses on the dissemination of these objects. Furthermore, the application of methodologies drawn from social network analysis makes it possible to propose an interpretation of trade routes and connections in different periods.
The emergency excavation carried out in 2020 in Amantia, Prefecture of Valona (Albania), led to the study and
documentation of three funerary monuments and the materials found that were part of the grave goods or part of
them. This study shows how the burials of this phase fit into a socio-cultural koine involving the entire Ionian-
Adriatic basin, with the presence of particular objects such as glass cups, funerary crowns also made of gold and
ceremonial vases with applied reliefs. The re-examination of the documentation in the Ionian-Adriatic area makes
it possible to expand the framework of knowledge and formulate some hypotheses
triggered a series of transformations involving a variety of activities,
especially economic and commercial ones. Goods circulated together
with knowledge and techniques that inexorably evolved into manufacturing skills that were also ‘exported’. The study of particular potteries and amphorae, with the application of methodologies drawn from Social Network Analysis make it possible to put forward interesting hypotheses on the diffusion of such objects and the creation of new production centers that used and reworked craft skills from non-local areas. In particular, the study dwells on the possible role played by the settlements of the Apulian-Lucanian Ionian arc in trade with others sites in the Mediterranean and in the transmission of technical skills between the Ionian-Greek and Italic worlds. This study was conducted through the analysis of the attestation of Metapontine type amphorae and relief ceramic classes such as Mouldmade Ware and Medallion bowls.
Lo studio complessivo del materiale rinvenuto durante gli scavi dell’anfiteatro di Grumento in corso di pubblicazione ha offerto
l’occasione per puntualizzare la presenza di contenitori da trasporto di produzione iberica nella colonia romana posta nell’alta Val
d’Agri, nell’entroterra lucano. Queste informazioni si integrano con il quadro della distribuzione di tali oggetti nel bacino ionioadriatico in relazione ai rinvenimenti censiti sia nei carichi dei relitti sia negli insediamenti terrestri. L’analisi di tali dati e la loro
rielaborazione attraverso l’utilizzo di software mutuati dalla Social Network Analysis pone degli interrogativi per appurare se la loro
presenza in area lucana sia da collegare al commercio esistente con l’area nord adriatica o se sia invece da riferire a percorsi e rotte
che prevedevano un rapporto diretto con l’area tirrenica.
Italica, Eastern Slip Ware and African Red Slip Ware there also was a circulation of Fine Table Ware, which was an imitation
of the most successful classes and was produced in geographical areas gravitating on the Ionian-Adriatic Basin. In addition to
the fine table ware there is a diffusion of household ware and lamps, these also manufactured in Adriatic area and circulating
through trading routes of short range.
The now evidence concern in the South the Salento Peninsula, with the new data from Muro Leccese and Masseria Monittola,
and the recent projects undertaken in Carapelle Valley, between Ascoli Satriano and Ordona, and in Salapia, province of Foggia,
in the North.
Briefly on present the situation of attestation and diffusion of Fine Table ware, Household ware and the Lamps in the Imperial
age and late antiquity.
For understanding the relationship between original products and counterfeit goods in Antiquity it’s possible to employ a
modern economic theory as ‘trading up’ of consumptions and ‘democratization of luxury’. Finely they are a reflection about
of the role and work of the craftsman for thought on the different typologies of handicraft, on the different results of these
activities and on the different categories of luxury.
peninsula between the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. These analyses are based on
data from material culture, mainly pottery, and the application of methodologies used in Social
Network Analysis (SNA). The production of infographics and topological maps shows how in
the Late Imperial period, up to the early 4th century AD, the Salentine peninsula appears to be
integrated into a complex network in which it acts as a transit area, almost as a bridge, between
the Adriatic and the eastern Aegean Mediterranean. The Brindisi-Durres axis constitutes an
important link around which gravitate a series of contacts between these two shores and the
Adriatic basin; especially the East coast seems to be more dynamic into the trade. The analysis
of the pottery produced in the following period, the Late Antiquity, highlights how the centre of
gravity of trade are in a more Southern sector, coinciding with the Straits of Otranto. Moreover,
the route of commercial penetration into the Adriatic Sea seems to shift towards the West, along
the coasts of the Italian Peninsula.
investigation of three tombs and the study of the grave goods found within them. In this study, the preliminary
data from the excavation of the tombs and the ceramic materials related to the grave goods are presented.
The great productive and economic growth of the Salentine peninsula immediately after the Second Punic War also favoured the arrival of new people from the eastern part of the Mediterranean, who carried out work related to the various agricultural and manufacturing activities located in the territory.
The grave goods, of 7 out of 12 burials, allow us to date the tombs between the end of the 4th and 5th centuries AD. The necropolis is to be attributed to the last inhabitants of the neighborhood in the central sector of the Colle del Castello.
offered the possibility of examining landscape transformations in the Salento area after the Roman conquest. This paper aims to discuss this matter. The topic will be dealt with some exempla, also looking at some better-known contexts relating to the period III-II century B.C. In consideration of an overall analysis we can recognise a substantial maintenance of the messapic settlement system after the bellum Sallentinum, while we can verify a more evident caesura after the Annibalic war.
late Hellenistic period, the prevalence of local pottery’s production is highlighted, also in reference
to the fine ware. Through the analysis of three case studies, the origin of the few imported
objects found in some sites are considered and whether they are the result of trade or
may be personal goods that relate to the mobility of people between the opposite shores of the
Strait of Otranto.
Despite the limitations of using quantitative data that is not always homogeneous, this work aims to highlight the similarities or specific characteristics found both between rural and urban markets and between the different areas of the region.
the 3rd century BC. Between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, there is a change in Fine
Ware tradition, characterized by the shift from Black to Orange/Red Glazed. Alongside
this, there is a notable spread of Mouldemade Ware and the establishment of workshops
producing new ceramic classes of Aegean-Oriental tradition in Italy and the western
Mediterranean. Through the analysis of case studies, this phenomenon is examined,
stemming from the mobility of artisans and the circulation of technical and craft
knowledge, facilitated by the geo-political conditions that developed in the late
Hellenistic period. The in-depth analysis focuses on two case studies: the Ionian-Adriatic
region, paradigmatic for understanding the arrival of new Aegean-Oriental products and
the start of new ceramic productions, and the Samnite area, linked to the Tyrrhenian and
Apulo-Lucanian sides, to verify the change that took place.
Queste informazioni si integrano con il quadro della distribuzione di tali oggetti nel bacino ionio-adriatico in relazione ai rinvenimenti censiti sia nei carichi dei relitti sia negli insediamenti terrestri. L’analisi di tali dati e la loro rielaborazione attraverso l’utilizzo di software mutuati dalla Social Network Analysis pone degli interrogativi per appurare se la loro presenza in area lucana sia da collegare al commercio esistente con l’area nord adriatica o se sia invece da riferire a percorsi e rotte che prevedevano un rapporto diretto con l’area tirrenica.
Some topological maps have been created through the application of methodologies used in the Social Network Analysis (SNA) and in the Actor Network Theory (ANT). Also the UCINET software was usefull to study ceramic data and to highlight the commercial landscape in the analysed periods.
In the Late Imperial Age, up to the beginning of the 4th Century DC, the Salento peninsula appears integrated into an articulated network in which it acts as a transit area, almost a bridge, between the Adriatic Sea and the Aegean-Eastern Mediterranean. The Brindisi-Durres axis constitutes an important link around which gravitate a series of contacts between these two shores and the Adriatic basin; especially the East coast seems to be more dynamic into the trade. The analysis of the pottery produced in the following period, the Late Antiquity, highlights how the center of gravity of trade are in a more Southern sector, coinciding with the Straits of Otranto. Moreover the route of commercial penetration into the Adriatic sea seems to shift towards the West, along the coasts of the Italian Peninsula.
The Roman expansion in the eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of transformations that affected differentareas, including the productive and manufacturing sectors.The great mobility promoted the transfer of knowledge and techniques from the different centers of the Italian peninsula to the Aegean-Eastern ones and vice versa, thanks to numerous travels and moving. Consequence was, also, the great commercial vitality that allowed the circulation of goods and various types of pottery. Thereforethrough a diachronic progression, from the second century B.C. to the sixth century A.D., some relevant aspects and specific sample cases will be analyzed.
For the late Hellenistic age, the high number of wrecks offers valuable information on the circulating pottery and, in particular, on the successin the Italian marketof artifacts made in the eastern area.
These objects also seem to have influenced the manufacturing industry of the Italian peninsula. First of all, the main effect determined by the arrival of pottery from the eastern Mediterranean is the predominance of the "red", namely the success that obtains the red coating of the fine-tableware and which replaces the previous "black" production.
Alongside this, another important phenomenon is that of Relief Hellenistic pottery whose formal and technical-decorative schemes will be developed and will give rise to the Italian-Megarese.
Finally, a form born precisely in a Hellenistic-Alexandrian cultural environment, the lagynos, is also adopted and produced in some Italian workshops.
In the Imperial age, defined a certain "production homologation", there is a clear distinction between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian commercial circuits, with different Aegean-eastern product presence indices, both tableware and transport containers such as amphorae.
In addition, the Adriatic is configured as the connecting corridor with the central European area, guaranteeing the transfer of goods between the Aegean-Eastern and the Celtic world.
In the Imperial Age, the phenomenon of imitation by peripheral and marginal workshops, of particular forms in fine ceramics which had a moderate success on regional market, is quite widespread in the Imperial Age; this situation leads to defining a large-scale trade, with "official" products, and a short-range one in which these products had a greater circulation. A final study is about the Late Antiquity, a phase of deep changes in the geo-political and commercial axes of the ancient Mediterranean.
Among the material that constituted the load of the boat there were also the lagynoi, many diffused containers between 2 and 1 century BC in the Mediterranean, above all with Eastern and Aegean production: the White Ground and Banded Ware.
The recoveries of Torre Santa Sabina offer new data for a study on the distribution of these containers in the western Mediterranean in the late Hellenistic age and to advance a typology of such ceramic.
It constituted an epicentre not only for manufacturing, but also for the convergence of a series of goods and materials that, produced in the entire Ionian arc area, flowed into its port and from there were redistributed on a short or wide-ranging market; moreover, the port was always a place of arrival for products that arrived from distant places and that, through a system of circulation on sea and land routes, were sorted in local markets. It is precisely in this phase that the production of Hellenistic Relief Ware (or Moulmade Ware) has been referred to the city of Taranto, linked to the toreutic activities and to the goldsmiths to which some iconographic characteristics would seem to be similar. An examination of the documentary framework that actually exists is offered here:
- Presence of two moulds confirming the existence of production in the city.
- Modest evidence of Hellenistic Relief Pottery in the Late Hellenistic layers of Taranto (city and necropolis) exhibited at MARTA (Archaeological Museum of Taranto).
- Various production indicators referring to a production of Moulmade in the Grey Ware in a wide sector from the Ionian-Salentine arc to the Lucano-Calabrian territory.
- Revision of the bibliographic indication of a series of Mouldmade Ware made in Taranto from some sites in Southern Italy.
La grande crescita produttiva ed economica della penisola salentina subito dopo la seconda guerra punica, favorì inoltre l’arrivo di nuove genti dalla pars orientale del Mediterraneo, che svolgevano lavori connessi alle diverse attività agricole e manifatturiere ubicate nel territorio.
While not revolutionary, the application of network analysis has the capacity to propose historiographical models or validate existing ones, while also offering more explicit and meaningful graphic visualizations.
Based on the data from the study of contexts or materials from these research projects, I have identified several themes that I consider important:
- Corinthian B amphorae and their successors: local productions vs imports
- Luxury and Late Hellenistic Pottery: focus on Moldmade Relief Ware
- Ceramic indicators from the Roman Imperial age in secondary settlements
- Ceramic relations between southern Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and the Aegean world in the Byzantine era.
Firstly, the data was re-examined and organised into a database in QGIS, containing information ranging from specific ceramic details to contextual information. Then, new methods borrowed from Social Network Analysis were applied, using software capable of processing the collected data and generating graphs to visualise aspects related to long-distance trade and distribution within the geographical sector under study.
This study aims to define the general characteristics of this pottery class and its various production sites. It will be followed by a focus on some specimens found in Taranto, studied through a multidisciplinary approach involving both chrono-typological and technical analysis.
In addition to a classical humanistic approach, the analytical study of all steps of the operational chain applied to the selected artifacts will be key to introducing new, less investigated research questions. These include how the contribution of technical and production characteristics, as well as experimental archaeology, can offer valuable insights into the processes of disseminating craft techniques and the probable connections between central and peripheral workshops.
di un interesse commerciale, come la ceramica fine da mensa, quella d’uso comune, quella da illuminazione
e, in misura minore, su alcuni contenitori che erano preposti, nella funzione primaria,
al trasporto di prodotti di natura organica ma che, in un momento successivo, potevano rientrare
in una rete commerciale che ne garantiva un utilizzo secondario, esemplificativo per molti di
essi il riutilizzo in contesti funerari o semplicemente tra il vasellame in uso per fini domestici.
Dopo aver infatti analizzato gli studi più recenti sulla “romanizzazione” per comprendere il reale significato del termine da un punto di vista non solo storico, ma anche sociale e culturale, l’attenzione è stata rivolta ai sistemi insediativi ed alla definizione che può essere data ai differenti abitati. Attraverso l’analisi comparata tra discipline moderne, quali la Geografia insediativa, e studi specifici effettuati per l’età antica, che si basano sull’analisi di fonti storiche, epigrafiche ed archeologiche, si è cercato di elaborare un modello valido per l’età romana ed applicabile, nel caso specifico, al Salento. Nella seconda parte l’attenzione si sposta sull’analisi di Otranto, sito che presenta una continuità di vita dall’età del Bronzo sino ai nostri giorni. L’ultima parte dello studio è incentrata proprio sull’analisi della cultura materiale del Salento.