Alex Rosenberg's book How History Gets Things Wrong holds that our attachment to history as a vehicle for understanding has a long evolutionary pedigree and a genetic basis, but this vehicle involves a defective theory of human nature because it involves a defective theory of the brain as shown by neuroscience. Reviewing his arguments, I argue that our attachment (if any) to history as a vehicle of understanding is not an inherited characteristic as evolutionary theory, if relevant, would require, but is developed culturally. I also argue that an evolutionary basis for a cognitive capacity does not undermine its reliability as a vehicle of knowledge or understanding. Moreover, evolutionary theory and neuroscience are separable theories, and neuroscience is misused and misunderstood by Rosenberg. Rosenberg holds that neuroscience provides a better theory of mind than does the "theory of mind" used by historians (as he understands them), where the latter is assumed by him to involve explaining by reference to beliefs and desires. However, Rosenberg illegitimately adopts what philosophers of mind call "theory-theory" to characterize historians' assumptions and does not recognize that neuroscience need not be conceived as a rival theory of explanation of action. He wrongly supposes that historical narratives are essentially explanations of individual action. A better use of neuroscience is to learn that "imagining the past" and "imagining the future" use the same brain processes, and just as imagining the future has no causal chain linking the relevant brain states directly to reality, so we have no reason to think that "imagining the past" does. Getting our imaginings correct requires sound historiographical expertise.

Readers of History and Theory will appreciate these seven stimulating papers being brought together in a single volume, but ought not to need reminding of them, since five were published elsewhere between 1986 and 1989, three of them in this journal. 1 Furthermore, Ankersmit tells us (33n.), a sixth paper (appearing as chapter 1, "Six Theses on Narrativist Philosophy of History") summarizes the views expounded in his Narrative Logic: A Semantic Analysis, which was reviewed in History and Theory in 1984 by C. Behan McCullagh. 2 Of the seven, only the final paper in the collection is new: "Historism and Postmodernism: A Phenomenology of Historical Experience." However, there is in addition a substantial introduction, subtitled "Transcendentalism and the Rise and Fall of Metaphor." This introduction frames the argument of the book and places each paper, however familiar, in a needed overall perspective, and it will also frame my comments. Ankersmit's introduction starts with a concise overview of twentieth-century philosophy, which he observes is fascinated by language. 3 Philosophy, as philosophy of language, investigated first its logical and then its social dimensions.

Background: Disaster response is an emergency nursing responsibility. Responding to disasters, however, is hazardous as terrorism, pandemics and chemical industrial accidents challenge the safety of nurses and their families. International experience has shown that nurses can become victims of disasters and that fear of contaminating family and friends may prevent nurses from attending work or returning home during a disaster response. An understanding of the factors that enable or disable their disaster preparedness will underpin future disaster policy and planning for Australian and international health care organizations. Methods: This study examines the willingness of Australian emergency nurses to attend work to respond to a health care disaster, using a 3-phase mixed-method design. Phase 1 was a national online survey, with 451 responses. Phase 2 involved 6 focus groups at 4 hospital sites, with 41 participants and Phase 3 involved in-depth interviews with emergency nurses at different sites, with 11 participants. This presentation will highlight results from the study on the willingness of Australian emergency nurses to respond to a health care disaster. Results: Preliminary findings indicate that emergency nurses' willingness to respond to health care disasters was dependent on a number of factors, including their out-of-work responsibilities, the changes to their roles and responsibilities at work, their confidence in management and their work team, the information they are given about the disaster, the type of disaster and the degree of risk involved. Conclusions: The contribution the findings this study will make to disaster planning and preparedness for nursing staff, health planners and administrators will be outlined.

having then to refer to a guest list (scattered through several pages of menu) to find out who they were, It would be a very precise system, and might well obviate mistakesbecause no-one would bother to use names at all. This book makes a definite contribution to the subject; as much in the thinking it will provoke as in the theses it does claim to prove. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CARDIFF HUMPHREY PALMER

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las características que presenta una muestra de menores y jóvenes recogida en el Servicio Municipal de Urgencias Sociales (SMUS) de Bilbao por intervenciones catalogadas como Violencia Filio-Parental (VFP), examinando si existían diferencias en función del tipo de familia (usuarias habituales de servicios sociales versus no usuarias) y del sexo. En total se analizaron 72 expedientes (enero de 2008-junio de 2013). Los resultados señalan que hay una mayor presencia de familias monoparentales (solo madre). La violencia va dirigida hacia la madre principalmente, excepto en las familias nucleares. Se solicita más frecuentemente intervención por situaciones de violencia física, y la descripción de los episodios puede catalogarse como violencia reactiva. De las características individuales destaca la edad de comienzo (14.33 años), presencia de intervenciones previas, consumos de drogas, fracaso a nivel escolar, exposición a la violencia y enfermedad mental diagnosticada. Existen diferencias en función del tipo de familia (mayor presencia de familias monoparentales en las usuarias habituales de SS.SS.) y del sexo (mayor presencia de violencia física en chicos y psicológica en chicas).

A field experiment was conducted at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2012 and 2013 under rainout shelterto study the influence of fungicide (Opera 18.3% SE) in improving yield by recovering biochemical traitsin moisture stressed soybean. The results revealed that in all the four moisture stress treatments viz., withholding water for 0, 5, 10 and 15 days imposed on 40 DAS, application of fungicide opera recorded high chlorophyll, soluble protein and less proline content withreduced membrane injury over their respective counterparts without fungicide application. Further the yield in moisture stress for 5, 10 and 15 days without fungicide treatment (3902, 3614 and 3902 kg/ha, respectively) was significantly reduced compared to their respective counterparts with fungicide treatment (3910, 4075 and 4224 kg/ha, respectively).

Krzysztof Brzechczyn’s important collection around Roth’s “revival” stimulates thought about the approaches adopted by analytical philosophers of history. Roth revives Danto’s 1965 pragmatic “constructivist” insights: in a narrative, earlier “events under a description” are described in terms of possibly unknowable later ones and, following Mink, in terms of possibly unknowable later concepts. Roth thinks of the resulting narrative explanation as justified in virtue of its constituting the object explained. However, earlier analytical philosophers of history faced different issues and adopted two different approaches: the positivist logical empiricist analysis used by Hempel (1942) and the nonpositivist “ordinary language” conceptual analysis of Oxford linguistic philosophers used by Dray (1957). Hempel’s Hume-sourced model of historical explanation set a scientific standard to be achieved, while Dray “tested” that analysis against historiographical practice. Both dubiously made “ex...