Papers by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena
Proceedings Basque-Iberism Conference -Zaragoza-Agosto 2024
El Rapto de Europa-Las bases Africanas, cretenses e ibéricas
El mito del secuestro o violación de... more El Rapto de Europa-Las bases Africanas, cretenses e ibéricas
El mito del secuestro o violación de Europa cuenta que una aristócrata
(princesa) del Medio Oriente fue secuestrada por Zeus (padre de los
dioses en la mitología griega) disfrazado como un toro blanco. El ToroZeus llevó a Europa a Creta (lugar de nacimiento de Zeus) y Europa se
convirtió en la primera reina de Creta. Minos fue uno de los hijos de Zeus
y Europa. Era un legendario rey cretense que mantuvo al minotauro (un
monstruo con cabeza de toro) en un laberinto.
Algunos autores sostienen que el Minotauro era un hijo directo de
Europa y del Toro-Zeus. Creta le impuso a la ciudad de Atenas ofrecer
jóvenes a los que se les introducía en el laberinto y eran comidos por el
Minotauro. Finalmente, Teseo, fundador de Atenas y su región, el Ática,
mató al Minotauro y liberó a Atenas de ser sometida por Creta. Por otra
parte, el lineal B cretense fue descubierto, más era idioma griego
primitivo. La escritura Lineal A cretense (minoico) es posible que fuese
precursor del idioma griego,del Lineal B. Asimismo, las leyes de Creta
fueron llevadas a la Esparta continental por Licurgo.
La genética de Creta y la cultura del toro están más cerca de los ibéricos
que de otros europeos. Este mito de Europa fue muy popular en la
literatura de los clásicos mediterráneos.
Interpretamos este mito en su base real como el desplazamiento
climático de gentes saharianas que llevó elementos culturales (escrituras
lineales, lenguas usko-mediterráneas) a Europa, llegando principalmente
a través de Creta e Iberia. Ambos territorios tienen muchos vínculos
prehistóricos con norteafricanos en términos de lenguaje, genética y antropologia.
Int J Modern Anthropology
Taulas (or Tables) are Megalithic unique monuments that are found only in Menorca Island (Baleari... more Taulas (or Tables) are Megalithic unique monuments that are found only in Menorca Island (Balearic Is, Spain). Their construction age is uncertain but it is associated to Talayotic culture and it is assigned to the 1 st millennium BC without solid objective bases: particularly when the only one similar structure found in the World are those of Gobekli Tepe in Antolia (Turkey) constructed about 10,000 years ago. In the present paper, we have found Paleolithic /Neolithic Lineal scripts in the East Taula recint of So Na Caçana Minorca megalithic complex It was established that one of the few cultural features that maintained these scripts in Megaliths, rocks and stones at least in Balearic Islands (Menorca), Iberia, Canary Islands and South Sahara for such a long time could be the Mother Godess religion. On the other hand, this Megalithic Lineal script could also be Iberian signary precursor: our studies suggest that some of these scripts were included later in the Iberia-Tartessian signary at least. We have used the Iberian relationship with live Basque language for proposed a simple translation of these Megalithic signs in the context of the Mother Godess religion. Finally, it is postulated that a "green" Sahara migration of climate exiled people in the process of Sahara desertification after 10,000 years BC is responsible for many writing, language and genetic traits of the Mediterranean area, including Canary Islands and Balearic Archipelago, Also, So Na Caçana means in Menorca Island own language "The property of the She-Hunter".
International Journal of Modern Anthropology, Nov 23, 2023
The Antequera Slate is a striking scripted finding in the Roman "Villa de la Estacion" (Railway S... more The Antequera Slate is a striking scripted finding in the Roman "Villa de la Estacion" (Railway Station Villa) archaeological site which was in use in its Roman known period approximately between 100 years BC and 450 AD. Some of the slate incised signs were familiar to us because they were similar to the so-called pre-Iberian-Tartessian scripted incise or picketed signs found in a Megalithic context or not in rocks and stones in Iberia, Canary Islands and Algerian Sahara. The antiquity of these signs may vary depending the place but some may have been done thousands of years BC. We have put forward that these Antequera Slate signs may be pre-Iberian-Tartessian that had remained in Iberian autochthonous rural or aristocratic people during centuries, but a firm conclusion is premature. Otherwise, the scripts are not done in Roman or any other standard writing. Visigoth scripted slates were started to be performed in Central West Iberia when Visigoths appeared in Iberia, together with Suebi, Vandals and Alans. The Antequera Slate incise signs may have been originated by these new cultures, but no Visigoth tables signs have been found with similar signs to Antequera Slate signs. Taking into account that we do not now either the language/symbols or writing of many Visigothic slates (5 th-8 th century AD) nor the Antequera Slate, we also agree with other scholars that this is an important enigma which does not fit with archaeology, anthropology and history of Iberian Peninsula and that all these disciplines should be revised in the context detailed in this and others work.
International Journal of Modern Anthropology, Nov 23, 2023
It has recently been discovered and widespread in worldwide media that a puzzling and unusual cha... more It has recently been discovered and widespread in worldwide media that a puzzling and unusual channel structures have appeared at the City of David archaeological site in Middle East (Al Quds-Jerusalem). No function has been agreed for them and their building age has been calculated in an uncertain time before 2800 years BC when these structures ceased to be used. We have been working in Lanzarote Island (Canary Islands) rock epigraphy and other archaeological matters in the last 20 years, and we have found that the structure of "Quesera"/Cheeseboard of Zonzamas was a lunisolar calendar similar to the Egyptian one (365 solar days and about 27.5 days) built up by aboriginal Guanches. It consists in channels carved in basaltic rocks in a precise way, which is very similar to one of the intriguing structures found at the City of David that may also represent an ancient Egyptian-like calendar. The second structure having parallel channels may be either part of another "Quesera"/Cheeseboard-like calendar or even a cart-ruts structure more widely defined in Malta as a Bronze Age construction. Both structures might also be astronomical observatories. We have proposed from our studies in Lanzarote and Malta Bronze Age cart-ruts that they also may be used to measure time and astronomic observations. This specific homology would certainly may bring Lanzarote megalithic archaeological "Quesera"/Cheese board centuries of years BC in antiquity. This so specific parallel between artifacts found in Middle East and Lanzarote could be explained by a "green" Sahara culture before desertification started 10-5,000 years BC.
International Journal of Modern Anthropology, Nov 23, 2023
Tindaya volcano is a sacred Guanche (or Majo)* mountain, Canary Islands, Spain. This mountain was... more Tindaya volcano is a sacred Guanche (or Majo)* mountain, Canary Islands, Spain. This mountain was probably a religious / pilgrimage place for Guanche /Majo people. Many of its rocks are covered by lineal and figurative motifs with incised or picketed (carved) technology the most abundant reported are podomorphs, which in the Atlantic European façade usually point towards either the summer solstice sunset or the sunset yearly arch at these latitudes (Northwest direction). Podomorphs are generally admixed with other motifs in the rock panel. Among these motifs are the so called Ibero-Guanche incised Lineal Megalithic Scripts or pre-Guanche-Iberian signs. These are similar to those found in other Canary Islands, Algerian Sahara Desert or Iberia, some of them scripted in dolmens themselves (5-3,000 years BC). This finding at Tindaya volcano supports a very early Fuerteventura Island, longer before than Punic or Roman influence, if any; podomorphs todays Bronze Age chronology in Iberia supports ancient peopling in Fuerteventura and other Canary Islands. In the present paper we analyse these incise Iberian-Guanche (or earlier) writing and put forward a mainly religious/ funeral meaning in the context of the Paleolithic/Neolithic widespread Religion of the Mother. The Saharo-Canarian cultural circle may have been the origin of Eurafrican and Mediterranean Lineal scripts, like Runes, Iberian Tartessian, Etruscan, Lepontic, Minoan Lineal A and others. Particularly Iberian-Guanche scripts and their probable precursor Linela Megalithic signs also present in Sahara supports that Saharan people migration when desertification started about 10,000 BC was origin of this culture. *Majos= Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Islands inhabitants.
The Open Ornithology Journal, 2010
Taulas (or Tables) are Megalithic unique monuments that are found only in Menorca Island (Baleari... more Taulas (or Tables) are Megalithic unique monuments that are found only in Menorca Island (Balearic Is, Spain). Their construction age is uncertain but it is associated to Talayotic culture and it is assigned to the 1 st millennium BC without solid objective bases: particularly when the only one similar structure found in the World are those of Gobekli Tepe in Antolia (Turkey) constructed about 10,000 years ago. In the present paper, we have found Paleolithic /Neolithic Lineal scripts in the East Taula recint of So Na Caçana Minorca megalithic complex It was established that one of the few cultural features that maintained these scripts in Megaliths, rocks and stones at least in Balearic Islands (Menorca), Iberia, Canary Islands and South Sahara for such a long time could be the Mother Godess religion. On the other hand, this Megalithic Lineal script could also be Iberian signary precursor: our studies suggest that some of these scripts were included later in the Iberia-Tartessian signary at least. We have used the Iberian relationship with live Basque language for proposed a simple translation of these Megalithic signs in the context of the Mother Godess religion. Finally, it is postulated that a "green" Sahara migration of climate exiled people in the process of Sahara desertification after 10,000 years BC is responsible for many writing, language and genetic traits of the Mediterranean area, including Canary Islands and Balearic Archipelago, Also, So Na Caçana means in Menorca Island own language "The property of the She-Hunter".
Introduction: South American siskins (Genus Carduelis/Spinus) are the outcome of regional evoluti... more Introduction: South American siskins (Genus Carduelis/Spinus) are the outcome of regional evolutionary radiation from an extant (or other extinct) species: C. notata, a North America siskin, which thrives in Mexico subtropical areas and is parental of one of the three described North American siskin radiations. Methods: Speciation and/or subspeciation of this South American siskin radiation have probably occurred during Pleistocene Epoch. In the present paper, a new species/subspecies akin to C./S. atrata is described by genetic and phenotypic parameters: this new species/subspecies was previously considered a subspecies of C./S. xanthogastra, which thrives further North and is separated about 1,762 km, 1,094 miles, from this described subspecies, Carduelis/ Spinus xanthogastra stejnegeri. Results: Our genetic study using mt cyt b, phenotypic and behavior observations show that this putative C./S. xanthogastra subspecies is either a different species or a C./S.atrata subspecies; we have proposed a provisional name for this finch, C./S. lapazensis, instead of C./S. x. stejnegeri. Conclusion: Species definition is movable and controversial, and it is uncertain in South American siskins, which all show a close genetic and phenotypical relationship, which may be still immersed in speciation processes since Pleistocene Epoch.
Molecular Biology Reports, 2024
Vol.:(0123456789)Molecular Biology Reports (2025) 52:6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-10086-7... more Vol.:(0123456789)Molecular Biology Reports (2025) 52:6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-10086-7
BRIEF REPORT
Two different complement Factor B (Bf) alleles of the orangutan major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) are also conserved in chimpanzee
and humans showing importance in primate immunity
Antonio Arnaiz‑Villena1 · Ignacio Juarez1 · Christian Vaquero‑Yuste 1 · Tomás Lledo 1 · José Manuel Martín‑Villa1 ·
Fabio Suarez‑Trujillo1
Received: 18 April 2024 / Accepted: 31 October 2024
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024
Abstract
Background Major Human Histocompatibility complex (MHC or HLA in humans) has been associated to autoimmune
diseases. However, only statistical phenomenological and no pathogenetic description has been reached after decades. This
shows that MHC single locus association studies are probably useless for HLA/diseases association. Extended HLA (class
I and class II genes) haplotypes should also be studied conjointly with class III or complement alleles (complotypes). Com-
plotypes in humans are defined as alleles belonging to C2, C4 and Bf (Factor B) genes/proteins (class III). Also, the placing
of MHC class I and class II genes close together with complement genes from at least birds to humans shows existence of
a strong selection to gather conjointly these loci that fight microbes, help self-maintenance and avoid autoimmunity. In this
paper we aim to study Bf alleles in primates in order to rise again interest to study the role of Bf alleles together with other
MHC genes in their physiopathology and evolution.
Methods Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, Popy) cell lines RNA from 6 different individuals were retrotranscribed, PCR ampli-
fied, cloned and DNA sequenced in order to study Bf alleles.
Results A Bf allele identical to that found in chimpanzee (Patr-Bf*A01) and human (rs641153) was found in two of the six
studied orangutans: Popy-Bf*A01 and Popy-Bf*A02. This polymorphism is placed in Factor B codon 32 that defines BF*S
and Bf*F proteins in man and produce Leu instead of Arg (Bf*S) or Gln (Bf*F). In addition, each new orangutan allele
present synonymous differences with each other at codon 25: Popy-Bf*A01 shows ACG while Popy-Bf*A02 bears ACA,
both codifying for Thr.
Conclusions The selection for about 15 million years (time gap of evolutionary appearance between orangutan and hominids)
shows the importance of this particular allele conservation in immune and self defense in primates. The complotypes (Bf,C2
and C4 loci) alleles together with other MHC class I and Cass II loci alleles are often transmitted in block to the germinal
line: this indicates that all specific alleles from the MHC different loci may work together to accomplish MHC functions.
All MHC loci alleles should be studied together to unveil their physiopathology and also maintenance of specific alleles
(like the one described in this paper) for so long time in evolution should be further studied in Bf and the other neighbouring
complement loci (C2 and C4)
Background Major Human Histocompatibility complex (MHC or HLA in humans) has been associated to a... more Background Major Human Histocompatibility complex (MHC or HLA in humans) has been associated to autoimmune diseases. However, only statistical phenomenological and no pathogenetic description has been reached after decades. This shows that MHC single locus association studies are probably useless for HLA/diseases association. Extended HLA (class I and class II genes) haplotypes should also be studied conjointly with class III or complement alleles (complotypes). Complotypes in humans are defined as alleles belonging to C2, C4 and Bf (Factor B) genes/proteins (class III). Also, the placing of MHC class I and class II genes close together with complement genes from at least birds to humans shows existence of a strong selection to gather conjointly these loci that fight microbes, help self-maintenance and avoid autoimmunity. In this paper we aim to study Bf alleles in primates in order to rise again interest to study the role of Bf alleles together with other MHC genes in their physiopathology and evolution. Methods Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, Popy) cell lines RNA from 6 different individuals were retrotranscribed, PCR amplified, cloned and DNA sequenced in order to study Bf alleles. Results A Bf allele identical to that found in chimpanzee (Patr-Bf*A01) and human (rs641153) was found in two of the six studied orangutans: Popy-Bf*A01 and Popy-Bf*A02. This polymorphism is placed in Factor B codon 32 that defines BF*S and Bf*F proteins in man and produce Leu instead of Arg (Bf*S) or Gln (Bf*F). In addition, each new orangutan allele present synonymous differences with each other at codon 25: Popy-Bf*A01 shows ACG while Popy-Bf*A02 bears ACA, both codifying for Thr. The selection for about 15 million years (time gap of evolutionary appearance between orangutan and hominids) shows the importance of this particular allele conservation in immune and self defense in primates. The complotypes (Bf,C2 and C4 loci) alleles together with other MHC class I and Cass II loci alleles are often transmitted in block to the germinal line: this indicates that all specific alleles from the MHC different loci may work together to accomplish MHC functions. All MHC loci alleles should be studied together to unveil their physiopathology and also maintenance of specific alleles (like the one described in this paper) for so long time in evolution should be further studied in Bf and the other neighbouring complement loci (C2 and C4).
We have recently found that a megalithic basaltic rock lunisolar calendar in Lanzarote, Canary Is... more We have recently found that a megalithic basaltic rock lunisolar calendar in Lanzarote, Canary Islands ("Quesera or Cheeseboard" of Zonzamas) has almost a twin monument in Jerusalem (Al Quds in Arab). These two unique monuments are on the West and East sides of the Sahara Desert and support the hypothesis of a common "Green" Saharan culture and a later migration of people towards the Atlantic, Mediterranean, Middle East and other areas when desiccation started after 10,000 years BC, thus spreading culture and genes. Traces of this culture can still be found in Iberian rock inscriptions on the Canary Islands and in the Sahara Desert, particularly at Tim-Missaou in Algeria.This is concordant with Usko-Mediterranean languages (Basque and Berber are related and also with Iberian and Etruscan), genetics and other common anthropological traits. In this paper, we analyse the Al Quds-Jerusalem megalithic monument as representing a solar calendar of Egyptian-type (365 days in 1 year) and show how it could be identical to the Lanzarote megalithic calendar ("Quesera or Cheeseboard" of Zonzamas). Both monuments,each crest/channel, are coincidental in each solar month assignment in both Lanzarote and Jerusalem rock calendars representation. Jerusalem's megalithic calendar was built at least 900 years BC, when it fell out of use. Therefore, it can be assumed that the Lanzarote megalithic calendar was constructed around a similar time, meaning an undetermined period over 2800 years ago.
PLOS ONE, 2017
<p>Neighbour-Joining (NJ) dendrogram constructed with HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies showing r... more <p>Neighbour-Joining (NJ) dendrogram constructed with HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies showing relatedness between Iraq Kurds and other World populations. Bootstrap values are 100%.</p
PLOS ONE, 2017
<p>Populations used for this study.</p
PLOS ONE, 2017
<p>HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 allele frequencies in Iraq Kurds population.</p
PLOS ONE, 2017
<p>The twelve most frequent HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 extended haplotypes in Kurds.</p
Human Immunology, 2019
Gorgan (Iran) have been studied for HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and-DQB1 genes for the first time. They are... more Gorgan (Iran) have been studied for HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and-DQB1 genes for the first time. They are Turkmen and originated in East Asia around Altai Mts; they originally spoke a Turk language classified within the Turkish-Oguz group. Peripheral blood samples were collected from Gorgan City (Iran) and HLA typed by standard methodology. HLA allele frequencies were compared with 7984 chromosomes of other World populations and it was shown existence of admixture of Siberian and Mediterranean HLA characters in this population, probably due to longlasting contact with Persians. Three new HLA extended haplotypes were found: A*01:01-B*35:01-DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01, A*30:01-B*13:01-DRB1*15:01-DQB1*02:01 and A*31:01-B*35:01-DRB1*15:01-DQB1*03:01. Gorgan (Iran) were most close to Chuvashians (Noth Caspian Sea, Russia) and Siberians, like Tuvinians, Mansi and Buryats in Neighbour Joining and Vista analyses. It is established a relationship of this population with Kurgan (Gorgan, Iran) archaeological mounds culture. However, their kinship with Scythians (2nd century BC) and Sarmatians (4th century AD) is obscure although both of them spoke a Persian language.
Human Immunology, 2019
HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 alleles and haplotypes have been studied in a group of Aleuts from Bering... more HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 alleles and haplotypes have been studied in a group of Aleuts from Bering Island (Commander Islands, Russia). Many of their ancestors were original from other Aleutian Islands, like Attu and Atka Islands (USA) and may have had a low degree of admixture with Russians. HLA haplotypes are found to be specific and quite different from other First North America Inhabitants (including Amerindians, Na-Dene and Eskimo), as it was previously shown in a less numerous Aleut population. HLA-A*24:02 is found in a very high frequency; this character is shared by Pacific and Amerindian populations. In conclusion, HLA, other genetic markers, anthropological and linguistic traits make Aleuts to be different from First America Inhabitants and closer to Europeans and Asians: specifically Aleut relatedness has been found with Scandinavian Saami (Lapps) and Finns and Baikal Lake area Buryats, where all of them may have initialing being originated.
Human immunology, Jan 14, 2018
HLA-A,-B,-C-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San An... more HLA-A,-B,-C-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing.A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A∗24:02-B∗51:10-C∗15:02-BRB1∗04:07-DQB1∗03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico,California Gulf,Pacific Ocean),Other haplotypae had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast),Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin),Bolivia and North USA. A geographic patern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians,as already known.Also,five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians.Their HLA-A∗24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan;also,HLA-C∗01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris,New Caledonians and Kinberly Aborigines from Australia.Finally,this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and ...
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Papers by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena
El mito del secuestro o violación de Europa cuenta que una aristócrata
(princesa) del Medio Oriente fue secuestrada por Zeus (padre de los
dioses en la mitología griega) disfrazado como un toro blanco. El ToroZeus llevó a Europa a Creta (lugar de nacimiento de Zeus) y Europa se
convirtió en la primera reina de Creta. Minos fue uno de los hijos de Zeus
y Europa. Era un legendario rey cretense que mantuvo al minotauro (un
monstruo con cabeza de toro) en un laberinto.
Algunos autores sostienen que el Minotauro era un hijo directo de
Europa y del Toro-Zeus. Creta le impuso a la ciudad de Atenas ofrecer
jóvenes a los que se les introducía en el laberinto y eran comidos por el
Minotauro. Finalmente, Teseo, fundador de Atenas y su región, el Ática,
mató al Minotauro y liberó a Atenas de ser sometida por Creta. Por otra
parte, el lineal B cretense fue descubierto, más era idioma griego
primitivo. La escritura Lineal A cretense (minoico) es posible que fuese
precursor del idioma griego,del Lineal B. Asimismo, las leyes de Creta
fueron llevadas a la Esparta continental por Licurgo.
La genética de Creta y la cultura del toro están más cerca de los ibéricos
que de otros europeos. Este mito de Europa fue muy popular en la
literatura de los clásicos mediterráneos.
Interpretamos este mito en su base real como el desplazamiento
climático de gentes saharianas que llevó elementos culturales (escrituras
lineales, lenguas usko-mediterráneas) a Europa, llegando principalmente
a través de Creta e Iberia. Ambos territorios tienen muchos vínculos
prehistóricos con norteafricanos en términos de lenguaje, genética y antropologia.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-10086-7
BRIEF REPORT
Two different complement Factor B (Bf) alleles of the orangutan major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) are also conserved in chimpanzee
and humans showing importance in primate immunity
Antonio Arnaiz‑Villena1 · Ignacio Juarez1 · Christian Vaquero‑Yuste 1 · Tomás Lledo 1 · José Manuel Martín‑Villa1 ·
Fabio Suarez‑Trujillo1
Received: 18 April 2024 / Accepted: 31 October 2024
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024
Abstract
Background Major Human Histocompatibility complex (MHC or HLA in humans) has been associated to autoimmune
diseases. However, only statistical phenomenological and no pathogenetic description has been reached after decades. This
shows that MHC single locus association studies are probably useless for HLA/diseases association. Extended HLA (class
I and class II genes) haplotypes should also be studied conjointly with class III or complement alleles (complotypes). Com-
plotypes in humans are defined as alleles belonging to C2, C4 and Bf (Factor B) genes/proteins (class III). Also, the placing
of MHC class I and class II genes close together with complement genes from at least birds to humans shows existence of
a strong selection to gather conjointly these loci that fight microbes, help self-maintenance and avoid autoimmunity. In this
paper we aim to study Bf alleles in primates in order to rise again interest to study the role of Bf alleles together with other
MHC genes in their physiopathology and evolution.
Methods Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, Popy) cell lines RNA from 6 different individuals were retrotranscribed, PCR ampli-
fied, cloned and DNA sequenced in order to study Bf alleles.
Results A Bf allele identical to that found in chimpanzee (Patr-Bf*A01) and human (rs641153) was found in two of the six
studied orangutans: Popy-Bf*A01 and Popy-Bf*A02. This polymorphism is placed in Factor B codon 32 that defines BF*S
and Bf*F proteins in man and produce Leu instead of Arg (Bf*S) or Gln (Bf*F). In addition, each new orangutan allele
present synonymous differences with each other at codon 25: Popy-Bf*A01 shows ACG while Popy-Bf*A02 bears ACA,
both codifying for Thr.
Conclusions The selection for about 15 million years (time gap of evolutionary appearance between orangutan and hominids)
shows the importance of this particular allele conservation in immune and self defense in primates. The complotypes (Bf,C2
and C4 loci) alleles together with other MHC class I and Cass II loci alleles are often transmitted in block to the germinal
line: this indicates that all specific alleles from the MHC different loci may work together to accomplish MHC functions.
All MHC loci alleles should be studied together to unveil their physiopathology and also maintenance of specific alleles
(like the one described in this paper) for so long time in evolution should be further studied in Bf and the other neighbouring
complement loci (C2 and C4)
El mito del secuestro o violación de Europa cuenta que una aristócrata
(princesa) del Medio Oriente fue secuestrada por Zeus (padre de los
dioses en la mitología griega) disfrazado como un toro blanco. El ToroZeus llevó a Europa a Creta (lugar de nacimiento de Zeus) y Europa se
convirtió en la primera reina de Creta. Minos fue uno de los hijos de Zeus
y Europa. Era un legendario rey cretense que mantuvo al minotauro (un
monstruo con cabeza de toro) en un laberinto.
Algunos autores sostienen que el Minotauro era un hijo directo de
Europa y del Toro-Zeus. Creta le impuso a la ciudad de Atenas ofrecer
jóvenes a los que se les introducía en el laberinto y eran comidos por el
Minotauro. Finalmente, Teseo, fundador de Atenas y su región, el Ática,
mató al Minotauro y liberó a Atenas de ser sometida por Creta. Por otra
parte, el lineal B cretense fue descubierto, más era idioma griego
primitivo. La escritura Lineal A cretense (minoico) es posible que fuese
precursor del idioma griego,del Lineal B. Asimismo, las leyes de Creta
fueron llevadas a la Esparta continental por Licurgo.
La genética de Creta y la cultura del toro están más cerca de los ibéricos
que de otros europeos. Este mito de Europa fue muy popular en la
literatura de los clásicos mediterráneos.
Interpretamos este mito en su base real como el desplazamiento
climático de gentes saharianas que llevó elementos culturales (escrituras
lineales, lenguas usko-mediterráneas) a Europa, llegando principalmente
a través de Creta e Iberia. Ambos territorios tienen muchos vínculos
prehistóricos con norteafricanos en términos de lenguaje, genética y antropologia.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-10086-7
BRIEF REPORT
Two different complement Factor B (Bf) alleles of the orangutan major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) are also conserved in chimpanzee
and humans showing importance in primate immunity
Antonio Arnaiz‑Villena1 · Ignacio Juarez1 · Christian Vaquero‑Yuste 1 · Tomás Lledo 1 · José Manuel Martín‑Villa1 ·
Fabio Suarez‑Trujillo1
Received: 18 April 2024 / Accepted: 31 October 2024
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024
Abstract
Background Major Human Histocompatibility complex (MHC or HLA in humans) has been associated to autoimmune
diseases. However, only statistical phenomenological and no pathogenetic description has been reached after decades. This
shows that MHC single locus association studies are probably useless for HLA/diseases association. Extended HLA (class
I and class II genes) haplotypes should also be studied conjointly with class III or complement alleles (complotypes). Com-
plotypes in humans are defined as alleles belonging to C2, C4 and Bf (Factor B) genes/proteins (class III). Also, the placing
of MHC class I and class II genes close together with complement genes from at least birds to humans shows existence of
a strong selection to gather conjointly these loci that fight microbes, help self-maintenance and avoid autoimmunity. In this
paper we aim to study Bf alleles in primates in order to rise again interest to study the role of Bf alleles together with other
MHC genes in their physiopathology and evolution.
Methods Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, Popy) cell lines RNA from 6 different individuals were retrotranscribed, PCR ampli-
fied, cloned and DNA sequenced in order to study Bf alleles.
Results A Bf allele identical to that found in chimpanzee (Patr-Bf*A01) and human (rs641153) was found in two of the six
studied orangutans: Popy-Bf*A01 and Popy-Bf*A02. This polymorphism is placed in Factor B codon 32 that defines BF*S
and Bf*F proteins in man and produce Leu instead of Arg (Bf*S) or Gln (Bf*F). In addition, each new orangutan allele
present synonymous differences with each other at codon 25: Popy-Bf*A01 shows ACG while Popy-Bf*A02 bears ACA,
both codifying for Thr.
Conclusions The selection for about 15 million years (time gap of evolutionary appearance between orangutan and hominids)
shows the importance of this particular allele conservation in immune and self defense in primates. The complotypes (Bf,C2
and C4 loci) alleles together with other MHC class I and Cass II loci alleles are often transmitted in block to the germinal
line: this indicates that all specific alleles from the MHC different loci may work together to accomplish MHC functions.
All MHC loci alleles should be studied together to unveil their physiopathology and also maintenance of specific alleles
(like the one described in this paper) for so long time in evolution should be further studied in Bf and the other neighbouring
complement loci (C2 and C4)
All countries ,even for example small Polynesian ones ,have their own mithology sometimes intermixed with their history.
What is Iberia Mithology?Has anything to do with its Prehistory?
We do not know.Iberian miths have been all disnissed and demonized whatever they mean.Why? This is a matter of other dissertation.
aarnaiz@med.ucm.es
arnaizville@hotmail.com
Personal page: chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol
AN GIVES THE KEYS OF THE CONCEPT WITH EXAMPLES OF ALL ANALIZED USKO MEDITERRANEAN LANGUAGES,RETATED ALSO TO BASQUE.