In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

En el marco de la teoría de los derechos fundamentales, se puede interpretar que la Constitución Política de 1993 ha consagrado por vez primera como principios y derechos de la función jurisdiccional la observancia del debido proceso y la tutela jurisdiccional (artículo 139 inciso 3). Sin embargo, no existe en la doctrina ni en la jurisprudencia un criterio constitucional uniforme acerca del alcance y significado de los mismos, debido, entre otras razones, al origen diverso de ambas instituciones.

El término arcaísmo se usa para designar un término léxico o un elemento gramatical utilizada en el pasado en la mayor parte del dominio del español pero que actualmente ha desaparecido del habla cotidiana de la mayoría de hablantes, y sólo es usado en ciertos contextos Arcaismo ARCAISMO EJEMPLOS: Aberruntar: predecir Aborrir: aborrecer Agora: ahora Albuznaque: bruto, bestia Aluzar: alumbrar Antier: anteayer Apoteca: botica Baltra: vientre, panza Cabás: maletín Cazos o ollas: cazos u ollas Chano: Insensato, tonto. Chiflar: Silbar Chisquereta: Fogata Chucear: Llover. Comparancia: comparación Comprero: comprador Cuasi: casi Desaforido: Nervioso. Empellón: Empujón. Enfurruñarse: Enfadarse. CORRECTO Poner los puntos sobre las is. Poner los puntos sobre las íes. Mil nuevecientos noventa y dos. Mil novecientos noventa y dos. Partís leña con la hacha. Partís leña con el hacha. Aprobastes el examen. Aprobaste el examen. Está prohibido a nivel estatal. Está prohibido en todo el Estado. El equipo gana de cinco puntos. El equipo gana por cinco puntos. Es por esto que... Por esto es por lo que. Por esto.

The digital home is both the nexus of a new wave of user-centric service integration and the front line of competition between device vendors, connectivity providers, and added-value service providers. Vertical integration of provider offerings via bundled services and devices is no longer sufficient to satisfy customer demands for best of breed elemental services and services composed from traditional service provider offerings, networked consumer devices, Web applications, and social networks. New digital home services spanning these domains must mediate between highly dynamic and overlapping sources of configuration and execution authority, while respecting the desires of the customer and simplifying their interactions with the system. In this article we present a policy-based federated service management architecture that addresses these concerns for digital home devices participating in end-to-end communications services. We also describe an OSGi-based gateway prototype of the architecture and investigate the scalability of our approach via simulation.

K 0 S K 0 S correlations have been studied in a sample of 717,511 hadronic events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP during 1992. An enhancement is found in the production of pairs of K 0 S of similar momenta, as compared with a Monte Carlo simulated reference sample. The measured values for the strength of the correlation and the radius of the emitting source of kaons are = 1 : 13 0:54 (stat) 0:23 (syst) and r = 0 : 90 0:19 (stat) 0:10 (syst) fm.