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Gary Brown | Texas A&M University - Academia.edu

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Gary Brown

Texas A&M University, Bush School of Government & Public Service, Faculty Member

United States Marine Corps, Marine Corps University, Former faculty

National Defense University, College of Information and Cyberspace, Faculty Member

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137

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2

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Associate Professor of Practice
Cyber Policy

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Dominika Giantas

Tallinn University of Technology

University of Waikato

Robert Bloomfield

The University Of Buckingham

Loyola Marymount University

Isaac Ben-Israel

University of Maryland, College Park

Lawrence Trautman

Lindsay Freeman

Darko Trifunovic

University of Belgrade

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Papers by Gary Brown

The Cyber Longbow & Other Information Strategies: U.S. National Security and Cyberspace

Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2017

The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in ... more The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in technology and culture. As the U.S. has continued to view cyberspace as a technical problem with a technical solution, some adversaries, recognizing the critical importance of information, have focused on that aspect of their strategy, employing social media and crowdsourcing. The paper suggests a definition of cyberspace for national security strategy discussions and addresses how the U.S. should approach cyberspace operations to engage its adversaries more effectively.

Why Iran Didn't Admit Stuxnet Was an Attack

The Stuxnet computer worm destroyed 1,000 centrifuges used in Iran to enrich uranium. The event i... more

Spying and Fighting in Cyberspace: What is Which?

Brown presents the nuances of cyberespionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pervasive... more Brown presents the nuances of cyberespionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pervasive in the national security context. He defines the differences between the two, and proposes a method of analyzing cyber operations to properly categorize them. Then, using an extended hypothetical and several real-life examples, Brown illustrates how dangerous cyber operations can be, and the need to properly define them so as to respond most effectively.

Proportionality for Military Leaders

Easier Said than Done: Legal Reviews of Cyber Weapons

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014

Out of the Loop

Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not reall... more Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not really legal. Rather, they are moral and philosophical. Despite our discomfort with machines making critical decisions in warfare, we already rely on their critical assistance in many aspects of daily life, including flying passenger jets. Ultimately, machines will take over many more aspects of human existence; we need to concentrate on negotiating this dangerous transition time, minimizing situations in which humans retain control but lack practice and expertise.

On the Spectrum of Cyberspace Operations

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012

State Cyberspace Operations: Proposing a Cyber Response Framework

RUSI Occasional Paper, 2020

Cyberspace is the battleground of the new century – one that is likely to witness increased and d... more Cyberspace is the battleground of the new century – one that is likely to witness increased and diversified forms of aggression with the recent rise of world tension, driven by disputes over trade, territory and the coronavirus pandemic. Yet, increased tensions mean an increased chance of miscalculated intent. States would all benefit from a shared understanding of normal state behaviour in cyberspace. That common understanding must include shared intentions about appropriate responses to cyber incidents, especially in relation to determining which cyber operations are likely to elicit aggressive responses and which are considered part of the cost of doing business in international relations. States are understandably reluctant to reveal their thinking on this issue because they do not wish to encourage cyber misbehaviour below that threshold.

In this paper, the author suggests that a framework establishing categories of incidents and possible responses could be helpful in avoiding actions in cyberspace that would unintentionally push states to engage in armed conflict. Further, the tiered response framework proposed mitigates the downside of increased transparency.

The Cyber Longbow & Other Information Strategies: U.S. National Security and Cyberspace

The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in ... more The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in technology and culture. As the U.S. has continued to view cyberspace as a technical problem with a technical solution, some adversaries, recognizing the critical importance of information, have focused on that aspect of their strategy, employing social media and crowdsourcing. The paper suggests a definition of cyberspace for national security strategy discussions and addresses how the U.S. should approach cyberspace operations to engage its adversaries more effectively.

OUT OF THE LOOP

Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not reall... more Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not really legal. Rather, they are moral and philosophical. Despite our discomfort with machines making critical decisions in warfare, we already rely on their critical assistance in many aspects of daily life, including flying passenger jets. Ultimately, machines will take over many more aspects of human existence; we need to concentrate on negotiating this dangerous transition time, minimizing situations in which humans retain control but lack practice and expertise.

OUT OF THE LOOP

Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not reall... more Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not really legal. Rather, they are moral and philosophical. Despite our discomfort with machines making critical decisions in warfare, we already rely on their critical assistance in many aspects of daily life, including flying passenger jets. Ultimately, machines will take over many more aspects of human existence; we need to concentrate on negotiating this dangerous transition time, minimizing situations in which humans retain control but lack practice and expertise.

Spying and Fighting in Cyberspace: What is Which

The article presents the nuances of cyber espionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pe... more The article presents the nuances of cyber espionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pervasive in the national security context. It defines the differences between the two, and proposes a method of analyzing cyber operations to properly categorize them. Then, using an extended hypothetical and several real-life examples, it illustrates how dangerous cyber operations can be, and the need to properly define them so as to respond most effectively.

Cyber Conflict in DoD's Law of War Manual

The U.S. Department of Defense's 2015 Law of War Manual contains a chapter on cyber warfare, but ... more

Easier Said Than Done: Legal Reviews of Cyber Weapons

On the Spectrum of Cyberspace Operations

As cyberspace operations continue to evolve, they raise some unique questions regarding the natur... more As cyberspace operations continue to evolve, they raise some unique questions regarding the nature of conflict and how it should be discussed and regulated. The lack of legal rules governing cyber operations, for example, is commonly lamented by authors and journalists. It makes a good story, but it isn't necessarily true. While lawyers and policymakers wring their hands and fail to make decisions about cyber, practitioners have spent the past decade applying existing law and policy to operations and state practice. As evidenced by the actions of the U.S., Japan, Iran, China, and at least 30 other states, countries have been moving to include cyber warfare in their military planning and organization.

Why Iran Won't Admit Stuxnet Was an Attack

The Customary International Law of Cyberspace

The Wrong Questions about Cyberspace

Prisoner of War Parole: Ancient Concept, Modern Utility

Books by Gary Brown

Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations

by Andrey L Kozik and Gary Brown

Tallinn Manual 2.0 expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of t... more Tallinn Manual 2.0 expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of the international law governing cyber operations to peacetime legal regimes. The product of a three-year follow-on project by a new group of twenty renowned international law experts, it addresses such topics as sovereignty, state responsibility, human rights, and the law of air, space, and the sea. Tallinn Manual 2.0 identifies 154 'black letter' rules governing cyber operations and provides extensive commentary on each rule. Although Tallinn Manual 2.0 represents the views of the experts in their personal capacity, the project benefitted from the unofficial input of many states and over fifty peer reviewers.

The Cyber Longbow & Other Information Strategies: U.S. National Security and Cyberspace

Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2017

The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in ... more The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in technology and culture. As the U.S. has continued to view cyberspace as a technical problem with a technical solution, some adversaries, recognizing the critical importance of information, have focused on that aspect of their strategy, employing social media and crowdsourcing. The paper suggests a definition of cyberspace for national security strategy discussions and addresses how the U.S. should approach cyberspace operations to engage its adversaries more effectively.

Why Iran Didn't Admit Stuxnet Was an Attack

The Stuxnet computer worm destroyed 1,000 centrifuges used in Iran to enrich uranium. The event i... more

Spying and Fighting in Cyberspace: What is Which?

Brown presents the nuances of cyberespionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pervasive... more Brown presents the nuances of cyberespionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pervasive in the national security context. He defines the differences between the two, and proposes a method of analyzing cyber operations to properly categorize them. Then, using an extended hypothetical and several real-life examples, Brown illustrates how dangerous cyber operations can be, and the need to properly define them so as to respond most effectively.

Proportionality for Military Leaders

Easier Said than Done: Legal Reviews of Cyber Weapons

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014

Out of the Loop

Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not reall... more Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not really legal. Rather, they are moral and philosophical. Despite our discomfort with machines making critical decisions in warfare, we already rely on their critical assistance in many aspects of daily life, including flying passenger jets. Ultimately, machines will take over many more aspects of human existence; we need to concentrate on negotiating this dangerous transition time, minimizing situations in which humans retain control but lack practice and expertise.

On the Spectrum of Cyberspace Operations

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012

State Cyberspace Operations: Proposing a Cyber Response Framework

RUSI Occasional Paper, 2020

Cyberspace is the battleground of the new century – one that is likely to witness increased and d... more Cyberspace is the battleground of the new century – one that is likely to witness increased and diversified forms of aggression with the recent rise of world tension, driven by disputes over trade, territory and the coronavirus pandemic. Yet, increased tensions mean an increased chance of miscalculated intent. States would all benefit from a shared understanding of normal state behaviour in cyberspace. That common understanding must include shared intentions about appropriate responses to cyber incidents, especially in relation to determining which cyber operations are likely to elicit aggressive responses and which are considered part of the cost of doing business in international relations. States are understandably reluctant to reveal their thinking on this issue because they do not wish to encourage cyber misbehaviour below that threshold.

In this paper, the author suggests that a framework establishing categories of incidents and possible responses could be helpful in avoiding actions in cyberspace that would unintentionally push states to engage in armed conflict. Further, the tiered response framework proposed mitigates the downside of increased transparency.

The Cyber Longbow & Other Information Strategies: U.S. National Security and Cyberspace

The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in ... more The U.S. is struggling to contest its adversaries in cyberspace effective, despite advantages in technology and culture. As the U.S. has continued to view cyberspace as a technical problem with a technical solution, some adversaries, recognizing the critical importance of information, have focused on that aspect of their strategy, employing social media and crowdsourcing. The paper suggests a definition of cyberspace for national security strategy discussions and addresses how the U.S. should approach cyberspace operations to engage its adversaries more effectively.

OUT OF THE LOOP

Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not reall... more Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not really legal. Rather, they are moral and philosophical. Despite our discomfort with machines making critical decisions in warfare, we already rely on their critical assistance in many aspects of daily life, including flying passenger jets. Ultimately, machines will take over many more aspects of human existence; we need to concentrate on negotiating this dangerous transition time, minimizing situations in which humans retain control but lack practice and expertise.

OUT OF THE LOOP

Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not reall... more Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not really legal. Rather, they are moral and philosophical. Despite our discomfort with machines making critical decisions in warfare, we already rely on their critical assistance in many aspects of daily life, including flying passenger jets. Ultimately, machines will take over many more aspects of human existence; we need to concentrate on negotiating this dangerous transition time, minimizing situations in which humans retain control but lack practice and expertise.

Spying and Fighting in Cyberspace: What is Which

The article presents the nuances of cyber espionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pe... more The article presents the nuances of cyber espionage versus cyberattacks that are becoming more pervasive in the national security context. It defines the differences between the two, and proposes a method of analyzing cyber operations to properly categorize them. Then, using an extended hypothetical and several real-life examples, it illustrates how dangerous cyber operations can be, and the need to properly define them so as to respond most effectively.

Cyber Conflict in DoD's Law of War Manual

The U.S. Department of Defense's 2015 Law of War Manual contains a chapter on cyber warfare, but ... more

Easier Said Than Done: Legal Reviews of Cyber Weapons

On the Spectrum of Cyberspace Operations

As cyberspace operations continue to evolve, they raise some unique questions regarding the natur... more As cyberspace operations continue to evolve, they raise some unique questions regarding the nature of conflict and how it should be discussed and regulated. The lack of legal rules governing cyber operations, for example, is commonly lamented by authors and journalists. It makes a good story, but it isn't necessarily true. While lawyers and policymakers wring their hands and fail to make decisions about cyber, practitioners have spent the past decade applying existing law and policy to operations and state practice. As evidenced by the actions of the U.S., Japan, Iran, China, and at least 30 other states, countries have been moving to include cyber warfare in their military planning and organization.

Why Iran Won't Admit Stuxnet Was an Attack

The Customary International Law of Cyberspace

The Wrong Questions about Cyberspace

Prisoner of War Parole: Ancient Concept, Modern Utility

Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations

by Andrey L Kozik and Gary Brown

Tallinn Manual 2.0 expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of t... more Tallinn Manual 2.0 expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of the international law governing cyber operations to peacetime legal regimes. The product of a three-year follow-on project by a new group of twenty renowned international law experts, it addresses such topics as sovereignty, state responsibility, human rights, and the law of air, space, and the sea. Tallinn Manual 2.0 identifies 154 'black letter' rules governing cyber operations and provides extensive commentary on each rule. Although Tallinn Manual 2.0 represents the views of the experts in their personal capacity, the project benefitted from the unofficial input of many states and over fifty peer reviewers.