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Papers by Rosa Barroso
have been recovered in Bell Beaker funerary contexts, usually associated with adult individuals.
Experimental, technological, and use-wear studies have determined that the bracers were both utilitarian
and symbolic objects. Very few are found in children’s graves, but examples are known in the
Iberian Peninsula, two of which are presented here. The analyses conducted on the two bracers, including
archaeological contextualization, raw material identification, and technological and use-wear
studies, allow the authors to reconstruct their respective biographies. Although these pieces were associated
with young children, they had long lives before their final deposition in the graves. Use-wear marks on
one of the bracers suggest that it was used in archery, despite its small size.
The iconography on the megaliths combines the largest amount of human images in hunting scenes, lineage and social aggregation of Iberian schematic art, if compared to the total number of sites. Interior and western regions of the Iberian Peninsula are presented here as key areas to discuss the elaboration of human imagery inherited from patterns that characterized the end of the last Ice Age. An integrative interpretation of open-air sites (engraved rocks, painted rock shelters, stelae, menhirs) and megaliths (stands, stelae, statuettes, decorated vessels) blurs classical Atlantic-Mediterranean boundaries. The role of Iberian images in Europe’s funerary contexts is then more relevant than what has been attributed to them in the inventories of the last century.
necropolis, together with other inland sites, contribute to understanding variscite circulation in the Iberian Peninsula in the Chalcolithic. It was restricted to a few individuals, both adults and children, who wore
necklaces and bracelets. Distance did not condition the arrival of variscite, but the small amounts suggest it was traded together with other ostentation elements, such as sea shells, cinnabar and amber. The heterogeneous regional panorama displays differences in the demand, use and acquisition of variscite depending on the socioeconomic organisation and connection to exchange networks.
LABURPENA Toledoko Las Mayoreseko aztarnategiko hilobi-erregistroko datu kronologikoak aztertu ditugu. Aztarnategia ehorzketak biltzen dituzten lurpeko egituren herrixka bat da. Kanpai-forma duen nekropolian egindako azterketen arabera, kokalekua K.a. III. milurtekoan erabili izan zuten. Gainerako ehorzketak Brontze ertainekoak dira. Bayesen ereduak ia mende erdi bateko denbora mailako erregistroaren etena baieztatu du. Horrek agerian uzten du iraunkortzat jotako kokaleku horietako okupazioko sekuentziak interpretatzea zaila dela, espazio berean okupazio errepikakorrak edo behin eta berriz egindakoak gertatu baitziren. Tipologiari eta kronologiari dagokienez berdintsuak diren inguruko aztarnategiek ez dute beren sekuentzietan etenaldi bera erakusten, baina bai nolabaiteko uzkurdura K.a. III. milurtekotik II. milurtekora bitarteko aldaketan. Denbora-tarte hori herrixka berrien beharrarekin bat dator eta horrek iradokitzen du eskualdean aldaketa handia gertatu izanaren ideia arinduko lukeen biztanleriaren berrantolaketa gertatu zela.
Abstract: Few places in Europe concentrate as many stone stelae as the area between the Tagus and the Douro. Archaeology has shown the ample possibilities for metal mining, the modern region of Castelo Branco being the epicentre in the area. From the first discoveries of such unique objects as the São Martinho stelae to the current record, the variety and diachronicity of stone stelae and menhirs is exceptional on the Iberian and European scales. The traditional interpretation that differentiated between the old menhirs and Late Bronze Age stelae has been nuanced by the evidence of similar themes and techniques. Another argument presented here is the use of the old stones as the basic material to produce the Late Bronze Age stelae. Human images carved on these memorial stones express elaborate social narratives. The graphic sequences described here demonstrate the 'political' role of these stones and material justification of ancestral pasts. They were undoubtedly imbued with oral tales about old ancestors and new leaders, to justify the order of the economic system associated with mining and metal trade.
biography through each slab’s history. These sequences offer two very interesting options for interpretation
in Galicia. Firstly, the mentioned archaeological evidences, the pre-existing structures found beneath the
tumulus, are an indication of events that happened before building the monuments. Old stelae and menhirs
could be linked to this first stage and could have been the very reason for the beginning of the construction;
this idea is supported in Galicia by the direct chronologies of the uprights. There is another yet unpublished
argument that will add to the evaluation so these sequences. By studying the painted decoration, it is feasible
to read chronologies and to define maintenance phases including engravings. The ideology expressed by these
ritual expressions multiplies the applicable approaches for the study of a social framework that supports the
process of megaliths building around Europe.
los espacios funerarios en la que el cinabrio se constituye en la primera selección de color artificial integrable en las redes de materiales de prestigio. A la par, resulta convincente una variabilidad funcional: pintura (soportes, objetos, maquillaje, etc.), espolvoreamiento , embalsamamiento de cadáveres y envenenamiento.
Los protocolos de identificación de colorantes y de su procedencia se han desarrollado notablemente en la Arqueología prehistórica de la península Ibérica, constituyendo una importante base de datos que permite justificar una extendida procedencia de las minas de Almadén.
Con una tradición más antigua en el contexto del megalitismo, el uso del cinabrio alcanza su mayor apogeo desde finales del IV / inicios del III milenio cal BC. Su presencia en los hipogeos del interior, es un elemento a sumar al conjunto de ítems que caracteriza el megalitismo reciente en el Sur peninsular. Este rojo funerario es uno más de los productos de exhibición social relacionados con la visibilización de los ancestros de familias o linajes, durante el Neolítico
Final y el Calcolítico.
Tradición, emulación y exhibición conforman la base de las relaciones sociales materializadas
en el mundo de la muerte de la Prehistoria Reciente europea
decorations in dolmens in the Iberian Peninsula has enabled
the development of a tested methodology. Its application
to engraved dolmens in Brittany and to materials
and architecture in the Orkney Islands has determined the
range and variability in the depictions at megalithic sites
in Atlantic Europe. The possibility of obtaining direct dates
has achieved results in the case of the Bury Stela and some
painted objects at Ness of Brodgar. A new line of research
into the symbology of megaliths has opened up, as well as
new potential for their dating.
because they are so clearly interwoven with early farming settlements, the latter providing occupational sequences that are topographically and ideologically linked to those of the megalith builders. The use of stonework and clay,
the system of building burial mounds in concentric circles, and even the spatulae idols of the San Martin-El Miradero type are clear antecedents of classical Millaran
forms. The megalithic tradition of the Iberian interior is a fundamental component of the Iberian megalithic tradition more generally. It occupied a key geographical
position in relation to the rest of Europe, and will yield greater insights as research projects continue.
have been recovered in Bell Beaker funerary contexts, usually associated with adult individuals.
Experimental, technological, and use-wear studies have determined that the bracers were both utilitarian
and symbolic objects. Very few are found in children’s graves, but examples are known in the
Iberian Peninsula, two of which are presented here. The analyses conducted on the two bracers, including
archaeological contextualization, raw material identification, and technological and use-wear
studies, allow the authors to reconstruct their respective biographies. Although these pieces were associated
with young children, they had long lives before their final deposition in the graves. Use-wear marks on
one of the bracers suggest that it was used in archery, despite its small size.
The iconography on the megaliths combines the largest amount of human images in hunting scenes, lineage and social aggregation of Iberian schematic art, if compared to the total number of sites. Interior and western regions of the Iberian Peninsula are presented here as key areas to discuss the elaboration of human imagery inherited from patterns that characterized the end of the last Ice Age. An integrative interpretation of open-air sites (engraved rocks, painted rock shelters, stelae, menhirs) and megaliths (stands, stelae, statuettes, decorated vessels) blurs classical Atlantic-Mediterranean boundaries. The role of Iberian images in Europe’s funerary contexts is then more relevant than what has been attributed to them in the inventories of the last century.
necropolis, together with other inland sites, contribute to understanding variscite circulation in the Iberian Peninsula in the Chalcolithic. It was restricted to a few individuals, both adults and children, who wore
necklaces and bracelets. Distance did not condition the arrival of variscite, but the small amounts suggest it was traded together with other ostentation elements, such as sea shells, cinnabar and amber. The heterogeneous regional panorama displays differences in the demand, use and acquisition of variscite depending on the socioeconomic organisation and connection to exchange networks.
LABURPENA Toledoko Las Mayoreseko aztarnategiko hilobi-erregistroko datu kronologikoak aztertu ditugu. Aztarnategia ehorzketak biltzen dituzten lurpeko egituren herrixka bat da. Kanpai-forma duen nekropolian egindako azterketen arabera, kokalekua K.a. III. milurtekoan erabili izan zuten. Gainerako ehorzketak Brontze ertainekoak dira. Bayesen ereduak ia mende erdi bateko denbora mailako erregistroaren etena baieztatu du. Horrek agerian uzten du iraunkortzat jotako kokaleku horietako okupazioko sekuentziak interpretatzea zaila dela, espazio berean okupazio errepikakorrak edo behin eta berriz egindakoak gertatu baitziren. Tipologiari eta kronologiari dagokienez berdintsuak diren inguruko aztarnategiek ez dute beren sekuentzietan etenaldi bera erakusten, baina bai nolabaiteko uzkurdura K.a. III. milurtekotik II. milurtekora bitarteko aldaketan. Denbora-tarte hori herrixka berrien beharrarekin bat dator eta horrek iradokitzen du eskualdean aldaketa handia gertatu izanaren ideia arinduko lukeen biztanleriaren berrantolaketa gertatu zela.
Abstract: Few places in Europe concentrate as many stone stelae as the area between the Tagus and the Douro. Archaeology has shown the ample possibilities for metal mining, the modern region of Castelo Branco being the epicentre in the area. From the first discoveries of such unique objects as the São Martinho stelae to the current record, the variety and diachronicity of stone stelae and menhirs is exceptional on the Iberian and European scales. The traditional interpretation that differentiated between the old menhirs and Late Bronze Age stelae has been nuanced by the evidence of similar themes and techniques. Another argument presented here is the use of the old stones as the basic material to produce the Late Bronze Age stelae. Human images carved on these memorial stones express elaborate social narratives. The graphic sequences described here demonstrate the 'political' role of these stones and material justification of ancestral pasts. They were undoubtedly imbued with oral tales about old ancestors and new leaders, to justify the order of the economic system associated with mining and metal trade.
biography through each slab’s history. These sequences offer two very interesting options for interpretation
in Galicia. Firstly, the mentioned archaeological evidences, the pre-existing structures found beneath the
tumulus, are an indication of events that happened before building the monuments. Old stelae and menhirs
could be linked to this first stage and could have been the very reason for the beginning of the construction;
this idea is supported in Galicia by the direct chronologies of the uprights. There is another yet unpublished
argument that will add to the evaluation so these sequences. By studying the painted decoration, it is feasible
to read chronologies and to define maintenance phases including engravings. The ideology expressed by these
ritual expressions multiplies the applicable approaches for the study of a social framework that supports the
process of megaliths building around Europe.
los espacios funerarios en la que el cinabrio se constituye en la primera selección de color artificial integrable en las redes de materiales de prestigio. A la par, resulta convincente una variabilidad funcional: pintura (soportes, objetos, maquillaje, etc.), espolvoreamiento , embalsamamiento de cadáveres y envenenamiento.
Los protocolos de identificación de colorantes y de su procedencia se han desarrollado notablemente en la Arqueología prehistórica de la península Ibérica, constituyendo una importante base de datos que permite justificar una extendida procedencia de las minas de Almadén.
Con una tradición más antigua en el contexto del megalitismo, el uso del cinabrio alcanza su mayor apogeo desde finales del IV / inicios del III milenio cal BC. Su presencia en los hipogeos del interior, es un elemento a sumar al conjunto de ítems que caracteriza el megalitismo reciente en el Sur peninsular. Este rojo funerario es uno más de los productos de exhibición social relacionados con la visibilización de los ancestros de familias o linajes, durante el Neolítico
Final y el Calcolítico.
Tradición, emulación y exhibición conforman la base de las relaciones sociales materializadas
en el mundo de la muerte de la Prehistoria Reciente europea
decorations in dolmens in the Iberian Peninsula has enabled
the development of a tested methodology. Its application
to engraved dolmens in Brittany and to materials
and architecture in the Orkney Islands has determined the
range and variability in the depictions at megalithic sites
in Atlantic Europe. The possibility of obtaining direct dates
has achieved results in the case of the Bury Stela and some
painted objects at Ness of Brodgar. A new line of research
into the symbology of megaliths has opened up, as well as
new potential for their dating.
because they are so clearly interwoven with early farming settlements, the latter providing occupational sequences that are topographically and ideologically linked to those of the megalith builders. The use of stonework and clay,
the system of building burial mounds in concentric circles, and even the spatulae idols of the San Martin-El Miradero type are clear antecedents of classical Millaran
forms. The megalithic tradition of the Iberian interior is a fundamental component of the Iberian megalithic tradition more generally. It occupied a key geographical
position in relation to the rest of Europe, and will yield greater insights as research projects continue.