Books by Kees Teszelszky
This volume is a critical edition and translation in Hungarian of an unknown Latin work of the fa... more This volume is a critical edition and translation in Hungarian of an unknown Latin work of the famous humanist poet Johannes Bocatius (1569-1621), accompanied with two studies in English and Hungarian by Gergely Tóth and Kees Teszelszky. This work titled Hungaroteutomachia (Hungarian-German Battle) was written when Bocatius served as an envoy for Prince Stephen Bocskai during the so-called Bocskai Revolt (1604-1606) against Habsburg rule in the Kingdom of Hungary. Till now, this text was not recognised as written by Bocatius and was thus not included in the collected works of Bocatius, edited by Ferenc Csonka. The editors not only prove that Bocatius was the author of it, but also that it can be considered as probably one of his best works. The text consists of a fictive dialogue, or rather a colloquium, which takes place during the Bocskai Revolt, with five participants: a Hungarian, a German, an Italian, a Pole, a Transylvanian and a Turk. The theme of the conversation is the actual political situation at the time of the revolt. The participants exchange their opinions on the situation. The author thus presents an excellent summary of the various ways of thinking on the conflict between the Hungarians and the Habsburg king at that time. The final outcome of the sharp discussions quite clear supports the viewpoint of the Hungarians, as the Hungarian person swipes away the arguments of the German, the Italian and the Pole and thus justifies the resistance of Bocskai against Habsburg rule. Obviously, the Transylvanian and Turk support the Hungarian. The work must be considered a propaganda text in favour of Bocskai which must have been written in 1605 in order to win the hearts and minds of the Germans and to influence the Protestant public opinion in Western Europe. Some unknown verses of Bocatius were added at the end of the work, of which one is devoted to the holy crown of Hungary. The edition of this work will be very valuable for the research on the political propaganda of the court of Bocskai, the life work of Bocatius and the European political literature in general. It is also an addition to the corpus of the early modern genre of dialogues and the research on the use of this genre.
True Religion: a lost portrait by Albert Szenci Molnár (1606)
or
Dutch–Flemish–Hungarian intell... more True Religion: a lost portrait by Albert Szenci Molnár (1606)
or
Dutch–Flemish–Hungarian intellectual relations
in the early-modern period
This is the story of a work of one of the greatest early-modern humanists of Hungary, Albert Szenci Molnár, which had been lost for almost 400 years. The rediscovered Icon religionis or 'Image of Religion' is one of the oldest broadsheets printed in the Hungarian language. It was found in the collection of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam on 30 October 2012. This study will focus on the history, the meaning and the Dutch background of this work. Furthermore, I will devote attention to Dutch-Flemish-Hungarian intellectual relations with regard to this author, the work and the time at which it was created.
Szenci Molnár Albert elveszettnek hitt Igaz Vallás portréja (1606)
avagy
Holland–flamand-magyar szellemi kapcsolatok a kora újkorban
Ez a dolgozat Magyarország egyik legnagyobb kora újkori humanistájának, Szenci Molnár Albertnek egy majdnem négyszáz évig elveszettnek hitt művéről szól. Az újonnan megtalált „Igaz Vallás képe” az egyik legrégebbi magyar nyelvű egyleveles nyomtatvány, amely 2012. október 20-án került elő újra az amszterdami Rijksmuseum gyűjteményéből. Ebben a tanulmányban a mű történetéről, jelentéséről és holland hátteréről esik szó, különös tekintettel a szerzőhöz kötődő holland–flamand-magyar kapcsolatokra.
"
…A szerző nem a műtárggyal, a világon egyedülálló, zománcképekkel ékesített koronaékszerrel fogla... more …A szerző nem a műtárggyal, a világon egyedülálló, zománcképekkel ékesített koronaékszerrel foglalkozik. Más, merőben ismeretlen területre, a szellemi kultúra összetett és gazdag világába vezet. […] Hogyan alakult a korona jelentése az évszázadok alatt? Mi az összefüggés a korai nemzeti identitás fejlődése és a koronához fűződő eszmék jelentése között? […] ez a könyv mintegy nyilvántartása, virtuális műhelye a koronához és egyes korok eszmevilágához közvetlenül vagy közvetve fűződő nézetekkel foglalkozó hazai és külföldi tudósok munkájának. Mivel manapság a tudományos viták helyett mintha elhatalmasodna a kizárólagos kinyilatkoztatás és a felelőtlen vagdalkozás gyakorlata, aligha lehet eléggé hangsúlyozni […] a szerző etikus ellenőrző eljárását és elegáns vitamódszerét.”
R. Várkonyi Ágnes
![Research paper thumbnail of De sacra corona regni Hungariae : de kroon van Hongarije en de ontwikkeling van vroegmoderne nationale identiteit (1572-1665) [The crown of Hungary and the development of early modern national identity]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37047211/thumbnails/1.jpg)
"This dissertation treats the connection between the developments of national identity in the Hun... more "This dissertation treats the connection between the developments of national identity in the Hungarian Kingdom and the changing meaning of the crown of Hungary between 1572 and 1665. Using a constructivist method of research, an attempt is made to answer the question of how the Hungarian political community and its relation to the Hungarian crown was depicted, in what way the function of the crown legitimized this depiction, how this image and function of the crown changed, and how this change can be explained. Starting point for this approach was the notion that the “doctrine of the holy crown” is a modern invention. This doctrine makes it impossible to explain the meaning of the crown in early Hungarian political culture in the early modern period. (László Péter)
The first chapter of this study introduces the origin of the Hungarian Crown Jewel, the Hungarian monarchy, and the development of the “tradition of the crown” in the Middle Ages. The importance of the crown to claims of power of the Hungarian kings increased in the course of the Middle Ages. This was mainly due to the violent succession of royalty. “The crown” did not have a set meaning, and there was an intentional development of the tradition of the crown which achieved its apex during the reign of Matthias Corvinus. Additionally, the alleged meaning of the crown, which was introduced in the work of István Werb czy at the beginning of the early modern period and summarized in the nineteenth century Doctrine of the Holy Crown, is examined critically using the ideas of Timon Ákos, Ferenc Eckhart, and László Péter. The second chapter explains the used methods of research, and gives an analysis of the development of national identity and the meaning of the crown in the kingdom of Hungary in the period around 1526. Applying the notions of natio, regnum, and the crown, an explanation is given of how in Hungary the transformation from a cultural to a political community took place. The influence on this transformation of the tripartition of the kingdom after the battle of Mohács in 1526 is also discussed. During this period, the crown began to symbolize the unity of the as yet divided political community and of the kingdom.
The third chapter discusses the changed legitimizing function of the crown in the period between 1572 and 1606. Due to the political weakness of King Rudolf II of Habsburg, the crown was used increasingly in political literature to strengthen the demands of the community. The function of the crown changed from a symbol of legitimacy of royal power to that of the political claims of the community during the insurrection of Bocskay against Habsburg authority. This development is shown mainly in the creation of the fiction of “the refusal of the Turkish Crown” and the content of the political testament of Bocskay.
Elaborating on the important legitimizing function of the crown in political culture, the fourth chapter further explains a number of texts and events which demonstrate this new importance of the crown. This development is set against the creation of the court of Matthias of Habsburg in Hungary in 1607-1608, the transfer of the Hungarian Crown by Rudolf to Matthias, and the latter’s coronation in Hungary in 1608. The ideas of Matthias, István Illésházy, Elias Berger, Péter Révay, and János Jessenius, are used to show how the political compromise between Matthias and the Hungarian classes was legitimized by a certain image of the Crown, the Hungarian community, and the kingdom.
The fifth chapter focuses on the political thinking of Révay on the crown and on national identity. It elaborates on the origin of his book on the crown and the political community, the intellectual context of his thinking and the reception of his ideas about the crown. The central thesis of this chapter is that the way in which Révay depicts national identity can be traced back to the method used by Justus Lipsius of Leiden to describe history. Furthermore Révay, supported by Lipsius’ political theory, creates the notion of the sovereignty of the Hungarian political community using a fiction of the “effects of the crown”. These constructs of Révay concerning the crown (and not those of Werb czy or the “doctrine of the holy crown”) determined the Hungarian national identity in the early modern period, as is shown by the reception and popularity of his work concerning the crown until the rise of modern nationalism at the end of the eighteenth century.
In conclusion, the sixth chapter treats a part of the reception of the work of Révay using the history of the “Bull of Silvester”: an eleventh-century fiction made up in the seventeenth century. By explaining the role of the crown in the discussion between the kings of Habsburg of Hungary and the popes about the right of appointing bishops in the seventeenth century, it appears that the ideas of Révay within the changing political context gained a contemporary meaning. Révay’s book clearly played a part in the origins of the Bull. Eventually, the text of the Bull was smuggled into the contents of an eighteenth-century edition of Révay’s work. A deliberate adaptation to contemporary politics of Révay’s meaning of the crown changed national identity once again."
Book chapters by Kees Teszelszky
Tropisch avontuur. Hongaren in de Nederlandse koloniën, 2016
This paper presents a preliminary survey of people coming from Hungary who were employed for the ... more This paper presents a preliminary survey of people coming from Hungary who were employed for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) between 1602 and 1795, drawing some conclusions from the point of view of national identity, education, social class and ethnic background. The survey was conducted using the database of sea-voyagers of the Dutch National Archive, containing detailed information of the background of the people who entered the service of the VOC. There has never been done a detailed survey of Hungarian immigrants coming to the Dutch Republic in the Early Modern period. So far, only students coming from Hungary to the Netherlands have been studied, but the majority of them have returned to their home country after university and did not stay here. The aim is to introduce the source material and its context in general, which can be the basis of further investigations. So far, almost 118 Hungarians have been identified. The majority of the Hungarians occupied modest positions on the ships and did not return from the east.
Művészet és mesterség. Tisztelgő kötet R. Várkonyi Ágnes emlékére
Németalföld lakói hosszú évszázadokon keresztül csodálattal figyelték a külföldi uralkodóházakat,... more Németalföld lakói hosszú évszázadokon keresztül csodálattal figyelték a külföldi uralkodóházakat, dinasztiákat. Ez egy középkorból eredő kulturális hagyomány volt, amelyben királyok és hercegek játszották a főszerepet, többnyire szájról szájra hagyományozódtak a történetek, némelyek azonban fennmaradtak írásos és képes formában is. Jól ismerjük mindannyian ezeket a motívumokat, hiszen európai jelenségről beszélhetünk, a (nép)mesék, legendák és a szentek életét taglaló művek világáról. A hollandoknak 1815-ig nem volt uralkodóházuk, külföldi hercegek, dinasztiák vezették az országot, akik többnyire a határokon kívül székeltek és onnan irányították a közigazgatást. A történetek alapjául szolgáló hősöket tehát a hollandok a külföldről érkező legendákból, információkból kölcsönözték, így kerültek kapcsolatba például a magyarokkal is. Ebben a tanulmányban azt szeretném, bemutatni, milyen módon jutottak a holland kultúrkörbe a magyar uralkodók, hogyan változtak a toposzok a holland történelmi átalakulások következtében, végül pedig hogyan építkezett mindebből a kora újkori holland identitás. Arra is szeretnék kitérni, hogy a magyar történelem viharos jellege, és a magyar uralkodók figyelemre méltó kalandjai hogyan kaptak helyet a holland kultúrában.
A Divided Hungary in Europe: Exhanges, Networks and Representations, 1541-1699. Volume 3: The Making and Uses of the Image of Hungary and Transylvania, Edited by Kees Teszelszky, 2014
This volume investigates how the exchange of knowledge and information influenced the development... more This volume investigates how the exchange of knowledge and information influenced the development of the early modern image of divided Hungary in Europe. Divided Hungary must be understood as the composition of political communities which existed on the territory of the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary (which included Croatia and Transylva-nia) between 1541 and 1699. However, the making of this image was not just a by-product of cultural exchange in Europe; it was a “product” extensively used and negotiated in the developing “public sphere.” Treated as information, news or the subject of public opinion, the image was utilized in the political communication in different European states to legitimate certain goals or to convince the audience of the rightness of a specific message.
WIENER ARCHIVFORSCHUNGEN Festschrift für den ungarischen Archivdelegierten inWien, István Fazekas publikationen der ungarischen geschichtsforschung in wien bd. x. WIEN 2014 Herausgegeben von Zsuzsanna Cziráki, Anna Fundárková, Orsolya Manhercz, Zsuzsanna Peres und Márta Vajnági, 2014
This is a study on the activities of the Habsburg herolds Johann Ruda and Johannes von Francolin ... more This is a study on the activities of the Habsburg herolds Johann Ruda and Johannes von Francolin and the true depictions of the holy crown of Hungary around 1600. The author presents an unknown manuscript of Francolin and another unknown depiction of the handing over of the holy crown in 1608.
![Research paper thumbnail of Magyarország és Erdély képe Németalföldön a Bocskai-felkelés és Bethlen Gábor hadjáratai idején 1604-1626 [The image of Hungary and Transylvania in the time of the uprising of Prince István Bocskai and the campaigns of Prince Gábor Bethlen 1604–1626]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32243223/thumbnails/1.jpg)
In: Kármán Gábor - Kees Teszelszky (szerk.): Bethlen Gábor és Európa. Budapest: ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszék - Transylvania Emlékeiért Tudományos Egyesület, 2013. 203-244., 2013
This is a study of cultural geography in early modern Europe: of the manner, in which Hungary and... more This is a study of cultural geography in early modern Europe: of the manner, in which Hungary and Transylvania and its inhabitants were imagined, appropriated and manipulated in the Low Countries. It takes as a subject the Dutch representation of Hungary and Transylvania and its inhabitants in the period of an uprising and several campaigns against Habsburg rule in Hungary and Transylvania, taking the political, religious and cultural developments in both territories into account. It examines how the idea of Hungary first entered the Dutch imagination, how it evolved into a staple of political rhetoric, how it received a prominent place in Dutch historiography and how it ultimately was implemented into the ways the Dutch saw themselves in the world.
Pázmány nyomában. Tanulmányok Hargittay Emil tiszteletére, szerk. Ajkay Alinka, Bajáki Rita, Vác, Mondat., 2013
[The use of Hungarian topoi in Early Modern Netherlands. Saint Gerardus, Saint Stephen, Holy Mary... more [The use of Hungarian topoi in Early Modern Netherlands. Saint Gerardus, Saint Stephen, Holy Mary and the Hungarian crown in the Dutch literature, art and pamphlets]
This is an study in Hungarian about the use of certain Hungarian themes in Early Modern Dutch literature and art. It shows that the image and description of holy Gerardus, holy king Stefanus of Hungary, Virgin Mary of Hungary and the holy crown of Hungary were used to legitimate certain political goals. It also draws the attention to an image of the Carmelite Saint Gerardus of Hungary in the Carmelite convent of Boxmeer and its political and cultural background.
Whose Love of Which Country? Composite States, National Histories and Patriotic Discourses in Early Modern East Central Europe. , 2010
Magyar királyok nagykönyve - Uralkodóink, kormányzóink és az erdélyi fejedelmek életének és tetteinek képes története, 2012
This is an introduction in Hungarian about the history and meaning of the crown of the Hungarian ... more This is an introduction in Hungarian about the history and meaning of the crown of the Hungarian Kingdom, also known as Holy Crown of Hungary.
Papers by Kees Teszelszky
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo, Nov 10, 2022
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo, Jul 25, 2018
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo, Jun 8, 2022
Blogpost over nieuwe webcollectie van het Internet Archive. Nieuw in het welbekende Internet Arch... more Blogpost over nieuwe webcollectie van het Internet Archive. Nieuw in het welbekende Internet Archive (IA): het Whole Earth Web Archive (WEWA). Jefferson Bailey, directeur webarchivering en data services bij het IA, heeft de kleinste nationale domeinen van de wereld op het web in kaart gebracht en de gearchiveerde sites van deze landen in een speciale webcollectie verzameld.
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Books by Kees Teszelszky
or
Dutch–Flemish–Hungarian intellectual relations
in the early-modern period
This is the story of a work of one of the greatest early-modern humanists of Hungary, Albert Szenci Molnár, which had been lost for almost 400 years. The rediscovered Icon religionis or 'Image of Religion' is one of the oldest broadsheets printed in the Hungarian language. It was found in the collection of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam on 30 October 2012. This study will focus on the history, the meaning and the Dutch background of this work. Furthermore, I will devote attention to Dutch-Flemish-Hungarian intellectual relations with regard to this author, the work and the time at which it was created.
Szenci Molnár Albert elveszettnek hitt Igaz Vallás portréja (1606)
avagy
Holland–flamand-magyar szellemi kapcsolatok a kora újkorban
Ez a dolgozat Magyarország egyik legnagyobb kora újkori humanistájának, Szenci Molnár Albertnek egy majdnem négyszáz évig elveszettnek hitt művéről szól. Az újonnan megtalált „Igaz Vallás képe” az egyik legrégebbi magyar nyelvű egyleveles nyomtatvány, amely 2012. október 20-án került elő újra az amszterdami Rijksmuseum gyűjteményéből. Ebben a tanulmányban a mű történetéről, jelentéséről és holland hátteréről esik szó, különös tekintettel a szerzőhöz kötődő holland–flamand-magyar kapcsolatokra.
"
R. Várkonyi Ágnes
The first chapter of this study introduces the origin of the Hungarian Crown Jewel, the Hungarian monarchy, and the development of the “tradition of the crown” in the Middle Ages. The importance of the crown to claims of power of the Hungarian kings increased in the course of the Middle Ages. This was mainly due to the violent succession of royalty. “The crown” did not have a set meaning, and there was an intentional development of the tradition of the crown which achieved its apex during the reign of Matthias Corvinus. Additionally, the alleged meaning of the crown, which was introduced in the work of István Werb czy at the beginning of the early modern period and summarized in the nineteenth century Doctrine of the Holy Crown, is examined critically using the ideas of Timon Ákos, Ferenc Eckhart, and László Péter. The second chapter explains the used methods of research, and gives an analysis of the development of national identity and the meaning of the crown in the kingdom of Hungary in the period around 1526. Applying the notions of natio, regnum, and the crown, an explanation is given of how in Hungary the transformation from a cultural to a political community took place. The influence on this transformation of the tripartition of the kingdom after the battle of Mohács in 1526 is also discussed. During this period, the crown began to symbolize the unity of the as yet divided political community and of the kingdom.
The third chapter discusses the changed legitimizing function of the crown in the period between 1572 and 1606. Due to the political weakness of King Rudolf II of Habsburg, the crown was used increasingly in political literature to strengthen the demands of the community. The function of the crown changed from a symbol of legitimacy of royal power to that of the political claims of the community during the insurrection of Bocskay against Habsburg authority. This development is shown mainly in the creation of the fiction of “the refusal of the Turkish Crown” and the content of the political testament of Bocskay.
Elaborating on the important legitimizing function of the crown in political culture, the fourth chapter further explains a number of texts and events which demonstrate this new importance of the crown. This development is set against the creation of the court of Matthias of Habsburg in Hungary in 1607-1608, the transfer of the Hungarian Crown by Rudolf to Matthias, and the latter’s coronation in Hungary in 1608. The ideas of Matthias, István Illésházy, Elias Berger, Péter Révay, and János Jessenius, are used to show how the political compromise between Matthias and the Hungarian classes was legitimized by a certain image of the Crown, the Hungarian community, and the kingdom.
The fifth chapter focuses on the political thinking of Révay on the crown and on national identity. It elaborates on the origin of his book on the crown and the political community, the intellectual context of his thinking and the reception of his ideas about the crown. The central thesis of this chapter is that the way in which Révay depicts national identity can be traced back to the method used by Justus Lipsius of Leiden to describe history. Furthermore Révay, supported by Lipsius’ political theory, creates the notion of the sovereignty of the Hungarian political community using a fiction of the “effects of the crown”. These constructs of Révay concerning the crown (and not those of Werb czy or the “doctrine of the holy crown”) determined the Hungarian national identity in the early modern period, as is shown by the reception and popularity of his work concerning the crown until the rise of modern nationalism at the end of the eighteenth century.
In conclusion, the sixth chapter treats a part of the reception of the work of Révay using the history of the “Bull of Silvester”: an eleventh-century fiction made up in the seventeenth century. By explaining the role of the crown in the discussion between the kings of Habsburg of Hungary and the popes about the right of appointing bishops in the seventeenth century, it appears that the ideas of Révay within the changing political context gained a contemporary meaning. Révay’s book clearly played a part in the origins of the Bull. Eventually, the text of the Bull was smuggled into the contents of an eighteenth-century edition of Révay’s work. A deliberate adaptation to contemporary politics of Révay’s meaning of the crown changed national identity once again."
Book chapters by Kees Teszelszky
This is an study in Hungarian about the use of certain Hungarian themes in Early Modern Dutch literature and art. It shows that the image and description of holy Gerardus, holy king Stefanus of Hungary, Virgin Mary of Hungary and the holy crown of Hungary were used to legitimate certain political goals. It also draws the attention to an image of the Carmelite Saint Gerardus of Hungary in the Carmelite convent of Boxmeer and its political and cultural background.
Papers by Kees Teszelszky
or
Dutch–Flemish–Hungarian intellectual relations
in the early-modern period
This is the story of a work of one of the greatest early-modern humanists of Hungary, Albert Szenci Molnár, which had been lost for almost 400 years. The rediscovered Icon religionis or 'Image of Religion' is one of the oldest broadsheets printed in the Hungarian language. It was found in the collection of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam on 30 October 2012. This study will focus on the history, the meaning and the Dutch background of this work. Furthermore, I will devote attention to Dutch-Flemish-Hungarian intellectual relations with regard to this author, the work and the time at which it was created.
Szenci Molnár Albert elveszettnek hitt Igaz Vallás portréja (1606)
avagy
Holland–flamand-magyar szellemi kapcsolatok a kora újkorban
Ez a dolgozat Magyarország egyik legnagyobb kora újkori humanistájának, Szenci Molnár Albertnek egy majdnem négyszáz évig elveszettnek hitt művéről szól. Az újonnan megtalált „Igaz Vallás képe” az egyik legrégebbi magyar nyelvű egyleveles nyomtatvány, amely 2012. október 20-án került elő újra az amszterdami Rijksmuseum gyűjteményéből. Ebben a tanulmányban a mű történetéről, jelentéséről és holland hátteréről esik szó, különös tekintettel a szerzőhöz kötődő holland–flamand-magyar kapcsolatokra.
"
R. Várkonyi Ágnes
The first chapter of this study introduces the origin of the Hungarian Crown Jewel, the Hungarian monarchy, and the development of the “tradition of the crown” in the Middle Ages. The importance of the crown to claims of power of the Hungarian kings increased in the course of the Middle Ages. This was mainly due to the violent succession of royalty. “The crown” did not have a set meaning, and there was an intentional development of the tradition of the crown which achieved its apex during the reign of Matthias Corvinus. Additionally, the alleged meaning of the crown, which was introduced in the work of István Werb czy at the beginning of the early modern period and summarized in the nineteenth century Doctrine of the Holy Crown, is examined critically using the ideas of Timon Ákos, Ferenc Eckhart, and László Péter. The second chapter explains the used methods of research, and gives an analysis of the development of national identity and the meaning of the crown in the kingdom of Hungary in the period around 1526. Applying the notions of natio, regnum, and the crown, an explanation is given of how in Hungary the transformation from a cultural to a political community took place. The influence on this transformation of the tripartition of the kingdom after the battle of Mohács in 1526 is also discussed. During this period, the crown began to symbolize the unity of the as yet divided political community and of the kingdom.
The third chapter discusses the changed legitimizing function of the crown in the period between 1572 and 1606. Due to the political weakness of King Rudolf II of Habsburg, the crown was used increasingly in political literature to strengthen the demands of the community. The function of the crown changed from a symbol of legitimacy of royal power to that of the political claims of the community during the insurrection of Bocskay against Habsburg authority. This development is shown mainly in the creation of the fiction of “the refusal of the Turkish Crown” and the content of the political testament of Bocskay.
Elaborating on the important legitimizing function of the crown in political culture, the fourth chapter further explains a number of texts and events which demonstrate this new importance of the crown. This development is set against the creation of the court of Matthias of Habsburg in Hungary in 1607-1608, the transfer of the Hungarian Crown by Rudolf to Matthias, and the latter’s coronation in Hungary in 1608. The ideas of Matthias, István Illésházy, Elias Berger, Péter Révay, and János Jessenius, are used to show how the political compromise between Matthias and the Hungarian classes was legitimized by a certain image of the Crown, the Hungarian community, and the kingdom.
The fifth chapter focuses on the political thinking of Révay on the crown and on national identity. It elaborates on the origin of his book on the crown and the political community, the intellectual context of his thinking and the reception of his ideas about the crown. The central thesis of this chapter is that the way in which Révay depicts national identity can be traced back to the method used by Justus Lipsius of Leiden to describe history. Furthermore Révay, supported by Lipsius’ political theory, creates the notion of the sovereignty of the Hungarian political community using a fiction of the “effects of the crown”. These constructs of Révay concerning the crown (and not those of Werb czy or the “doctrine of the holy crown”) determined the Hungarian national identity in the early modern period, as is shown by the reception and popularity of his work concerning the crown until the rise of modern nationalism at the end of the eighteenth century.
In conclusion, the sixth chapter treats a part of the reception of the work of Révay using the history of the “Bull of Silvester”: an eleventh-century fiction made up in the seventeenth century. By explaining the role of the crown in the discussion between the kings of Habsburg of Hungary and the popes about the right of appointing bishops in the seventeenth century, it appears that the ideas of Révay within the changing political context gained a contemporary meaning. Révay’s book clearly played a part in the origins of the Bull. Eventually, the text of the Bull was smuggled into the contents of an eighteenth-century edition of Révay’s work. A deliberate adaptation to contemporary politics of Révay’s meaning of the crown changed national identity once again."
This is an study in Hungarian about the use of certain Hungarian themes in Early Modern Dutch literature and art. It shows that the image and description of holy Gerardus, holy king Stefanus of Hungary, Virgin Mary of Hungary and the holy crown of Hungary were used to legitimate certain political goals. It also draws the attention to an image of the Carmelite Saint Gerardus of Hungary in the Carmelite convent of Boxmeer and its political and cultural background.
Peter Révai über die ungarische Krone (1608 – 1619)
Im Jahre 1613 wurde in Augsburg das Werk „Kurzgefasster Kommentar über die Krone des
Ungarischen Königreichs“ vom gebildeten protestantischen Baron Peter Révai herausgegeben. Das
Werk begann er im August 1607 zu schreiben, wann ihn der Erzherzog Mathias Habsburg schon
als „Gubernator“ des Ungarns beauftragte „die Geschichte und das Recht des Ungarischen Königreichs
zu studieren“. Dies hat sich im Stand der tiefen Krise wegen des Krieges mit Türken und
des Aufstandes von Štefan Bočkai befinden. Der Erzherzog Mathias erwarb die Macht in Ungarn
im Jahre 1608, was sich in der physischen Erwerbung der ungarischen königlichen Krone und
feierlichen Krönung in Bratislava (Pressburg) geäußert hat. Die Wiedereinführung des Kults der
heiligen Krone wurde bedeutender Bestandteil der Werbung von Mathias in Ungarn schon vor,
aber besonders nach seiner Krönung gewesen. Ihren Anfang können wir zum ersten Malle im
Text des feierlichen Vortrages des Štefan Ilešházi aus Juli 1608 sehen. Seiner Meinung nach war
die Wiederkehrt der heiligen Krone ins Vaterland ein Zeichen guter Absichten des Mathias II.
in der Richtung zu den ungarischen Ständen, ebenso wie es in den Zeiten des Mathias Corvinus
war. Nach der Krönung im November 1608 hat Eliáš Berger, Hofhistoriker des Mathias II., einen
Vortrag im Parlament gehalten, der zusammen mit dem Text des schon erwähnten feierlichen
Vortrages herausgegeben wurde. Berger hat seine Meinung ausgedrückt, dass die Krone des Ungarns
Geschenk der Vorsehung in der Rückkehr von Tugenden und Taten des Herrschers und die
Krönung Mathias II. Ergebnis des Gotteswillens war. Er war gleichzeitig der erste, der die Gestalt,
die symbolische und politische Bedeutung, wie auch die Geschichte der Krönungskleinodien beschrieben
hat. Das literarische Werk von Peter Révai, der ihrer nahe Freund war, können wir für
die Fortsetzung des Bergers Krönungspamphlets und Esterházis Vortrages halten. Révai hat die
politische Theorie der ungarischen Krone entworfen, die Bergers Fiktion über ihrer Heiligkeit unterstützte.
Sein Werk war in Ungarn während des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts sehr populär und nach
der Rückkehr der ursprünglichen königlichen Krone ins Ungarn im Jahre 1978 hat das Interesse
um das Werk wieder erneut."
Elias Berger a Grünenberg (Bergerus Pannonius, Perger, Bergher, Bergler, Bergerus a Grinperg, 1562-1645), a Habsburg udvar későbbi történésze, 1603 vagy 1604-ben kapott a megbízást, hogy írjon egy magyar történelmét. A szerző nagy feladatot kapott meg: a mű tulajdonképpen a híres Antonio Bonfini történelemkönyvnek a folytatása kellett volna lennie. Hiába kapott Berger sok pénzt és segítséget az évek folyamán, a művét soha nem fejezte be, és a szerző halálakor a kézirat maradt kiadatlan. Hosszú évek folyamán elveszettnek műnek számított: csak 2007-ben felbukkant három kötet az Osztrák Nemzeti Könyvtárban.
Hiába a mű soha nem látott nyomdát vagy találkozott olvasóközönséget, mégis politikai szempontból ezt a szöveget lehet tekinteni, mint a legérdekesebb és legizgalmasabb történelmi mű, ami keletkezett a 17. századi Magyarországon. Ez azért van, mert Berger kézirata különösképpen alkalmas a magyarországi politikai gondolkodásban és a nemzeti identitás alakulásában bekövetkezett változások elemzésére. Berger udvari költő és történész volt, és a Habsburg dinasztia, valamint a magyar és morva főurak szolgálatába állt. Ebben a minőségében legfontosabb feladata az volt, hogy megbízóinak politikai érdekeit legitimálja azáltal, hogy meghatározott történelmi eseményeket az éppen szükséges formában ír meg. Az írásai elsősorban a megbízó aktuális politikai szándékait tükrözik.
A történelmi mű hosszú éven keresztül bővült, közben Magyarországnak és a Habsburg dinasztianak politikailag nagyon változott. Több felkelés, háború, hadjárat és koronazás történt Magyarországon és a Habsburg Birodalomban ebben az időben. Berger fél évente kellett bemutatni a mű egy részét. Minden egyes része az aktuális politikai helyzetet tükrözik. Az előadásomban szeretném bemutatni a kézirat keletkezését és értelmezni a tartalmát politikai szempontból. A beszédemben nagy hangsúlyt fog kapni Berger eszmei a szent koronáról, a szent keresztről és a magyar királyokról és a történész eszmei kapcsolata más szerzővel, mint Bocatius Jánossal, Illésházy Istvánnal, Jessenius Jánossal, Révay Péterrel, és Istvánffy Miklóssal. "
In my lecture, I would like to draw the attention to the influence of these contacts on the development of the early modern image of the Ottomans in the Dutch Republic. What was the role of the Dutch envoy Cornelius Haga in the information exchange between Holland, Transylvania and the Ottoman Empire? Which information did reach the Dutch Republic and how was it used and reused in the Netherlands? What was the political background of this information exchange? How did the contacts between Cornelius Haga and Transylvania change the image of the Ottomans in the Dutch Republic between 1604 and 1626?
Volume 1: Study Tours and Intellectual-Religious Relationships
Volume 2: Diplomacy, Information Flow and Cultural Exchange
Volume 3: The Making and Uses of the Image of Hungary and Transylvania
Despite fragmentation, heterogeneity and the continuous pressure of the Ottoman Empire, early modern “divided Hungary” witnessed a surprising cultural flourishing in the sixteenth century and maintained its common cultural identity in the seventeenth century. This could hardly have been possible without intense exchange with the rest of Europe. This three-volume series about early modern Hungary divided by Ottoman presence approaches themes of exchange of information and knowledge from two perspectives, namely, exchange through traditional channels provided by religious/educational institutions and the system of European study tours (Volume 1: Study Tours and Intellectual-Religious Relationships), and the less regular channels and improvised networks of political diplomacy (Volume 2: Diplomacy, Information Flow and Cultural Exchange). A by-product of this exchange of information was the changing image of early modern Hungary and Transylvania, which is presented in the third and in some aspects concluding volume of essays (Volume 3: The Making and Uses of the Image of Hungary and Transylvania). Unlike earlier approaches to the same questions, these volumes intend to draw an alternative map of early modern Hungary. On this map, the centre-periphery conceptions of European early modern culture are replaced by new narratives written from the perspective of historical actors, and the dominance of Western-Hungarian relationships are kept in balance with openness to the significance of Hungary’s direct neighbours, most importantly the Ottoman Empire.
The editors of the volumes, Gábor Almási, Szymon Brzeziński, Ildikó Horn, Kees Teszelszky and Áron Zarnóczki are based at Hungarian, Polish and Dutch institutions of historical research. Their collaboration is the result of a joint research programme generously financed by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund and carried out at the Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest.
http://www.cambridgescholars.com/a-divided-hungary-in-europe
http://www.cambridgescholars.com/a-divided-hungary-in-europe-2
http://www.cambridgescholars.com/a-divided-hungary-in-europe-3
http://www.cambridgescholars.com/a-divided-hungary-in-europe-4
I have used it for scholars and students in Hungary and the Netherlands. (The oldest scholar was 85!)"
Werktekst, gebaseerd op de Hongaarse vertaling van het oorspronkelijke handschrift in het Latijn door Ferenc Csonka: Csonka, Ferenc, and Ferenc Szakály. 1988. Bocskai kíséretében a Rákosmezőn: emlékiratok és iratok Bocskai István fejedelem és Lalla Mehmed nagyvezir találkozójáról 1605. november 11. Budapest: Európa.
Gedeeltelijke vertaling uit het Hongaars en bewerking ten behoeve van Werkcollege Vroegmoderne diplomatie GPC, RUG, door Kees Teszelszky
2011