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Revista Derecho PUCP

Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Derecho, Peer-reviewed journal

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Author Guidelines: http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/derechopucp/about/submissions#authorGuidelines
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Call for papers: http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/derechopucp/pages/view/convocatorias

Derecho PUCP, founded in 1944, publishes legal or interdisciplinary unpublished and original research articles, which are revised by external peers who have previously published similar researches. The evaluations are made anonymously (double blind system) and are about the quality and the validity of the arguments showed on the articles. It has three sections: (i) Main Section, (ii) Miscellaneous and (iii) Interdisciplinary.

Derecho PUCP frequency is semi-annual, appearing, both in its physical support and in its digital version, on the first day of the publication period. The first issue covers the period from June to November, and the second, from December to May.

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Rómulo Morales

Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru

Jairo Cieza Mora

Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Universidad Autónoma de Chile

Jordi Ribot Igualada

University of Girona

Alvaro R Vidal O

Nicolás Oliva Leal

Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción

Alex López Hernández

Universidad Arturo Prat

Francisco de Elizalde

IE University

Antonio Ismael Ruiz Arranz

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Renzo E . Saavedra

Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru

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Derecho PUCP N° 81: Criminal Law by Revista Derecho PUCP

Dos tesis de H.L.A. Hart sobre responsabilidad y castigo: 50 años después

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Ilsse Carolina Torres Ortega

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

En este trabajo hacemos un balance crítico de algunos de los temas planteados por H.L.A. Hart en ... more En este trabajo hacemos un balance crítico de algunos de los temas planteados por H.L.A. Hart en su libro Punishment and Responsibility. Concretamente, nos ocupamos de dos tesis relacionadas con los temas de responsabilidad y castigo: la tesis de la primacía de la sujeción y la tesis del carácter mixto de la justificación del castigo. Planteamos dichas tesis y revisamos su potencial explicativo a través del análisis de críticas que han recibido.

Dogmática funcionalista y política criminal: una propuesta fundada en los derechos humanos

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

En este trabajo pretendo reflexionar sobre la incapacidad de las corrientes dogmáticas funcionali... more En este trabajo pretendo reflexionar sobre la incapacidad de las corrientes dogmáticas funcionalistas para contener el ius puniendi del Estado. Asimismo, señalaré cuáles son las razones del propio sistema penal que han conducido a dejar carta blanca al legislador, lo cual ha dado lugar a un punitivismo desbocado, y qué fundamentos se proponen para construir una respuesta penal más racional. Haciendo un repaso de la situación actual de la dogmática penal, de las cuestiones del método y el objeto de estudio de esta rama del conocimiento, se llega a la constatación de un relativismo impropio de un conocimiento que se pretende científico. La propuesta racional frente a este relativismo es una política criminal fundada en los derechos humanos.

$Research paper thumbnail of Dominio sobre la vulnerabilidad del bien jurídico o infracción del deber en los delitos especiales$

Dominio sobre la vulnerabilidad del bien jurídico o infracción del deber en los delitos especiales

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

¿Cuál es el fundamento del injusto penal en los delitos especiales? La respuesta a esta pregunta ... more ¿Cuál es el fundamento del injusto penal en los delitos especiales? La respuesta a esta pregunta no siempre fue importante en la historia de la dogmática del derecho penal, pues solo a partir de la obra de Claus Roxin se renovó el debate sobre esta clase de delitos. Las diversas posturas en discusión retrotraen sus argumentos hasta el concepto mismo de hecho punible, ya sea entendido como la lesión de un bien jurídico o como la lesión a la vigencia de la norma. El Perú no ha sido un escenario ajeno a este debate, pues los argumentos de las diversas sentencias de la Corte Suprema en los procesos contra Fujimori dan prueba de ello. En este artículo se plantea que la mayoría de delitos especiales deben entenderse como delitos especiales de garante, pues sus autores, lejos de infringir un deber, en realidad tienen dominio sobre la vulnerabilidad de un bien jurídico o sobre la supervisión de una fuente de peligro. Esta postura, que parte de entender el delito como la lesión de un bien jurídico, considera que el margen de los delitos de infracción de deber es muy reducido y, la mayoría de veces, no recibe una respuesta penal. De esta manera, la postura encabezada por Günther Jakobs, que entiende el delito como una lesión a la vigencia de la norma y, por tanto, a los delitos especiales como aquellos fundamentados en la infracción de un deber especial institucional, adolece de dos vacíos conceptuales. Por un lado, no ha logrado esbozar una necesaria diferenciación entre deberes internos y externos de una institución. Por otro lado, no ha logrado explicar por qué o cómo la lesión individual de un deber institucional perjudicaría a la institución en su conjunto. Finalmente, se analizan las consecuencias de estos planteamientos para la dogmática de la autoría y participación, las ventajas y desventajas de la recepción de estas posturas en los ordenamientos jurídicos peruano y alemán, así como la vigencia del funcionalismo y el problema de la participación del extraneus.

El decomiso de bienes relacionados con el delito en la legislación penal peruana

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo se ocupa de la figura del decomiso de bienes relacionados con el delito. El ... more

El uso de drones en España: el ámbito espacial de la ley penal

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo se encarga de analizar varios aspectos que podrían replantearse al generaliz... more El presente artículo se encarga de analizar varios aspectos que podrían replantearse al generalizarse entre la población el uso de los drones, considerando las eventuales consecuencias penales que el uso de estos artilugios puede provocar. Por ello, este trabajo versará sobre la problemática relativa a la comisión de delitos haciendo uso de un dron, prestando atención a las clásicas discusiones sobre la ley penal aplicable y volviendo sobre ellas, ofreciendo cierta solución a estos potenciales interrogantes —conforme a los diversos principios regulatorios— que, muy probablemente, se extenderán en un inmediato futuro en el mundo jurídico. De este modo, se articula un sistema en el cual preponderará una determinada ley penal sobre otra y en virtud del cual siempre existirá una ley penal aplicable con el fin de evitar la impunidad del delito cometido mediante un dron.

La caracterización del feminicidio de la pareja o expareja y los delitos de odio discriminatorio

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El texto pretende ofrecer una interpretación coherente y útil de la conducta feminicida (o femici... more El texto pretende ofrecer una interpretación coherente y útil de la conducta feminicida (o femicida, en la expresión preferida por la autora) contenida principalmente, de manera no uniforme, en diversos tipos penales de las legislaciones latinoamericanas. Efectivamente, luego de afirmar la necesidad de una individualización en la protección penal de la mujer frente a la violencia de género y de constatar lo loables que resultan los enunciados penales latinoamericanos (pese a su carácter disperso), concluye que estos no son el reflejo de una buena política criminal. En efecto, sus enunciados adolecen de imprecisiones, duplicidades y, en algunos casos, de exceso de punitivismo. Para tal efecto, la autora cuestiona la definición del feminicidio como la muerte de «una mujer por su condición de tal» u otras expresiones semejantes —es decir, la muerte por el simple hecho de ser mujer—. Refiriéndose en concreto a la muerte de una mujer a manos de su pareja o expareja, la autora caracteriza el feminicidio como una forma de violencia constitutiva de ser instrumento de dominación discriminatoria, es decir, violencia que se ejerce contra la mujer para mantener o restablecer las desiguales relaciones de poder o, simplemente, para reafirmar el sentido discriminatorio de su acto, negándole a la víctima su derecho a la igualdad. Desde esta perspectiva, la autora discute la consideración del feminicidio de la pareja o expareja como delito de odio, pues lo característico de este es su dimensión colectiva (el significado de amenaza implícita al colectivo) y la paralela condición fungible de la víctima. En opinión de la autora, en el feminicidio de la pareja o expareja la muerte de la mujer se relaciona con el comportamiento concreto asignado prejuiciosamente (machismo) y esperado de la mujer concreta. Es un fenómeno de una dimensión, fundamentalmente, individual. Bajo todas estas consideraciones, el texto culmina analizando el tipo penal peruano de feminicidio, reconociéndole algunos aciertos, pero también reiterando sus desaciertos.

Prevención de riesgos laborales y derecho penal

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El elevado número de accidentes de trabajo en el Perú, contra lo que se pudiere pensar, no ha gen... more El elevado número de accidentes de trabajo en el Perú, contra lo que se pudiere pensar, no ha generado de parte del Estado la implementación de una política dirigida a la reducción de tales índices de siniestralidad laboral. Por el contrario, se aprecia cierta condescendencia con actividades en las que impera la informalidad, así como el incumplimiento de las normas más elementales para la prevención de riesgos laborales. La intervención del derecho penal constituye la muestra más evidente de esto, pues el delito que en nuestro ordenamiento sanciona la puesta en peligro de la vida y salud de los trabajadores —por no observar las normas sobre seguridad en el trabajo— carece de eficacia real alguna. Estamos ante el más claro ejemplo de una norma simbólica, situación que contrarresta el efecto preventivo del derecho penal. En otras palabras, el legislador, más que reforzar, ha conseguido debilitar las instancias de control extrapenal al excluir la sanción penal incluso para los comportamientos más graves en los que se pone en peligro la vida e integridad de los trabajadores. En este escenario, se afirma la importancia de los programas de cumplimiento (compliance) no solo en la reducción de los índices de siniestralidad laboral, sino también en la disminución de la criminalidad.

El deber de gestión del riesgo de corrupción en la empresa emanado de la ley 20393 de Chile: especial referencia a las exigencias de identificación y evaluación de riesgo

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo da cuenta de uno de los principales problemas asociados a la atribución de r... more El presente artículo da cuenta de uno de los principales problemas asociados a la atribución de responsabilidad penal a personas jurídicas por la comisión de un delito de cohecho por parte de uno de sus integrantes, cual es el de otorgar criterios para determinar cuándo tal sujeto de imputación ha infringido su deber de gestionar los riesgos de soborno que genera en el marco del desarrollo de su actividad económica. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en la delimitación de tal deber y, específicamente, en la concreción de las exigencias de identificación de tales riesgos con el propósito de adoptar medidas para poder contrarrestarlos con posterioridad. El artículo analiza la experiencia comparada: tanto en lo relativo a las directrices técnicas que provienen de organismos dedicados al área del compliance, como con respecto al aporte de la criminología del delito corporativo. Esto tiene como objeto identificar una serie de variables, tanto estructurales como culturales, de las organizaciones que harían previsible la comisión de tal clase de delitos y, por ende, exigible su identificación por parte de la empresa.

La bolsa de valores de Colombia, su naturaleza y su posición sobre las sociedades comisionistas de bolsa: el planteamiento del Service Level Agreement (SLA) como posible forma de mitigación

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Néstor David Rodríguez Rodríguez

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

Las bolsas de valores son agentes importantes para el desarrollo de los mercados de capitales y d... more Las bolsas de valores son agentes importantes para el desarrollo de los mercados de capitales y de valores de un país. Este artículo propone una definición para las bolsas de valores en Colombia al exponer sus características desde un punto de vista legal, financiero y de mercado. Posteriormente, se profundiza en la relación contractual de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC) con los agentes del mercado (en particular, con las sociedades comisionistas de bolsa SCB), para concluir que existe posición dominante y un monopolio a favor de la BVC. Al final, se propone el uso del «Service Level Agreement» (SLA) como una forma de mitigar los efectos del monopolio y la posición dominante de la BVC. Para los fines pertinentes, el presente trabajo se desarrolla bajo el método de investigación dogmático-jurídico y de análisis jurisprudencial y legal, mediante el uso de herramientas metodológicas, descriptivas, comparativas y propositivas.

La tutela cautelar en el contencioso- administrativo de Nicaragua

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Juan Bautista Arríen Somarriba

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El sistema de medidas cautelares, tanto en la justicia constitucional como administrativa nicarag... more El sistema de medidas cautelares, tanto en la justicia constitucional como administrativa nicaragüense, ha estado basado en la tradicional suspensión del acto administrativo, sin tomar en cuenta que, por ejemplo, en la inactividad administrativa no existe acto que suspender, pero, además, no se ha regulado como parte de la tutela judicial efectiva, aprobada en las recientes reformas constitucionales, propia del debido proceso y las garantías mínimas procesales. Este sistema cerrado ha quedado rezagado en relación con el de índole abierto de numerus apertus, de medidas innominadas, previsto en el derecho comparado español, colombiano, entre otros, sobre todo en la regulación de la concurrencia de causales del peligro de daño jurídico por el retraso del fallo definitivo, periculum in mora y el fumus bonis iuris o apariencia del buen derecho. En este contexto, ante la aprobación de una nueva normativa contencioso-administrativa nicaragüense, se tiene la oportunidad de incidir en el desarrollo de esta materia, planteando propuestas de lege ferenda.

La dependencia: un nuevo riesgo de la seguridad social chilena

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Pablo Andres Arellano Ortiz

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

La protección de la vejez se ha convertido en una preocupación constante en los últimos años. Den... more La protección de la vejez se ha convertido en una preocupación constante en los últimos años. Dentro de este contexto, la protección de los adultos dependientes se presenta como un nuevo riesgo social para la seguridad social. Este enfoque es el que se aborda en este trabajo, para lo cual se utiliza el modelo francés de protección de la dependencia. Se sostiene que la seguridad chilena puede seguir este enfoque. Se estima como necesario poder identificar y analizar los elementos de las prestaciones de dependencia de la legislación francesa que permitan sostener que la dependencia puede ser protegida por el sistema de seguridad social chileno. Los elementos que se presentan permitirán el desarrollo de un debate más informado acerca de la protección de un colectivo en aumento en Chile.

Convergencias y divergencias del derecho de incumplimiento del Código Civil alemán con los Principios de Derecho Europeo de los Contratos y otros textos internacionales

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Rodrigo Barcia Lehmann

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

En la presente investigación se pretende revisar críticamente la reforma del derecho alemán de la... more En la presente investigación se pretende revisar críticamente la reforma del derecho alemán de las obligaciones de 2002, estableciendo las principales implicancias de la misma y su relevancia dentro del proceso de unificación del derecho europeo de las obligaciones y contratos, y especialmente del denominado soft law.

Blockchain y mercados financieros: aspectos generales del impacto regulatorio de la aplicación de la tecnología blockchain en los mercados de crédito de América Latina

by Revista Derecho PUCP and David Díaz Guzmán

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

La finalidad de este documento es analizar, a partir de criterios tecnológicos, estándares regula... more La finalidad de este documento es analizar, a partir de criterios tecnológicos, estándares regulatorios y recomendaciones internacionales, el impacto de la tecnología blockchain en los mercados de crédito y cómo dicha dinámica podría tener efectos directos en los mercados latinoamericanos, a saber, producir mayor eficiencia e inclusión financiera en la región. Para tal fin, se contextualizará el alcance de la tecnología blockchain, se desarrollarán las posibles aplicaciones de dicha tecnología en los mercados financieros y, por último, se analizarán las propuestas regulatorias sobre la aplicación de dicha tecnología en los mercados de crédito latinoamericanos en lo relacionado con la administración de riesgos e inclusión financiera.

La regla de oferta final en el panel eléctrico chileno

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Nicolás Carrasco

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

Las soluciones eficientes son difíciles de adoptar porque implican una gran cantidad de informaci... more Las soluciones eficientes son difíciles de adoptar porque implican una gran cantidad de información y exigen encontrar un punto óptimo que pondere los beneficios y costos involucrados. Una manera de simplificar esa tarea surge con la regla de oferta final (el juez acepta la posición de una u otra parte, de manera completa). El sistema eléctrico chileno contempla una regla de esa naturaleza para decidir las controversias que existen ante el denominado «panel eléctrico». Este artículo indaga en las consideraciones de eficiencia de tal regla y las complejidades que la oferta final plantea para los principios procesales tradicionales. Una regla alabada por los economistas para la adopción de decisiones podría hacer repensar (a los abogados) los mecanismos para resolver ciertos conflictos.

Venga a nosotros tu reino: la justicia como fuerza anímica ausente en la enseñanza del derecho

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Fernando Del Mastro Puccio

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo plantea una aproximación a la justicia como una fuerza anímica que mueve al ... more El presente artículo plantea una aproximación a la justicia como una fuerza anímica que mueve al ser humano hacia la rectitud, el equilibrio y la armonía. Como fuerza opuesta, se presenta a la hybris, la cual anima al sujeto a actuar y pensar movido por la perversión, la dominación y la discordia. Sobre esta base, se desarrollan diversos aspectos de la enseñanza del derecho que promueven el desarrollo de la hybris en el ánimo de los y las estudiantes. En concreto, mostramos que, a través de un currículo oculto, la enseñanza del derecho aviva en el ánimo la perversión, la dominación y la discordia. Este esfuerzo busca ser un aporte a los estudios críticos de la enseñanza del derecho, al brindar un marco que permite articular diversas críticas que suelen formularse de modo desintegrado y darles un sentido a partir de un enfoque en lo anímico y en la justicia. Asimismo, contribuye mostrando problemáticas y experiencias que no suelen ser reconocidas en las reflexiones sobre la enseñanza del derecho. Finalmente, se trata de un esfuerzo muy relevante en la coyuntura actual del Perú, la cual muestra a la abogacía en una seria crisis ética que exige que las facultades de derecho se pregunten, con genuina actitud autocrítica, cuál es su rol en ella.

Derecho PUCP N° 80: Civil Law by Revista Derecho PUCP

A acessibilidade como um novo direito da personalidade no Brasil: o Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência (Lei 13.146/2015) e o dano moral decorrente da inacessibilidade

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Davi Amaral Hibner

Derecho PUCP, 2018

Estuda algumas das mudanças advindas com a vigência da Lei 13.146/2015 (Estatuto da Pessoa com De... more Estuda algumas das mudanças advindas com a vigência da Lei 13.146/2015 (Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência), com foco na questão do dano moral decorrente da inacessibilidade. A lei em comento trouxe diversas alterações para o Código Civil brasileiro, de modo a considerar a pessoa com deficiência plenamente capaz para exercer todos os atos da vida civil e, assim, protegê-la por meio da liberdade a ela concedida. O presente estudo aborda a construção histórica do tratamento da pessoa com deficiência e tem como enfoque principal a acessibilidade como direito da personalidade. Assim, busca demonstrar que a inacessibilidade gera o dano moral e enseja a devida reparação civil, expondo, por fim, exemplos.

La accesibilidad como un nuevo derecho de la personalidad en Brasil: el Estatuto de la Persona con Discapacidad (ley 13.146/2015) y el daño moral que surge de la inaccesibilidad

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Gilberto Fachetti

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El artículo estudia algunos de los cambios producidos a partir de la entrada en vigencia de la le... more El artículo estudia algunos de los cambios producidos a partir de la entrada en vigencia de la ley 13.146/2015 (Estatuto de la Persona con Discapacidad). La ley comentada generó diversas alteraciones en el Código Civil brasileño, con el fin de considerar a la persona con deficiencia plenamente capaz para ejercer todos los actos de la vida civil y, así, protegerla por medio de la libertad a ella concedida. El presente estudio aborda la construcción histórica del tratamiento de la persona con deficiencia y tiene como enfoque principal la accesibilidad como derecho de la personalidad. Así, busca demostrar que la inaccesibilidad genera daño moral y permite la debida reparación civil. En la parte final, se ofrecen ejemplos para ilustrar lo afirmado.

A Origem da «Parte Geral» do Direito Privado Brasileiro

Derecho PUCP, 2018

O antigo Código Civil brasileiro de 1916, assim como o novo de 2002, começava com uma «Parte Gera... more O antigo Código Civil brasileiro de 1916, assim como o novo de 2002, começava com uma «Parte Geral» no espírito do chamado «sistema das Pandectas» (Pandektensystem). A doutrina alemã costumava explicar essa característica com a influência do Código Civil alemão (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB) de 1896, sem entrar em maiores detalhes. No Brasil, por sua vez, é muito difundida uma outra visão, segundo a qual a ideia de uma «Parte Geral» foi introduzida no direito brasileiro já muito antes da promulgação do BGB. Contudo, uma análise mais profunda da questão mostra que ambos os pontos de vista são imprecisos. Enquanto que é certo que no direito brasileiro a «Parte Geral» já existia na metade do século XIX, ela não era uma criação original, mas teve a sua origem na recepção da doutrina pandectística alemã. Ao mesmo tempo, vale frisar que já nos projetos brasileiros de codificação do século XIX, a «Parte Geral» recebeu um tratamento independente, que ainda é visível no novo Código de 2002. A ideia de uma «Parte Geral», então, mostra-se fortemente enraizada na cultura jurídica brasileira, e as experiências feitas com ela constituem um valioso objeto de estudo também para o observador europeu.

El origen de la «parte general» del derecho privado brasileño

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El antiguo Código Civil brasileño de 1916, así como el nuevo de 2002, comenzaba con una «Parte ge... more El antiguo Código Civil brasileño de 1916, así como el nuevo de 2002, comenzaba con una «Parte general» en el espíritu del llamado «sistema de las Pandectas (Pandektensystem)». La doctrina alemana solía explicar esta característica por medio de la influencia del Código Civil alemán (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch o BGB) de 1896, sin entrar en mayores detalles. En Brasil, a su vez, es muy difundida otra visión, según la cual la idea de una «Parte general» fue introducida en el derecho brasileño mucho antes de la promulgación del BGB. Sin embargo, un análisis más profundo de la cuestión muestra que ambos puntos de vista son imprecisos. Mientras que es cierto que en el derecho brasileño la «Parte general» ya existía a la mitad del siglo XIX, no era una creación original, sino que tuvo su origen en la recepción de la doctrina pandectística alemana. Al mismo tiempo, vale resaltar que ya en los proyectos brasileños de codificación del siglo XIX, la «Parte general» recibió un tratamiento independiente que aún es visible en el nuevo Código Civil de 2002. La idea de una «Parte general» se muestra fuertemente enraizada en la cultura jurídica brasileña, y las experiencias con ella constituyen un valioso objeto de estudio también para el observador europeo.

La importancia de la tópica en la renovación del sistema: el caso del derecho peruano y su sistema de precedentes

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El texto propone revalorizar las enseñanzas del método romano de creación del derecho, basado en ... more El texto propone revalorizar las enseñanzas del método romano de creación del derecho, basado en el entendimiento del ius como ars boni et aequi, lo cual pone en evidencia que el derecho posee una finalidad práctica y, en consecuencia, la tópica es el saber propio del derecho, en el que se destaca la centralidad del caso y la realización de la justicia en términos de lo que hoy llamaríamos «tutela efectiva de los derechos». Un entendimiento tal supone la comprensión del carácter dinámico del derecho, de su naturaleza artificial en cuanto creado por el ser humano y, por ende, perfectible, del rol activo del jurista en la construcción de un derecho más equo, que haga posible la realización de la igualdad ponderada en la preservación de los valores de razonabilidad que propone la buena fe, mediante la consideración de las exigencias del caso, en armonía con los principios que rigen el sistema, en una permanente reconstrucción del equilibrio entre tópica y sistema. En este repensar la aplicación del derecho atendiendo a su naturaleza, a la función esencial de servir a la convivencia y de hacer realidad los valores de un Estado social de Derecho, se analiza la experiencia de la jurisprudencia peruana en los «Plenos Casatorios» de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, examinando varios de sus fallos más emblemáticos, bajo la perspectiva de la tópica y, en general, del método romano de creación del derecho.

Dos tesis de H.L.A. Hart sobre responsabilidad y castigo: 50 años después

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Ilsse Carolina Torres Ortega

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

En este trabajo hacemos un balance crítico de algunos de los temas planteados por H.L.A. Hart en ... more En este trabajo hacemos un balance crítico de algunos de los temas planteados por H.L.A. Hart en su libro Punishment and Responsibility. Concretamente, nos ocupamos de dos tesis relacionadas con los temas de responsabilidad y castigo: la tesis de la primacía de la sujeción y la tesis del carácter mixto de la justificación del castigo. Planteamos dichas tesis y revisamos su potencial explicativo a través del análisis de críticas que han recibido.

Dogmática funcionalista y política criminal: una propuesta fundada en los derechos humanos

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

En este trabajo pretendo reflexionar sobre la incapacidad de las corrientes dogmáticas funcionali... more En este trabajo pretendo reflexionar sobre la incapacidad de las corrientes dogmáticas funcionalistas para contener el ius puniendi del Estado. Asimismo, señalaré cuáles son las razones del propio sistema penal que han conducido a dejar carta blanca al legislador, lo cual ha dado lugar a un punitivismo desbocado, y qué fundamentos se proponen para construir una respuesta penal más racional. Haciendo un repaso de la situación actual de la dogmática penal, de las cuestiones del método y el objeto de estudio de esta rama del conocimiento, se llega a la constatación de un relativismo impropio de un conocimiento que se pretende científico. La propuesta racional frente a este relativismo es una política criminal fundada en los derechos humanos.

$Research paper thumbnail of Dominio sobre la vulnerabilidad del bien jurídico o infracción del deber en los delitos especiales$

Dominio sobre la vulnerabilidad del bien jurídico o infracción del deber en los delitos especiales

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

¿Cuál es el fundamento del injusto penal en los delitos especiales? La respuesta a esta pregunta ... more ¿Cuál es el fundamento del injusto penal en los delitos especiales? La respuesta a esta pregunta no siempre fue importante en la historia de la dogmática del derecho penal, pues solo a partir de la obra de Claus Roxin se renovó el debate sobre esta clase de delitos. Las diversas posturas en discusión retrotraen sus argumentos hasta el concepto mismo de hecho punible, ya sea entendido como la lesión de un bien jurídico o como la lesión a la vigencia de la norma. El Perú no ha sido un escenario ajeno a este debate, pues los argumentos de las diversas sentencias de la Corte Suprema en los procesos contra Fujimori dan prueba de ello. En este artículo se plantea que la mayoría de delitos especiales deben entenderse como delitos especiales de garante, pues sus autores, lejos de infringir un deber, en realidad tienen dominio sobre la vulnerabilidad de un bien jurídico o sobre la supervisión de una fuente de peligro. Esta postura, que parte de entender el delito como la lesión de un bien jurídico, considera que el margen de los delitos de infracción de deber es muy reducido y, la mayoría de veces, no recibe una respuesta penal. De esta manera, la postura encabezada por Günther Jakobs, que entiende el delito como una lesión a la vigencia de la norma y, por tanto, a los delitos especiales como aquellos fundamentados en la infracción de un deber especial institucional, adolece de dos vacíos conceptuales. Por un lado, no ha logrado esbozar una necesaria diferenciación entre deberes internos y externos de una institución. Por otro lado, no ha logrado explicar por qué o cómo la lesión individual de un deber institucional perjudicaría a la institución en su conjunto. Finalmente, se analizan las consecuencias de estos planteamientos para la dogmática de la autoría y participación, las ventajas y desventajas de la recepción de estas posturas en los ordenamientos jurídicos peruano y alemán, así como la vigencia del funcionalismo y el problema de la participación del extraneus.

El decomiso de bienes relacionados con el delito en la legislación penal peruana

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo se ocupa de la figura del decomiso de bienes relacionados con el delito. El ... more

El uso de drones en España: el ámbito espacial de la ley penal

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo se encarga de analizar varios aspectos que podrían replantearse al generaliz... more El presente artículo se encarga de analizar varios aspectos que podrían replantearse al generalizarse entre la población el uso de los drones, considerando las eventuales consecuencias penales que el uso de estos artilugios puede provocar. Por ello, este trabajo versará sobre la problemática relativa a la comisión de delitos haciendo uso de un dron, prestando atención a las clásicas discusiones sobre la ley penal aplicable y volviendo sobre ellas, ofreciendo cierta solución a estos potenciales interrogantes —conforme a los diversos principios regulatorios— que, muy probablemente, se extenderán en un inmediato futuro en el mundo jurídico. De este modo, se articula un sistema en el cual preponderará una determinada ley penal sobre otra y en virtud del cual siempre existirá una ley penal aplicable con el fin de evitar la impunidad del delito cometido mediante un dron.

La caracterización del feminicidio de la pareja o expareja y los delitos de odio discriminatorio

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El texto pretende ofrecer una interpretación coherente y útil de la conducta feminicida (o femici... more El texto pretende ofrecer una interpretación coherente y útil de la conducta feminicida (o femicida, en la expresión preferida por la autora) contenida principalmente, de manera no uniforme, en diversos tipos penales de las legislaciones latinoamericanas. Efectivamente, luego de afirmar la necesidad de una individualización en la protección penal de la mujer frente a la violencia de género y de constatar lo loables que resultan los enunciados penales latinoamericanos (pese a su carácter disperso), concluye que estos no son el reflejo de una buena política criminal. En efecto, sus enunciados adolecen de imprecisiones, duplicidades y, en algunos casos, de exceso de punitivismo. Para tal efecto, la autora cuestiona la definición del feminicidio como la muerte de «una mujer por su condición de tal» u otras expresiones semejantes —es decir, la muerte por el simple hecho de ser mujer—. Refiriéndose en concreto a la muerte de una mujer a manos de su pareja o expareja, la autora caracteriza el feminicidio como una forma de violencia constitutiva de ser instrumento de dominación discriminatoria, es decir, violencia que se ejerce contra la mujer para mantener o restablecer las desiguales relaciones de poder o, simplemente, para reafirmar el sentido discriminatorio de su acto, negándole a la víctima su derecho a la igualdad. Desde esta perspectiva, la autora discute la consideración del feminicidio de la pareja o expareja como delito de odio, pues lo característico de este es su dimensión colectiva (el significado de amenaza implícita al colectivo) y la paralela condición fungible de la víctima. En opinión de la autora, en el feminicidio de la pareja o expareja la muerte de la mujer se relaciona con el comportamiento concreto asignado prejuiciosamente (machismo) y esperado de la mujer concreta. Es un fenómeno de una dimensión, fundamentalmente, individual. Bajo todas estas consideraciones, el texto culmina analizando el tipo penal peruano de feminicidio, reconociéndole algunos aciertos, pero también reiterando sus desaciertos.

Prevención de riesgos laborales y derecho penal

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El elevado número de accidentes de trabajo en el Perú, contra lo que se pudiere pensar, no ha gen... more El elevado número de accidentes de trabajo en el Perú, contra lo que se pudiere pensar, no ha generado de parte del Estado la implementación de una política dirigida a la reducción de tales índices de siniestralidad laboral. Por el contrario, se aprecia cierta condescendencia con actividades en las que impera la informalidad, así como el incumplimiento de las normas más elementales para la prevención de riesgos laborales. La intervención del derecho penal constituye la muestra más evidente de esto, pues el delito que en nuestro ordenamiento sanciona la puesta en peligro de la vida y salud de los trabajadores —por no observar las normas sobre seguridad en el trabajo— carece de eficacia real alguna. Estamos ante el más claro ejemplo de una norma simbólica, situación que contrarresta el efecto preventivo del derecho penal. En otras palabras, el legislador, más que reforzar, ha conseguido debilitar las instancias de control extrapenal al excluir la sanción penal incluso para los comportamientos más graves en los que se pone en peligro la vida e integridad de los trabajadores. En este escenario, se afirma la importancia de los programas de cumplimiento (compliance) no solo en la reducción de los índices de siniestralidad laboral, sino también en la disminución de la criminalidad.

El deber de gestión del riesgo de corrupción en la empresa emanado de la ley 20393 de Chile: especial referencia a las exigencias de identificación y evaluación de riesgo

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo da cuenta de uno de los principales problemas asociados a la atribución de r... more El presente artículo da cuenta de uno de los principales problemas asociados a la atribución de responsabilidad penal a personas jurídicas por la comisión de un delito de cohecho por parte de uno de sus integrantes, cual es el de otorgar criterios para determinar cuándo tal sujeto de imputación ha infringido su deber de gestionar los riesgos de soborno que genera en el marco del desarrollo de su actividad económica. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en la delimitación de tal deber y, específicamente, en la concreción de las exigencias de identificación de tales riesgos con el propósito de adoptar medidas para poder contrarrestarlos con posterioridad. El artículo analiza la experiencia comparada: tanto en lo relativo a las directrices técnicas que provienen de organismos dedicados al área del compliance, como con respecto al aporte de la criminología del delito corporativo. Esto tiene como objeto identificar una serie de variables, tanto estructurales como culturales, de las organizaciones que harían previsible la comisión de tal clase de delitos y, por ende, exigible su identificación por parte de la empresa.

La bolsa de valores de Colombia, su naturaleza y su posición sobre las sociedades comisionistas de bolsa: el planteamiento del Service Level Agreement (SLA) como posible forma de mitigación

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Néstor David Rodríguez Rodríguez

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

Las bolsas de valores son agentes importantes para el desarrollo de los mercados de capitales y d... more Las bolsas de valores son agentes importantes para el desarrollo de los mercados de capitales y de valores de un país. Este artículo propone una definición para las bolsas de valores en Colombia al exponer sus características desde un punto de vista legal, financiero y de mercado. Posteriormente, se profundiza en la relación contractual de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC) con los agentes del mercado (en particular, con las sociedades comisionistas de bolsa SCB), para concluir que existe posición dominante y un monopolio a favor de la BVC. Al final, se propone el uso del «Service Level Agreement» (SLA) como una forma de mitigar los efectos del monopolio y la posición dominante de la BVC. Para los fines pertinentes, el presente trabajo se desarrolla bajo el método de investigación dogmático-jurídico y de análisis jurisprudencial y legal, mediante el uso de herramientas metodológicas, descriptivas, comparativas y propositivas.

La tutela cautelar en el contencioso- administrativo de Nicaragua

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Juan Bautista Arríen Somarriba

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El sistema de medidas cautelares, tanto en la justicia constitucional como administrativa nicarag... more El sistema de medidas cautelares, tanto en la justicia constitucional como administrativa nicaragüense, ha estado basado en la tradicional suspensión del acto administrativo, sin tomar en cuenta que, por ejemplo, en la inactividad administrativa no existe acto que suspender, pero, además, no se ha regulado como parte de la tutela judicial efectiva, aprobada en las recientes reformas constitucionales, propia del debido proceso y las garantías mínimas procesales. Este sistema cerrado ha quedado rezagado en relación con el de índole abierto de numerus apertus, de medidas innominadas, previsto en el derecho comparado español, colombiano, entre otros, sobre todo en la regulación de la concurrencia de causales del peligro de daño jurídico por el retraso del fallo definitivo, periculum in mora y el fumus bonis iuris o apariencia del buen derecho. En este contexto, ante la aprobación de una nueva normativa contencioso-administrativa nicaragüense, se tiene la oportunidad de incidir en el desarrollo de esta materia, planteando propuestas de lege ferenda.

La dependencia: un nuevo riesgo de la seguridad social chilena

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Pablo Andres Arellano Ortiz

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

La protección de la vejez se ha convertido en una preocupación constante en los últimos años. Den... more La protección de la vejez se ha convertido en una preocupación constante en los últimos años. Dentro de este contexto, la protección de los adultos dependientes se presenta como un nuevo riesgo social para la seguridad social. Este enfoque es el que se aborda en este trabajo, para lo cual se utiliza el modelo francés de protección de la dependencia. Se sostiene que la seguridad chilena puede seguir este enfoque. Se estima como necesario poder identificar y analizar los elementos de las prestaciones de dependencia de la legislación francesa que permitan sostener que la dependencia puede ser protegida por el sistema de seguridad social chileno. Los elementos que se presentan permitirán el desarrollo de un debate más informado acerca de la protección de un colectivo en aumento en Chile.

Convergencias y divergencias del derecho de incumplimiento del Código Civil alemán con los Principios de Derecho Europeo de los Contratos y otros textos internacionales

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Rodrigo Barcia Lehmann

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

En la presente investigación se pretende revisar críticamente la reforma del derecho alemán de la... more En la presente investigación se pretende revisar críticamente la reforma del derecho alemán de las obligaciones de 2002, estableciendo las principales implicancias de la misma y su relevancia dentro del proceso de unificación del derecho europeo de las obligaciones y contratos, y especialmente del denominado soft law.

Blockchain y mercados financieros: aspectos generales del impacto regulatorio de la aplicación de la tecnología blockchain en los mercados de crédito de América Latina

by Revista Derecho PUCP and David Díaz Guzmán

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

La finalidad de este documento es analizar, a partir de criterios tecnológicos, estándares regula... more La finalidad de este documento es analizar, a partir de criterios tecnológicos, estándares regulatorios y recomendaciones internacionales, el impacto de la tecnología blockchain en los mercados de crédito y cómo dicha dinámica podría tener efectos directos en los mercados latinoamericanos, a saber, producir mayor eficiencia e inclusión financiera en la región. Para tal fin, se contextualizará el alcance de la tecnología blockchain, se desarrollarán las posibles aplicaciones de dicha tecnología en los mercados financieros y, por último, se analizarán las propuestas regulatorias sobre la aplicación de dicha tecnología en los mercados de crédito latinoamericanos en lo relacionado con la administración de riesgos e inclusión financiera.

La regla de oferta final en el panel eléctrico chileno

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Nicolás Carrasco

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

Las soluciones eficientes son difíciles de adoptar porque implican una gran cantidad de informaci... more Las soluciones eficientes son difíciles de adoptar porque implican una gran cantidad de información y exigen encontrar un punto óptimo que pondere los beneficios y costos involucrados. Una manera de simplificar esa tarea surge con la regla de oferta final (el juez acepta la posición de una u otra parte, de manera completa). El sistema eléctrico chileno contempla una regla de esa naturaleza para decidir las controversias que existen ante el denominado «panel eléctrico». Este artículo indaga en las consideraciones de eficiencia de tal regla y las complejidades que la oferta final plantea para los principios procesales tradicionales. Una regla alabada por los economistas para la adopción de decisiones podría hacer repensar (a los abogados) los mecanismos para resolver ciertos conflictos.

Venga a nosotros tu reino: la justicia como fuerza anímica ausente en la enseñanza del derecho

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Fernando Del Mastro Puccio

Derecho PUCP, Dec 1, 2018

El presente artículo plantea una aproximación a la justicia como una fuerza anímica que mueve al ... more El presente artículo plantea una aproximación a la justicia como una fuerza anímica que mueve al ser humano hacia la rectitud, el equilibrio y la armonía. Como fuerza opuesta, se presenta a la hybris, la cual anima al sujeto a actuar y pensar movido por la perversión, la dominación y la discordia. Sobre esta base, se desarrollan diversos aspectos de la enseñanza del derecho que promueven el desarrollo de la hybris en el ánimo de los y las estudiantes. En concreto, mostramos que, a través de un currículo oculto, la enseñanza del derecho aviva en el ánimo la perversión, la dominación y la discordia. Este esfuerzo busca ser un aporte a los estudios críticos de la enseñanza del derecho, al brindar un marco que permite articular diversas críticas que suelen formularse de modo desintegrado y darles un sentido a partir de un enfoque en lo anímico y en la justicia. Asimismo, contribuye mostrando problemáticas y experiencias que no suelen ser reconocidas en las reflexiones sobre la enseñanza del derecho. Finalmente, se trata de un esfuerzo muy relevante en la coyuntura actual del Perú, la cual muestra a la abogacía en una seria crisis ética que exige que las facultades de derecho se pregunten, con genuina actitud autocrítica, cuál es su rol en ella.

A acessibilidade como um novo direito da personalidade no Brasil: o Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência (Lei 13.146/2015) e o dano moral decorrente da inacessibilidade

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Davi Amaral Hibner

Derecho PUCP, 2018

Estuda algumas das mudanças advindas com a vigência da Lei 13.146/2015 (Estatuto da Pessoa com De... more Estuda algumas das mudanças advindas com a vigência da Lei 13.146/2015 (Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência), com foco na questão do dano moral decorrente da inacessibilidade. A lei em comento trouxe diversas alterações para o Código Civil brasileiro, de modo a considerar a pessoa com deficiência plenamente capaz para exercer todos os atos da vida civil e, assim, protegê-la por meio da liberdade a ela concedida. O presente estudo aborda a construção histórica do tratamento da pessoa com deficiência e tem como enfoque principal a acessibilidade como direito da personalidade. Assim, busca demonstrar que a inacessibilidade gera o dano moral e enseja a devida reparação civil, expondo, por fim, exemplos.

La accesibilidad como un nuevo derecho de la personalidad en Brasil: el Estatuto de la Persona con Discapacidad (ley 13.146/2015) y el daño moral que surge de la inaccesibilidad

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Gilberto Fachetti

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El artículo estudia algunos de los cambios producidos a partir de la entrada en vigencia de la le... more El artículo estudia algunos de los cambios producidos a partir de la entrada en vigencia de la ley 13.146/2015 (Estatuto de la Persona con Discapacidad). La ley comentada generó diversas alteraciones en el Código Civil brasileño, con el fin de considerar a la persona con deficiencia plenamente capaz para ejercer todos los actos de la vida civil y, así, protegerla por medio de la libertad a ella concedida. El presente estudio aborda la construcción histórica del tratamiento de la persona con deficiencia y tiene como enfoque principal la accesibilidad como derecho de la personalidad. Así, busca demostrar que la inaccesibilidad genera daño moral y permite la debida reparación civil. En la parte final, se ofrecen ejemplos para ilustrar lo afirmado.

A Origem da «Parte Geral» do Direito Privado Brasileiro

Derecho PUCP, 2018

O antigo Código Civil brasileiro de 1916, assim como o novo de 2002, começava com uma «Parte Gera... more O antigo Código Civil brasileiro de 1916, assim como o novo de 2002, começava com uma «Parte Geral» no espírito do chamado «sistema das Pandectas» (Pandektensystem). A doutrina alemã costumava explicar essa característica com a influência do Código Civil alemão (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB) de 1896, sem entrar em maiores detalhes. No Brasil, por sua vez, é muito difundida uma outra visão, segundo a qual a ideia de uma «Parte Geral» foi introduzida no direito brasileiro já muito antes da promulgação do BGB. Contudo, uma análise mais profunda da questão mostra que ambos os pontos de vista são imprecisos. Enquanto que é certo que no direito brasileiro a «Parte Geral» já existia na metade do século XIX, ela não era uma criação original, mas teve a sua origem na recepção da doutrina pandectística alemã. Ao mesmo tempo, vale frisar que já nos projetos brasileiros de codificação do século XIX, a «Parte Geral» recebeu um tratamento independente, que ainda é visível no novo Código de 2002. A ideia de uma «Parte Geral», então, mostra-se fortemente enraizada na cultura jurídica brasileira, e as experiências feitas com ela constituem um valioso objeto de estudo também para o observador europeu.

El origen de la «parte general» del derecho privado brasileño

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El antiguo Código Civil brasileño de 1916, así como el nuevo de 2002, comenzaba con una «Parte ge... more El antiguo Código Civil brasileño de 1916, así como el nuevo de 2002, comenzaba con una «Parte general» en el espíritu del llamado «sistema de las Pandectas (Pandektensystem)». La doctrina alemana solía explicar esta característica por medio de la influencia del Código Civil alemán (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch o BGB) de 1896, sin entrar en mayores detalles. En Brasil, a su vez, es muy difundida otra visión, según la cual la idea de una «Parte general» fue introducida en el derecho brasileño mucho antes de la promulgación del BGB. Sin embargo, un análisis más profundo de la cuestión muestra que ambos puntos de vista son imprecisos. Mientras que es cierto que en el derecho brasileño la «Parte general» ya existía a la mitad del siglo XIX, no era una creación original, sino que tuvo su origen en la recepción de la doctrina pandectística alemana. Al mismo tiempo, vale resaltar que ya en los proyectos brasileños de codificación del siglo XIX, la «Parte general» recibió un tratamiento independiente que aún es visible en el nuevo Código Civil de 2002. La idea de una «Parte general» se muestra fuertemente enraizada en la cultura jurídica brasileña, y las experiencias con ella constituyen un valioso objeto de estudio también para el observador europeo.

La importancia de la tópica en la renovación del sistema: el caso del derecho peruano y su sistema de precedentes

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El texto propone revalorizar las enseñanzas del método romano de creación del derecho, basado en ... more El texto propone revalorizar las enseñanzas del método romano de creación del derecho, basado en el entendimiento del ius como ars boni et aequi, lo cual pone en evidencia que el derecho posee una finalidad práctica y, en consecuencia, la tópica es el saber propio del derecho, en el que se destaca la centralidad del caso y la realización de la justicia en términos de lo que hoy llamaríamos «tutela efectiva de los derechos». Un entendimiento tal supone la comprensión del carácter dinámico del derecho, de su naturaleza artificial en cuanto creado por el ser humano y, por ende, perfectible, del rol activo del jurista en la construcción de un derecho más equo, que haga posible la realización de la igualdad ponderada en la preservación de los valores de razonabilidad que propone la buena fe, mediante la consideración de las exigencias del caso, en armonía con los principios que rigen el sistema, en una permanente reconstrucción del equilibrio entre tópica y sistema. En este repensar la aplicación del derecho atendiendo a su naturaleza, a la función esencial de servir a la convivencia y de hacer realidad los valores de un Estado social de Derecho, se analiza la experiencia de la jurisprudencia peruana en los «Plenos Casatorios» de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, examinando varios de sus fallos más emblemáticos, bajo la perspectiva de la tópica y, en general, del método romano de creación del derecho.

La mitigación de daños en la responsabilidad por incumplimiento contractual: breve análisis comparado en el derecho civil de Argentina y Perú

Derecho PUCP, 2018

Los códigos civiles de Argentina y Perú son de los pocos códigos sudamericanos que han recogido e... more Los códigos civiles de Argentina y Perú son de los pocos códigos sudamericanos que han recogido expresamente, aunque con fórmulas distintas, el deber o carga que tiene el acreedor de evitar o mitigar los daños. Atendiendo a esta particularidad, en el presente trabajo, luego de una aproximación general al deber o carga de mitigar los daños en casos de incumplimiento contractual, arribamos a un breve enfoque comparativo de la regulación que dicha figura ha recibido en ambas legislaciones,abordando aspectos referidos no solo a la estructura y contenido de las respectivas reglas, sino vinculados también con la naturaleza jurídica y los fundamentos de la mitigación. Todo ello, con el fin de establecer las semejanzas y diferencias existentes entre las reglas que recogen el deber de mitigar los daños en los códigos civiles de Argentina y Perú, la posibilidad de encontrar un fundamento jurídico común a ambas legislaciones, y la incidencia de dicho fundamento en los alcances interpretativos de las citadas reglas.

I poteri innominati degli arbitri

Derecho PUCP, 2018

Il presente saggio si riferisce ai poteri impliciti degli arbitri che si trovano sullo stesso pia... more

Los poderes innominados de los árbitros

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El presente ensayo versa sobre los poderes implícitos de los árbitros. Dichos poderes se encuentr... more El presente ensayo versa sobre los poderes implícitos de los árbitros. Dichos poderes se encuentran en el mismo plano que los efectos de cualquier contrato, con la particularidad de que no están explícitamente previstos ni por la ley ni por las partes, pero representan naturales expresiones de la función desplegada.

Notas sobre algunos principios generales del derecho: una reflexión a partir de principios generales y su influencia en las obligaciones en la experiencia jurídica colombiana

Derecho PUCP, 2018

En esta contribución se pretende abordar de manera sintética la influencia de algunos principios ... more En esta contribución se pretende abordar de manera sintética la influencia de algunos principios generales del derecho tomando como ejemplo las obligaciones a partir de la experiencia jurídica colombiana. Este escrito pretende contribuir a la sistematización, contenido y afirmación de los principios generales del derecho y, con ello, al avance de la ciencia jurídica y al progreso de la sociedad. El trabajo parte del derecho colombiano, pero se proyecta en perspectiva dentro de la tradición del sistema jurídico romanístico.

Notas sobre la comunidad de bienes: reglas básicas y algunas cuestiones litigiosas

Derecho PUCP, 2018

Las situaciones en las que existe comunidad de bienes o de derechos han sido objeto de una fuente... more Las situaciones en las que existe comunidad de bienes o de derechos han sido objeto de una fuente copiosa de conflictos. El tema propuesto en este estudio pretende analizar la comunidad ordinaria pro indiviso, figura nítidamente delimitada en el Código Civil español (artículos 392 a 406). Sin embargo, estas reglas básicas que ordenan las relaciones entre comuneros, cotitulares o condóminos, si bien son de planteamiento aparentemente sencillo, resultan complejas desde una perspectiva práctica. La diversidad de matices a considerar genera de ordinario cuestiones controvertidas, que serán abordadas desde un punto de vista doctrinal y jurisprudencial. No es objeto de este trabajo establecer conclusiones definitivas, sino mostrar algunas notas sobre la realidad y la aplicación práctica de las reglas que disciplinan esta vieja institución, la cual está al servicio de problemas cotidianos en el tráfico jurídico y los resuelve.

Ni dejar hacer ni dejar pasar: el compromiso de las instituciones bancarias peruanas frente al lavado de activos a través de la implementación de una metodología por riesgo

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Antonio de la Haza, and Beatriz Aguedo

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El presente artículo propone el marco básico de lo que debería comprender una metodología de iden... more El presente artículo propone el marco básico de lo que debería comprender una metodología de identificación y evaluación por riesgo en prevención de lavado de activos para las empresas de operaciones múltiples, en especial los bancos que forman parte del sistema financiero nacional, con el objetivo de identificar aquellas transacciones que podrán estar vinculadas con operaciones de lavado de activos y que deberían ser objeto de reporte de operación sospechosa a la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera del Perú. Al mismo tiempo, se resalta la función de los bancos como parte de la estructura económica de la sociedad, ya que son las entidades representativas del sistema financiero las que sostienen la confianza de las personas naturales que la conforman. En tal sentido, se analiza, a través de un enfoque basado en riesgos desde la perspectiva de una empresa bancaria y en conformidad con la normativa nacional e internacional, la aplicación de una metodología de identificación y evaluación de riesgos que descansa principalmente en el principio de conocimiento del cliente.

Las condiciones eximentes de responsabilidad administrativa en el Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General y su incidencia en la legislación ambiental

Derecho PUCP, 2018

Con ocasión de las modificaciones legislativas contenidas en el Texto Único Ordenado de la ley 27... more Con ocasión de las modificaciones legislativas contenidas en el Texto Único Ordenado de la ley 27444, Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General, se analiza la naturaleza jurídica de los novísimos eximentes de responsabilidad administrativa. Asimismo, se hace un recuento de los eximentes que ya existían en la legislación ambiental y cómo venían operando. Finalmente, se establece los puntos de contacto entre un régimen de responsabilidad subjetiva, basado en la culpabilidad, y un sistema de responsabilidad objetiva relativa, basado en el riesgo.

La constitucionalización del ordenamiento jurídico peruano: avances y obstáculos del proceso

Derecho PUCP, 2018

Este trabajo presenta algunos de los principales avances y obstáculos del proceso de constitucion... more Este trabajo presenta algunos de los principales avances y obstáculos del proceso de constitucionalización del ordenamiento jurídico peruano, vinculados al derecho privado, al derecho laboral y a la protección del consumidor, y que han sido abordados principalmente por el Tribunal Constitucional (TC). El ejercicio tiene por finalidad identificar, en líneas generales, algunas de las fortalezas de este proceso, ligadas en la mayoría de los casos a la protección de derechos fundamentales y su efectividad en las relaciones entre particulares. De igual modo, se busca reconocer y analizar, a partir de dos casos —uno vinculado a la protección del derecho a la negociación colectiva, el otro sobre el derecho a la libertad de consciencia—, los límites de la constitucionalización como proceso y resultado en las relaciones y decisiones políticas.

Aportes para la comprensión de la arquitectura jurídica de la relación de consumo en el derecho brasilero

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Marcos Catalan

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El Código de Defesa del Consumidor brasileño optó por catalogar como vulnerables a diversas figur... more El Código de Defesa del Consumidor brasileño optó por catalogar como vulnerables a diversas figuras. Al hacerlo, delineó las figuras del consumidor stricto sensu, del bystander, de las colectividades destinatarias de protección; asimismo, buscó proteger inclusive a aquellos que se vean afectados de algún modo por una diversidad de prácticas comerciales. Por otra parte, no privó a los entes colectivos de la posibilidad de atraer, para sí, tutelas que densifiquen el derecho fundamental al consumo. Este artículo se propone explorar la suficiencia de las matrices teóricas creadas para categorizar a los entes colectivos como consumidores. Se plantea la hipótesis de que dichas matrices son insuficietes y se defiende la consecuente necesidad de agregar complejidad hermenéutica a las respuestas dadas por la dogmática del derecho del consumidor. Teniendo como método el análisis crítico de la literatura jurídica escrita sobre el tema en el Brasil y el mapeo de decisiones proferidas a lo largo de casi 30 años de vigencia del Código de Defensa del Consumidor, se revisa cada una de las teorías sobre el asunto para, finalmente, sugerir el uso de la teoría englobante.

Indicadores PER y sostenibilidad en la normativa sobre bosques cultivados en Argentina

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Clara Minaverry

Derecho PUCP, 2018

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo central contrastar el desarrollo normativo e instituciona... more El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo central contrastar el desarrollo normativo e institucional vinculado con los bosques cultivados ubicados en las regiones del Noroeste, Noreste y de Nuevo Cuyo en Argentina, teniendo en cuenta los parámetros establecidos por el principio de sostenibilidad «tradicional» y «ampliado». Cabe destacar que este principio ya fue ampliamente superado por otros paradigmas de gestión ambiental, pero que no resultan de aplicación para el análisis de la normativa vinculada con los bosques cultivados en Argentina. Asimismo, se reflexiona sobre el aporte brindado por los instrumentos ambientales internacionales y por la normativa regional. Uno de los enfoques más originales de esta investigación es que se ha logrado aplicar y adaptar al ámbito jurídico los indicadores de calidad ambiental PER (Presión, Estado, Respuesta). Finalmente se puede establecer que la normativa sobre bosques cultivados plantea un horizonte limitado y focalizado en la maximización de la producción, destacando los aspectos económicos y orientados hacia las actividades comerciales forestales.

Análisis del beneficio fiscal a favor de la familia en los tributos cedidos en la España de las autonomías: periodo 2000-2015

Derecho PUCP, 2018

En el presente artículo, se analizan los beneficios fiscales presentes en los tributos cedidos a ... more En el presente artículo, se analizan los beneficios fiscales presentes en los tributos cedidos a las comunidades autónomas españolas; centrando el estudio en aquellos establecidos a favor de la familia. Inicialmente, se estudia el análisis sobre el beneficio fiscal realizado por otros autores. Se aborda el concepto de beneficio fiscal, así como los efectos que derivan de su establecimiento: equidad, igualdad de trato y asignación monetaria en las leyes reguladoras de cada Comunidad Autónoma y en sus presupuestos anuales. Esto es necesario para, seguidamente, poder realizar un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo en el periodo objeto de estudio (años 2000 a 2015). Tras ello, se expone también cómo los beneficios fiscales establecidos en las comunidades autónomas generan desigualdades entre ciudadanos ante un mismo hecho o situación. Analizamos de manera cualitativa y cuantitativa las diferencias generadas, así como la asignación en euros por habitante, año y comunidad autónoma. Una vez realizado el análisis anteriormente descrito, podremos mostrar la gran diferencia que hay entre las comunidades autónomas a la hora de establecer los beneficios fiscales a favor de la familia, estableciendo diferencias entre territorios. De esta manera quedará expuesta de modo patente la desigualdad en la asignación vía beneficio fiscal en euros por habitante, año y comunidad autónoma.

Neoconstitucionalismo y argumentación jurídica

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Alfonso García Figueroa

Derecho PUCP, 2017

Este trabajo pretende explorar las funciones de la teoría de la argumentación jurídica (TAJ) en l... more Este trabajo pretende explorar las funciones de la teoría de la argumentación jurídica (TAJ) en los Estados constitucionales y se concentrará en subrayar las funciones políticas y autorreflexivas de la TAJ en el marco de una teoría del Derecho neoconstitucionalista. La primera parte incluye una definición de la TAJ y un examen de sus funciones generales. En la parte final, el autor ofrece un programa para el desarrollo de una teoría neoconstitucionalista.

Desafíos para la filosofía del derecho del Siglo XXI

Derecho PUCP, 2017

En este trabajo se constata un desajuste entre una demanda real y acuciante de un análisis filosó... more En este trabajo se constata un desajuste entre una demanda real y acuciante de un análisis filosófico que permita dar cuenta de la irrupción de nuevos fenómenos en el panorama del derecho y la limitada oferta de herramientas teóricas con que satisfacer esta demanda que aporta el modelo tradicional de ciencia positivista del derecho. Tras el diagnóstico inicial de desajuste entre la oferta y la demanda, se destaca como un problema medular del modelo tradicional de ciencia positivista del derecho su resistencia a asumir una racionalidad de tipo práctico y se defiende la viabilidad de esta forma de pensamiento. El trabajo concluye con una propuesta para la reinvención de la filosofía del derecho del siglo XXI, redefiniendo sus objetivos y replanteando su método.

Il formalismo giuridico: un confronto tra Jori e Schauer

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Anna Pintore

Derecho PUCP, 2017

In questo saggio vengono esaminate e messe a confronto le idee di Mario Jori e di Frederick Schau... more In questo saggio vengono esaminate e messe a confronto le idee di Mario Jori e di Frederick Schauer in tema di formalismo giuridico. Pur essendo state elaborate l’una indipendentemente dall’altra, presentano notevoli somiglianze, perché entrambe usano la nozione di norma o regola come punto focale per chiarire la nozione di formalismo giuridico, e perché entrambe difendono quest’ultimo dalle critiche usualmente rivolte ad esso. L’autrice ritiene che l’esame delle idee dei due autori possa contribuire a chiarire (e criticare) la controversa nozione di defeasibility delle norme giuridiche e possa altresì, in via generale, contribuire a ridimensionare, dal punto di vista teorico-giuridico, le novità del diritto degli odierni Stati costituzionali, oltre che a comprenderne meglio i meccanismi di funzionamento.

El formalismo jurídico: un cotejo entre Jori y Schauer

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Anna Pintore

Derecho PUCP, 2017

En este trabajo se examina y compara las ideas de Mario Jori y de Frederick Schauer en relación c... more En este trabajo se examina y compara las ideas de Mario Jori y de Frederick Schauer en relación con el formalismo jurídico. A pesar de haber sido desarrolladas de forma independiente unas de las otras, dichas ideas presentan notables semejanzas ya que ambos autores utilizan el concepto de una norma o regla como punto focal para aclarar la noción de formalismo jurídico, y porque ambos lo defienden de las críticas que usualmente se le dirigen. La autora considera que el examen de las ideas de los dos autores puede contribuir a aclarar (y criticar) la controvertida noción de defeasibility (derrotabilidad) de las normas jurídicas y, de modo general, también a redimensionar, desde el punto de vista teórico-jurídico, las novedades que presentan los derechos de los modernos Estados constitucionales, y comprender mejor los mecanismos de su funcionamiento.

Gracia y justicia: el lugar de la equidad

Derecho PUCP, 2017

El estudio analiza la relación entre el derecho de gracia y la equidad como una forma de justicia... more El estudio analiza la relación entre el derecho de gracia y la equidad como una forma de justicia indulgente. A partir del concepto aristotélico de equidad, se estudia la relación entre la indulgencia y la supra e infrainclusión normativas, se plantea el alcance de la equidad en materias penales y se concluye analizando la relación entre equidad judicial y legislación.

Las presunciones hominis y las inferencias probatorias

Derecho PUCP, 2017

El autor cuestiona la terminología «presunciones legales» y «presunciones judiciales» y, más bien... more El autor cuestiona la terminología «presunciones legales» y «presunciones judiciales» y, más bien, se refiere a las presunciones establecidas por normas de presunción y a las presunciones hominis. Defiende que la mejor manera de diferenciar unas de otras es mostrando la distancia que media entre «debe presumirse» (sintagma propio del razonamiento práctico) y «es presumible» (sintagma propio del razonamiento teórico). El texto aclara las relaciones entre las llamadas presunciones hominis y las inferencias fácticas o inferencias probatorias, en general, respondiendo a la pregunta sobre qué aporta el sintagma «es presumible» (propio de las presunciones hominis) frente al sintagma «es probable» (propio de todas las inferencias probatorias).

Sobre la pobreza cultural de una práctica (judicial) sin teoría

Derecho PUCP, 2017

El modelo tradicional de formación inicial de jueces para el desempeño del rol, en España, pero n... more El modelo tradicional de formación inicial de jueces para el desempeño del rol, en España, pero no solo, se ha cifrado y se cifra en la asimilación mecánica de todo un cúmulo de nociones estereotipadas relativas a las diversas disciplinas. Se trata de un bagaje que, por su carácter desproblematizador, no se ajusta en absoluto al perfil de los modernos ordenamientos constitucionales complejos, dotados de distintos niveles y, con frecuencia, internamente conflictivos y cambiantes; y menos a su práctica. Pero responde, en cambio, al histórico tipo de juez del modelo napoleónico, longa manu del poder en acto más que garante de derechos, tendencial aplicador mecánico. La alternativa a esta clase de formación estaría en otra que incorporase a un buen conocimiento operativo del derecho positivo en su ser actual y realmente vigente, una formación teórico-filosófica en la línea sugerida una vez por Manuel Sacristán, como «un nivel de ejercicio del pensamiento» a partir de y sobre el específico campo temático y de la actividad propia de tal clase de operadores.

Intuicionismo y razonamiento moral

Derecho PUCP, 2017

Mi objetivo para este trabajo puede presentarse de la siguiente forma: se intentará mostrar que l... more Mi objetivo para este trabajo puede presentarse de la siguiente forma: se intentará mostrar que las objeciones al intuicionismo, si bien son serias, no minan en forma absoluta su fertilidad para el conocimiento y el razonamiento moral. Probablemente esta sea la percepción de filósofos contemporáneos como David Enoch, Robert Audi, Russ Shafer-Landau o John McDowell. Para poder cumplir con el antes dicho objetivo, en este trabajo haré lo siguiente. En primer lugar, esbozaré, a grandes rasgos, dos de las características paradigmáticas del intuicionismo moral a fin de que podamos identificarlo como una corriente metaética particular. En segundo lugar, sintetizaré algunas de las principales objeciones que, por diversos conductos, han buscado desacreditar el valor del intuicionismo moral como fuente de conocimiento moral y también de apoyo válido para el razonamiento moral. En tercer lugar, intentaré, también de manera sumaria, explicitar algunas de las posibles (no todas, desde luego) respuestas a las antes mencionadas objeciones. En cuarto lugar, recapitularé los aspectos rescatables del intuicionismo, especialmente en lo que atañe al razonamiento moral.

Emoción, racionalidad y argumentación en la decisión judicial

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Enrique Sotomayor Trelles

Derecho PUCP, 2017

A partir de la teoría de las emociones de Martha Nussbaum, el presente trabajo propone una teoría... more A partir de la teoría de las emociones de Martha Nussbaum, el presente trabajo propone una teoría de la racionalidad y razonabilidad judicial que incluya a las emociones como un elemento necesario. Con ello se pasa de un modelo puramente deliberativo-abstracto de argumentación judicial a uno de tipo narrativamente abierto, en el cual la empatía y la imaginación literaria desempeñan un papel fundamental. Sostendré que las emociones tienen una manifestación concreta en al menos tres circunstancias relevantes: el valor del testimonio, el de la empatía y el de la imaginación literaria. Sin embargo, el lugar de las emociones para el proyecto de la racionalidad judicial está sometido a restricciones institucionales tales como reglas del derecho, procedimientos o precedentes. Con ello, un bosquejo de teoría sobre la racionalidad narrativa en sede judicial es presentado en la última sección.

Subsidiariedad y tribunales internacionales de derechos humanos: ¿deferencia hacia los estados o división cooperativa del trabajo?

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Marisa Iglesias Vila

Derecho PUCP, 2017

En este trabajo desarrollo una teoría normativa del principio de subsidiariedad en la adjudicació... more En este trabajo desarrollo una teoría normativa del principio de subsidiariedad en la adjudicación internacional que pretende ofrecer una respuesta equilibrada a la pregunta de hasta qué punto es legítimo para un órgano como el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos interferir en el criterio estatal cuando valora una denuncia por violación de derechos convencionales. Frente a las demandas de una mayor deferencia hacia los Estados que encontramos tanto en Europa como en Latinoamérica, basadas en una idea estatista de la subsidiariedad, articulo una concepción «cooperativa» de los derechos humanos y del principio de subsidiariedad, uniéndolas a la idea de legitimidad ecológica sugerida por Buchanan. La propuesta que defiendo conduce a una división del trabajo institucional dentro de los sistemas regionales de derechos humanos que aumenta la legitimidad de todas las instituciones involucradas. Al mismo tiempo, desarrollo una forma de implementar esta concepción cooperativa, por una parte, mostrando la importancia de una lógica incremental en la protección efectiva de derechos humanos y, por otra parte, ofreciendo una versión racionalizada de la doctrina del margen de apreciación estatal.

Derecho transnacional o la necesidad de superar el monismo y el dualismo en la teoría jurídica

Derecho PUCP, 2017

El derecho, en un contexto transnacional, pierde los rasgos con los que lo hemos configurado desd... more El derecho, en un contexto transnacional, pierde los rasgos con los que lo hemos configurado desde la modernidad. Las clásicas distinciones entre lo nacional y lo internacional, lo público y lo privado, lo sustantivo y lo procedimental, lo jurídico y lo político, lo social y lo jurídico abandonan su rigidez en un entramado de normas, órdenes, instituciones y agentes que se entremezclan y superponen de modos diversos y cambiantes. Carecemos de una teoría del derecho capaz de explicar y evaluar esta realidad jurídica desbordante. No es suficiente una reflexión teórica sobre el derecho internacional. Lo transnacional apela a una pluralidad de actores y de espacios jurídicos que interaccionan para crear, interpretar y ejecutar normas con las que se identifican mutuamente. Lo transnacional no se refiere solo a lo global o a lo supranacional, sino a la interdependencia de ambos con lo local y los espacios de tránsito. Ello se traduce en un cambio de enfoque o de perspectiva que se exige a cada operador jurídico: la gestión de la interrelación entre órdenes diversos orientada a la creación de espacios para la aproximación, la contestación y la innovación es una exigencia normativa y debe ser ponderada con el resto de valores jurídicos. A partir de ahí cambia el significado de los conceptos a los que ha de orientar su atención la teoría jurídica. El trabajo se refiere a cuatro de dichos conceptos que considero esenciales: grupo social o comunidad, relaciones entre órdenes e interlegalidad, coerción y diversidad normativa. El modo en que los cambios necesarios tienen cabida en la teoría elaborada desde las grandes tradiciones de la iusfilosofía es abordado en la última parte del trabajo, considerando que lo que tienen en común el positivismo jurídico, la teoría socio-jurídica y el realismo jurídico puede ser una aproximación adecuada para la revisión de nuestra disciplina.

Exigibilidad de los derechos sociales: algunas aportaciones desde la teoría del derecho

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Miguel Ángel Pacheco Rodríguez

Derecho PUCP, 2017

En este trabajo se exponen algunas de las principales contribuciones de la teoría del Derecho a l... more En este trabajo se exponen algunas de las principales contribuciones de la teoría del Derecho a la exigibilidad de los derechos sociales. La primera parte está dedicada al concepto de derecho subjetivo y especialmente a las propuestas de Robert Alexy y Luigi Ferrajoli. En la segunda parte, se analiza la relación de los derechos sociales con el principio de igualdad y, más concretamente, la propuesta de Luis Prieto. Finalmente, se exploran las posibilidades que tanto la teoría pospositivista del Derecho como la neoconstitucionalista ofrecen para un mayor grado de reconocimiento y eficacia de los derechos sociales.

Derechos humanos en tiempos de inseguridad ciudadana: experiencia canadiense a la luz del derecho interamericano

by Revista Derecho PUCP and René Provost

Derecho PUCP, 2017

La experiencia de Canadá en la lucha contra el terrorismo se remonta a inicios de la década de lo... more La experiencia de Canadá en la lucha contra el terrorismo se remonta a inicios de la década de los setenta y se desarrolla hasta la época actual (los acontecimientos más recientes han tenido lugar en el año 2017). Las medidas legislativas fueron la vía adoptada por parte de Canadá para contrarrestar los ataques y reflejar el cambio de paradigma político en la esfera internacional con relación al fenómeno del terrorismo. Derechos fundamentales como el derecho a la libre expresión, a la vida privada y a la libertad personal se encuentran particularmente afectados por estas medidas. Un análisis comparativo del sistema canadiense y el sistema interamericano permite identificar las consecuencias de estas medidas. En términos más amplios, la lucha contra el terrorismo genera impactos significativos sobre los derechos humanos en general.

La violencia de las leyes: el uso de la fuerza y la criminalización de protestas socioambientales en el Perú

by Revista Derecho PUCP, José Humberto H Saldaña Cuba, and Jorge Alfredo Portocarrero Salcedo

Derecho PUCP, 2017

El artículo hace una descripción profunda del marco normativo y sus modificaciones recientes con ... more El artículo hace una descripción profunda del marco normativo y sus modificaciones recientes con relación al uso de la fuerza estatal en conflictos socioambientales. Pone énfasis en la naturaleza violenta del derecho como enfoque teórico e intenta mostrar de qué manera el sistema jurídico, antes que garante, es productor de violaciones a los derechos humanos. La metodología empleada es, por un lado, dogmática cuando analiza normas y otros documentos legales y, por otro, interdisciplinaria cuando compara leyes con evidencia recogida en entrevistas, observación participante, documentos y bases de datos. El objetivo es caracterizar críticamente el complejo entramado legal que articula la política de criminalización de las protestas sociales contra industrias extractivas en el Perú.

La admisibilidad de la apelación: rasgos comunes entre el derecho romano y el sistema jurídico latinoamericano

Gracias a los testimonios de los juristas de la época Severa, recogidos en el Digesto, sabemos qu... more Gracias a los testimonios de los juristas de la época Severa, recogidos en el Digesto, sabemos que la admisibilidad de la apelación estaba condicionada a una revisión efectuada por el juez a quo, por lo que concernía al respeto de los plazos y de las formalidades prescritos y a la naturaleza de la resolución impugnada. Contra la eventual denegación del juez de primera instancia, las partes tenían la facultad de dirigirse al juez ad quem, quien podía confirmar la decisión y, por consiguiente, dar curso a la ejecución de la sentencia, o bien estimar el recurso de parte y proceder al examen de fondo de la cuestión. El texto del anteproyecto del Código Procesal Civil Modelo para Iberoamérica sigue la línea, en tema de apelación, de la disciplina romanística, tanto en lo que concierne al papel del juez a quo, como en lo que se refiere a la posibilidad de impugnar la decisión de este último ante el juez ad quem por medio del recurso de queja. Análogamente, la fuerte matriz romana emerge también en el Código Procesal Civil de Perú, país donde, por otra parte, el derecho al doble grado de jurisdicción hace alarde de una cobertura constitucional muy penetrante. Tradicionalmente, el problema de contener los tiempos de la justicia dentro de plazos aceptables se presenta estrictamente relacionado con el tema de la admisibilidad de la apelación. La solución adoptada por el derecho romano —recurrir a medidas sancionatorias de naturaleza pecuniaria para desincentivar la interposición de apelaciones temerarias, de manera que se filtren las impugnaciones meramente dilatorias— podría representar un punto de partida interesante y una útil sugerencia para los legisladores, que también hoy en día se enfrentan, por un lado, a la necesidad de garantizar el derecho a apelar y, por otro, a una administración eficiente de la justicia.

A dimensão «vedação à decisão-surpresa» do princípio do contraditório na experiência brasileira e o novo Código de Processo Civil de 2015: reflexões voltadas ao direito peruano

Este artigo analisa a chamada vedação à decisão-surpresa como uma regra que decorre do princípio ... more Este artigo analisa a chamada vedação à decisão-surpresa como uma regra que decorre do princípio do contraditório como uma inovação do Código de Processo Civil brasileiro de 2015, observando o seu plano de incidência, e conclui que tal vedação é ínsita à previsão geral do direito de defesa, portanto aplicável prescindindo de previsão legal expressa, como é o caso do direito peruano.

La dimensión de la «prohibición de la decisión-sorpresa» a partir del principio de contradicción en la experiencia brasileña y el nuevo Código Procesal Civil de 2015: reflexiones de cara al derecho peruano

El artículo analiza la llamada prohibición de la decisión-sorpresa como regla que deriva del prin... more El artículo analiza la llamada prohibición de la decisión-sorpresa como regla que deriva del principio de contradicción y en tanto innovación del Código Procesal Civil brasileño del año 2015, observando el plano de su incidencia. Llega a la conclusión de que tal prohibición es inherente a la previsión general del derecho de defensa y, por lo tanto, resulta aplicable prescindiendo de una disposición legal expresa, tal como en el caso del derecho peruano.

Nulla executio sine titulo: el escrutinio de los laudos en la práctica del arbitraje internacional como mecanismo para optimizar la ejecución de los laudos en el Perú

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Domingo Rivarola, and Fabio Núñez del Prado

¿Qué es lo «liquidable» y cómo debe ser este concepto enfrentado por los árbitros y jueces? ¿Pued... more ¿Qué es lo «liquidable» y cómo debe ser este concepto enfrentado por los árbitros y jueces? ¿Puede un juez en ejecución determinar conceptos como costas, intereses y/o las penalidades sin que el tribunal arbitral le haya brindado ningún parámetro? ¿Qué derechos fundamentales están en juego? En función de la práctica arbitral internacional, nos ocuparemos de los problemas que surgen por la división de funciones entre jueces y árbitros en relación con la ejecución de lo «liquidable».

Apuntes sobre algunos elementos del contenido del derecho al debido proceso colectivo en el Perú

Ante la insuficiente regulación de tutela colectiva de derechos en el Perú, el objetivo de la inv... more Ante la insuficiente regulación de tutela colectiva de derechos en el Perú, el objetivo de la investigación es plantear el contenido de algunos de los elementos del derecho fundamental al debido proceso colectivo en el Perú. Para ello, se analiza los elementos que se considera relevantes tomando en consideración las características particulares de la tutela colectiva y considerando la jurisprudencia y legislación existentes en el Perú.

El problema del abandono de las pretensiones imprescriptibles

En el presente artículo se analiza el problema del abandono en los procesos judiciales relacionad... more En el presente artículo se analiza el problema del abandono en los procesos judiciales relacionados con las pretensiones imprescriptibles, con una especial mención de aquellas relativas al derecho de propiedad. Se critica la cuestión analizada en el Pleno Jurisdiccional Nacional Civil y Procesal Civil de 2016 sobre el particular. Se pone de manifiesto que la verdadera cuestión a resolverse es la referida a las pretensiones imprescriptibles como supuestos de improcedencia de abandono. Se expone razones que ponen en entredicho la disposición normativa que vincula el abandono procesal con dichas pretensiones. Justamente por la falta de argumentos fuertes que justifiquen tal relación, se propone (de lege ferenda) su necesaria enmienda legislativa.

Apogeo y declive del derecho constitucional a un juicio por jurado para causas penales en los Estados Unidos

by Revista Derecho PUCP and José Arrieta Caro

Desde su aparición en Europa, el juicio por jurados tuvo que recorrer un largo camino para conver... more Desde su aparición en Europa, el juicio por jurados tuvo que recorrer un largo camino para convertirse en el método oficial de juzgamiento de casos penales en los Estados Unidos. A pesar de que no fue creado exactamente con esa finalidad, tuvo varios momentos memorables durante su desarrollo que le otorgaron el prestigio y valor necesarios para insertarse en la Constitución de ese país como una garantía frente al abuso del poder. Hoy, sin embargo, la gran importancia que alguna vez tuvo ha quedado atrás. Las necesidades y prácticas propias de un sistema con una altísima tasa de condenas han terminado por relegarlo, convirtiéndolo en una verdadera especie en peligro de extinción. El siguiente artículo describe y explica el nacimiento y auge de los juicios por jurados para causas penales y su posterior virtual desaparición a manos de los no tan eficientes como peligrosos acuerdos negociados de condena.

Víctimas de trata de personas versus migrantes en situación irregular. Retos y lineamientos para la atención y protección de las víctimas de trata de personas extranjeras en el Perú

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Cristina Blanco, and Chiara Marinelli /----/

El texto apunta a determinar los aspectos que deben ser considerados para perfeccionar el funcion... more El texto apunta a determinar los aspectos que deben ser considerados para perfeccionar el funcionamiento del aparato estatal con el fin de luchar efectivamente contra la trata de personas de carácter transnacional y para orientarlo por los principios propios de un enfoque de derechos humanos con respecto a la víctima de trata de personas. Aborda cuatro puntos centrales. Primero, advierte la problemática particular de las víctimas de trata extranjeras, al ser proclive su confusión o superposición con otras categorías, como la de tráfico de migrantes y migrante en condición irregular. Posteriormente, se desarrollan tres argumentos fundamentales que otorgan primacía a su condición de víctima de trata y a su atención especializada desde un enfoque de derechos humanos. Como tercer punto, se brindan directrices sobre los elementos que deben componer este enfoque, a partir de los derechos específicos de víctimas de trata extranjeras. Por último, se analiza el marco normativo e institucional peruano, y sus posibilidades y retos para lograr una atención adecuada a las víctimas de trata extranjera.

La ausencia del Defensor del Pueblo en Argentina: siete años sin representación colectiva

El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las causas y antecedentes que han contribuido a que, en A... more El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las causas y antecedentes que han contribuido a que, en Argentina, el cargo de Defensor del Pueblo permanezca vacante. Asimismo, repasa los orígenes normativos del órgano, a fin de comprender su valor y misión democrática. En el fallo caratulado Centro de Estudios para la Promoción de la Igualdad y la Solidaridad y otros c/ Ministerio de Energía y Minería s/ amparo colectivo, emitido el 18 de agosto de 2016, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación exhortó al Congreso de la Nación a nombrar un Defensor del Pueblo con arreglo a las disposiciones que le ha conferido el artículo 86 de la Constitución Nacional. La decisión de la Corte expuso una problemática jurídica de larga data: la ausencia de un Defensor del Pueblo.

La justicia comunitaria y la lucha por una ley de coordinación de la justicia

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Hans-Jürgen Brandt

La Constitución Política del Perú reclama una ley de coordinación de la justicia comunitaria con ... more La Constitución Política del Perú reclama una ley de coordinación de la justicia comunitaria con las instancias del Poder Judicial. Sin embargo, el Congreso sigue, desde 1993 cuando se promulgó la Carta Magna, sin cumplir con esta tarea. El artículo describe los problemas que resultan de este vacío legal y fundamenta la necesidad de la Ley de Coordinación Intercultural de Justicia. No obstante, el contenido de la ley es controvertido. En el debate se puede determinar cuatro corrientes de opinión. Los extremos son representados, por un lado, por los «minimalistas», que quieren reducir las facultades de los fueros comunitarios a un mínimo, y los «maximalistas», por el otro lado, que reclaman competencias ilimitadas para las instancias comunales. El artículo analiza los argumentos de las diferentes corrientes e identifica los retos de la tarea legislativa.

The uses of psychoanalysis in law: the force of Jay Katz’s example

This article samples possible uses of psychoanalysis in law from the academic work of Joseph Gold... more This article samples possible uses of psychoanalysis in law from the academic work of Joseph Goldstein and Jay Katz. Both start to recognize the importance of psychoanalysis to provide a serious and courageous attention to the non-rational dimensions of the human being, we should be aware in the world of law. Starting from this premise, the author explores two possible uses of psychoanalysis in law: one represented by Goldstein, focuses on using «psychoanalytic premises to resolve legal disputes», for example by providing psychoanalytic information to determine the best interests of the child in cases of custody, while the other, represented by Katz, who seeks to «create an awareness of conflict where all of the actors had previously been locked in a mutually reinforcing fantasy that no conflict existed», as it occurs in doctor-patient relationship, in order to rethink standards that had been set by law under an illusion of objectivity and rationality. The article explores these two approaches through examples, linking two perspectives adopted by Freud throughout his academic work and taking a preferred position by the position of Katz.

Freud and the rule of law: from Totem and taboo to psychoanalytic jurisprudence

Can the reflection of legal scholars concerning the rule of law be enriched by the cultural conce... more Can the reflection of legal scholars concerning the rule of law be enriched by the cultural conception of Freud about law? This article develops this question, based on how the rule of law was conceived in modernity, from a reading of the work of Hume and Rousseau, in order to show the potential compatibility that this conception had with the later work of Freud. Thus, Freud’s thinking about law is presented as a dialectical or paradoxical civilizatory force, restraining the passions even though they drive it, from a reading of his work Totem and Taboo. In this reconstruction, the genealogy of law is portrayed, from his story of the primal horde, and unconscious dynamics behind the law itself. Then the uses that various legal scholars have made of Freud in writing about the rule of law are analyzed, criticizing how they neglect the tragic sentiment of the Freudian cultural vision regarding law. Finally, the article states that the notions developed by Freud can serve critical legal thinking only if the law is seen as part of the culture, which leads to consider legal studies as a form of cultural studies.

Law on the analyst’s couch?: the uses of psychoanalytic theory in contemporary U.S. scholarship

by Revista Derecho PUCP and David S. Caudill

In the U.S. legal context, psychoanalysis is viewed by most scholars (and most judges) as outdate... more In the U.S. legal context, psychoanalysis is viewed by most scholars (and most judges) as outdated, even unscientific, and there is little room for psychoanalytic expertise in U.S. courts of law. However, there are some scholars who continue to do theoretical work in the conventional Freudian tradition, as well as numerous critical legal theorists who have appropriated the psychoanalytic conceptions of Jacques Lacan in their critiques of the law. This is a brief survey of how these scholars conceive of the law in psychoanalytic terms. Is it the judge being analyzed? Is it the lawyers, or the law students? Is the law itself viewed as subject with an unconscious and with symptoms? Or is it an analysis of legal texts as having an unconscious dimension that is hidden like an ideology? I identify examples of all four frameworks, and conclude that these scholars, notwithstanding their theoretical orientation, have practical goals for law in mind.

The other dimension of law

In times at which economic logic and a one-dimensional discourse of science silence alternative w... more In times at which economic logic and a one-dimensional discourse of science silence alternative ways of thinking in our societies, this paper invites us to understand the law from a largely unexplored dimension: the dimension that institutes life, binding the social, the biological and the unconscious in a space that reproduces the logic of Interdiction. To achieve this goal, this paper begins by exploring the obstacles that make jurists unable to conceive a link between their discipline and psychoanalysis, as well as incapable of opening the law to its analysis. Among these, we encounter conceiving the legal system as the discourse of Reason in the West, construction which will remain an obstacle to the convergence between law and psychoanalysis unless we understand that the origin of this conception lies in the choice of Roman Canon law as its historical representation. Then, it reviews the notion of society, approaching it as a theatrical construction set by discursive practices, allowing the recovery of genealogical knowledge of the reference and to this end, builds on the knowledge of Roman law. Hand-in-hand with a psychoanalytic approach, it points out how a vast social system of interpretations places the law within the transmission of the Interdiction for the subject, transmission which introduces him to the institutional dimension of the limit. We also approach the unconscious aspects of the representation of the subject, by putting a transsexualism case law under the light of its notion of symbolic determinism. Finally, it reflects on the power of the State to divide words and things, that is, the Third separator, category necessary for the operation of law. Consequently, this paper allows law to be seen as refering to the order of life and also calls upon psychoanalysis to deepen the institutional dimension.

About the capitalist revolution of the juridical. Lacanian left and critical theory of law

This article proposes an approach to contemporary transformations of the legal, from the articula... more This article proposes an approach to contemporary transformations of the legal, from the articulation between critical theory of law and the Lacanian left. On the one hand, it is stated that in contemporary times, under the dominance of the capitalist discourse, the legal has undergone a metamorphosis that can be characterized as the passage from bourgeois legal form to the right to jouissance. On the other hand, this paper claims that the law of populism can become, as residue of that discourse that it fails to reabsorb, a device capable of producing cuts on the capitalist circuit. In this context, the capitalist revolution refers to the radical change in policies and institutions and legal forms that lacks an emancipatory orientation and, on the contrary, promotes the consolidation and deepening of its repetition and reproduction. In this sense, identification with the subversive can become a mean by which the law of populism is capable of promoting the production of memories of terrorism that reinstate the social antagonism as a way of extracting a truth from the capitalist discourse for the return-invention of the political in its hegemonic form.

The animic dimension of law: a preliminary approach from analytic psychology

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Fernando Del Mastro Puccio

This paper presents a proposal of interdisciplinary approach between analytic psychology and law.... more This paper presents a proposal of interdisciplinary approach between analytic psychology and law. From the basis of Carl G. Jung’s theoretical framework, we argue that the law is animated by psychic contents of archetypical nature, which shape the way in which humans relate with rules and authority and impact how we regulate as a society. The paper introduces myth interpretation as a means to comprehend that animic dimension of law and describes the concepts, techniques and cares that should guide the analysis. An interpretation of the fall of Adam and Eve is conducted as an example of the proposed interdisciplinary approach. The analysis leads us to argue that the psychic tendency to separate the inner self from the outer self, with the relegation of the former, derives in the domination of the masculine over the feminine and in a relationship characterized by distance and fear between humans and the authority. The regulation that arises from that context is one also marked by separation, fear of sanctions and is focused on the external behavior. The image of Jesus is thus presented as compensatory one since it tends to the reunion of the inner with the outer and of the feminine with the masculine, which derives in a regulation substantially different from that of the Old Testament.

A developmental perspective on the ideal of reason in American constitutional law

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Anne C. Dailey

The ideal of reason is central to contemporary accounts of citizenship in American constitutional... more The ideal of reason is central to contemporary accounts of citizenship in American constitutional law. The individual capacity for reasoned choice lies closely aligned with the constitutional values of personal liberty and democratic self-government as they have evolved in Supreme Court decisions over the past century. Yet as presently conceived, the ideal of reason in constitutional law overlooks the process by which individuals actually acquire the capacity to choose their own values and commitments or to engage in reasoned thinking about collective ends. This paper argues that we cannot hope to sustain and foster a constitutional polity committed to the principles of individual liberty and democratic self-government without knowing something about how individual citizens come to possess this requisite skill of mind. A developmental perspective on reason in constitutional law provides a framework for examining the source and contours of the psychological skills that make it possible to lead an autonomous, self directed life and to participate meaningfully in the processes of democratic self-government. Developmental psychology, together with research in related fields, provides empirical support for the proposition that the psychological capacity for reasoned thinking has its roots in the early caregiving relationship. Thus, a comprehensive and integrated constitutional family law must recognize the role of early caregiving in the political socialization of children. This developmental approach offers a substantial reworking of constitutional doctrine in the areas of family privacy, parental rights, congressional power, and affirmative welfare rights.

Reflections from psychoanalysis on justice, law and legality in Peru

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Rocío Franco Valdivia, and Elizabeth Haworth Ruiz

This article proposes a reflection on the irrational aspects of justice and legality that remain ... more This article proposes a reflection on the irrational aspects of justice and legality that remain veiled in the debate on the difficulties of judicial reform processes in our region and which are expressed harshly in gender violence. Psychoanalytic contributions on culture state that the existence of the unconscious (the instinctual life of the subject) is that which enables the establishment of the law. From this perspective, conflict is inherent in human beings and the anxieties it arouses cannot be bypassed or denied. Therefore, the establishment of limits and a healthy expression of aggression depend on the internal construction of legality in the subject. On the intersubjective level, the mismatch between the expectations of the population and justice operators is associated with the confusion between social reality and the real (Lacan), generating a basic misunderstanding to be solved. As a method, fundamental psychoanalytic concepts are employed and situations of violence against women from Peruvian rural communities are discussed. The paper concludes that it is essential to any process of change or reform to work around the elaboration of anxieties that block the task in institutions and groups. This work facilitates access to justice, while generating new knowledge in this field.

The dominant view of legal ethics as an obstacle for the construction of a cultural trauma and as a cause of an individual trauma

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Sergio Anzola

Law and psychoanalysis are disciplines that address different questions and have different purpos... more Law and psychoanalysis are disciplines that address different questions and have different purposes. However efforts have been made to find some spaces for interdisciplinarity. One of these efforts has been to use judicial proceedings as places in which individual traumas can be transformed into cultural and social traumas. This article aims to show the risks and pitfalls of this enterprise by using a real life example. The purpose is to show how law can fail on this purpose and turn itself instead into a place for revictimization. In this latter scenario the role of lawyers and their professional duties play a key role.

Socioaffective parenthood and families today

The purpose of this paper is to discuss issues related to multiparentality in the current society... more The purpose of this paper is to discuss issues related to multiparentality in the current society, which emerges from contemporary changes originated on the second half of the 20th Century, with the increase of legal divorces that occurred. The approach to the topic is given by analyzing the origin and the concept of the term parentality, native of the French language. The theme is studied also through the consideration of maternal and paternal roles, related or not to biological genders of father and mother. The work is original when it regards, in clinical observations, the necessity of the elaboration of mourning for the loss of internal objets in order to appropriate the positive contigencies of multiparentality

Law in Peru: a dialogue between psychoanalysis and law

Transcript of the conversation held at the Faculty of Law of the Pontifical Catholic University o... more Transcript of the conversation held at the Faculty of Law of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. The event was attended by Luis Pásara and Eduardo Montagne. These presentations were, in turn, commented on by professors Pilar Aguilar and Fernando Del Mastro, respectively. After the presentations and comments, there was a space of conversation between the panelists and the attendees.

Important, unimportant: a critical anticipation of the assumptions of legal positivism in Alice in wonderland

Almost a full century separates Alice in Wonderland (1865) of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson(who will b... more Almost a full century separates Alice in Wonderland (1865) of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson(who will be referred by his pseudonym, Lewis Carroll) and the second, lengthier and more elaborate edition of Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law (1960; first edition published in 1934). And yet, it is possible to argue that the former anticipates and critically addresses many of the philosophical assumptions that underlie and are elemental to the argument of the latter. Both texts, with the illuminating differences that arise from their disparate genre, have as one of their key themes norms and their functioning. Wonderland, as Alice soon finds out, is a world beset by rules of all kinds: from the etiquette rituals of the mad tea-party to the changing setting for the croquet game to the procedural insanity of the trial with which the novel ends. Pure Theory of Law, as Kelsen emphatically stresses, has the Grundnorm as the cornerstone upon which the whole theoretical edifice rests (see Green, 2003; Posner, 2005).

This paper discusses some of the assumptions underlying Kelsen’s argument as an instance of the modern worldview that Lewis satirically scrutinizes. The first section («Sleepy and stupid») discusses Lewis’ critique of the idea that, to correctly apprehend an object (in the case of Kelsen’s study, law), one has to free it from its alien elements. The second section («Do bats eat cats?») discusses the notion of systemic coherence and its impact on modern ways of thinking about truth, law and society. The third section («Off with their heads!») explores the connections between readings of systems as neutral entities and the perpetuation of political power. The fourth and final section («Important, Unimportant») explains the sense in which a «critical anticipation» is both possible and useful to discuss the philosophical assumptions structuring some positivist arguments. It also discusses the reasons for choosing to focus on Kelsen’s work, rather than on that of Lewis’ contemporary John Austin, whose The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (published in 1832) remains influential in legal debates today.

Disability, incapacity for work and tongue-twister: can a person with disability work and receive an incapacity pension?

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Saulo Galicia, and Erick Beya

The article focuses on a new problem that requires an adequate legal answer that respects the rig... more The article focuses on a new problem that requires an adequate legal answer that respects the rights of the persons with disabilities: are all persons with disabilities incapacitated for work? This question tries to make a critical assessment of the traditional systems of social security that assumed that any disability led to the end of the productive life. However, that differs completely from the view of the social model of disability that states that disability comes from the social barriers and not from the persons. If disability is not the same as incapacity to work, how and when should this latter figure be applied? The existence of both figures requires us to differentiate them. The hypothesis is that these figures are different but may coexist at the same time.

Implementation of a special insolvency regime for small companies

In Peru, small companies have many difficulties to access financial services; therefore, a possib... more In Peru, small companies have many difficulties to access financial services; therefore, a possible solution is to have a special regime for these companies, which grants a higher expectative of payment to creditors compared with the traditional bankruptcy system, because this access to services provided by financial intermediaries becomes essential for the stability and progress of the sector.

Criminal liability of legal persons: a comparative study between Spain and Peru

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Carmen Rocío Fernández Díaz

This paper studies the criminal liability of legal persons, which has suffered a deep reform with... more This paper studies the criminal liability of legal persons, which has suffered a deep reform with the organic law 1/2015, after being introduced in Spain in 2010. This reform has brought important modifications and news, as the creation of an exemption of liability through the adoption of compliance programs, which supposes a change in the so called model of transfer of liability, that existed before. Parallel to this transformation in the Spanish criminal code, in Peru recently the law 30424 has come into forth, which contents a corporate liability model, very similar to the one foreseen in Spain. Both models of liability and the possibility of its exemption raise doubts about if they really tried to penalize legal persons or not.

The judge's obligations in front of challenges of the constitutional precedents with regard to motivation of the judicial providences

by Revista Derecho PUCP, William Hernandez Mendoza, and Alejo Roa

Judicial autonomy has suffered changes all through Colombian constitutional history, especially d... more Judicial autonomy has suffered changes all through Colombian constitutional history, especially due to the expedition of the Political Constitution in 1991. This implies that the judge’s function was affected and suffered relevant changes, particularly in duties such as the motivation of judicial providences and the search for real justice in concrete cases. As a consequence of these relevant changes, now judges must pay special attention to the constitutional precedent and the charges imposed on them in order to avoid sanctions like the annulment of their judgments through the «vías de hecho» doctrine. These limitations and consequences were issued with the aim of protecting fundamental rights, and making the legal system dynamic and coherent.

El sentido integral del derecho a la identidad: jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional y la realidad registral del Perú

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Agustín Grández Mariño

La cancelación de inscripciones de identidad se debe dar en concordancia con el sentido integral ... more

Doble venta u oponibilidad

En los casos de doble venta de inmuebles, debe tenerse cuidado con la aplicación de los artículos... more

On democracy and justice

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Gustavo Gutierrez

Opening Lecture of the Academic Year of the Faculty of Law of the Pontifical Catholic University ... more

Services of general interest in the European Union

(i) Since the eighties, the European Union has implemented a policy aimed to achieve that the ser... more (i) Since the eighties, the European Union has implemented a policy aimed to achieve that the services of general economic interest are truly integrated in the internal market. To this end, European regulation has liberalized and harmonized the legal framework of the main economic sectors. Significant progress towards European integration has been achieved. However, the internal market is still not truly effective. (ii) Conversely, non- economic services are primarily the responsibility of Member States. They are not covered by the internal market rules, although the general provisions of the Treaty are to be applied.

Public services and remunicipalization

It is difficult to define the legal concept of public service. There are two ways to understand i... more It is difficult to define the legal concept of public service. There are two ways to understand it. The first one is objective and tries to determine which activities and services should be guaranteed to all citizens with the aim of social cohesion. The second one is subjective and is based on the idea that public services are activities excluded from the market. This second conception emphasizes the problems arising from the relationship between the public and private sectors rather than the right of the citizenship to receive specific services. Within this general conceptual framework, this work shows the current debate which is not centered on which kinds of public services are to be provided but rather on how they have to be provided. The debate has a strong ideological content and defends the return to public management at the expense of private management, which is considered inefficient. This work analyzes the debate and introduces some objections to remunicipalization.

Regulatory theory (specially regarding the grounds for regulating)

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Estela B Sacristan

This study analyzes the foundation and the meaning of regulation, specifically from the legal and... more This study analyzes the foundation and the meaning of regulation, specifically from the legal and economic perspective. A basic budget of public interest theories of regulation arises, in a context of freedom. Thus, the role of law as a regulator in society and the various justifications presented for it will be verified.

Competition and utility regulation

With the entry into force of the Constitution of Peru of 1993, the economic model of social marke... more With the entry into force of the Constitution of Peru of 1993, the economic model of social market economy, which was accompanied by an institutional reform, creating four (4) regulators of utilities and one (1) competition agency, was established. The economic model of social market economy, guarantees free competition in the market as a general rule, establishing a regulatory framework for public services that before the reform, were managed directly by the State. Thus, in this paper we will learn how to set up the Peruvian institutional framework and what are the main similarities and differences between competition and regulation, for which we will detail the functions of the competition agency and regulatory bodies as well as interaction between the two.

Regulation commissions in Colombian law. Anatomy of a government agency

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Julian Pimiento

Economic regulation as an administrative activity has become one of the quintessential subjects i... more Economic regulation as an administrative activity has become one of the quintessential subjects in modern Colombian administrative law. Despite the fact that Colombian law uses a fairly restrictive, organic, approach to economic regulation, few studies have analysed that connection between economic regulation and Government agencies. Without taking sides with that restrictive approach, this article tries to show the inconsistencies and difficulties to regulate properly in Colombian law, because of that connection between that administrative activity and those special agencies: the regulation commissions.

Is it possible to enforce the law without sanctioning?: applying regulation with a “responsive” approach in Peru, with regard the advocacy strategy about the bureaucratic barriers in the market of public utilities

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Francisco Ochoa

Expensive and excessive regulations may affect the number of firms by discouraging them to access... more Expensive and excessive regulations may affect the number of firms by discouraging them to access and remain into the market. Despite of such a fact, worldwide there are few legal mechanisms within competition law able to control regulatory activity. This document describes briefly the Peruvian mechanism of regulatory oversight through the Indecopi´s Elimination of Bureaucratic Barriers Commission, which has reached in less than 3 years the voluntary elimination of more than 1000 regulatory and administrative burdens affecting, inter alia, the market of the deployment of infrastructure on public utilities. This has been the result of a strategy that not relies on sanctioning administrative procedures but in a coordinative-oriented approach with the regulatees aiming to reach the effective accomplishment of the law. In turn, the development of such a strategy make possible to show a new style of enforcement in Peru, which has been studied and undertaken in other countries around the world, namely “Responsive Regulation”.

Public services in the international investment arbitration: an approach under the perspective of the global administrative law

The public service has been, traditionally, a domestic concept of the Administrative Law. However... more The public service has been, traditionally, a domestic concept of the Administrative Law. However, as a consequence of globalization, the public service regulation by the Administration is also subject to the Global Administrative Law, specifically in the context of the international investment arbitration.

The monopoly on water supply public service in Spain: conflicts and legal protection

In Spain, the monopoly provision of potable water supply struggles with means to obtain that reso... more In Spain, the monopoly provision of potable water supply struggles with means to obtain that resource from other sources. The viability of the public service requires mechanisms of protection against such supplies. This study analyzes the foundation and meaning of the declaration of monopoly; legal exceptions to that regime, particularly self-consumption cases; and mechanisms to protect public service provision and, if necessary, restore the monopoly and its balances.

Universal access to potable water. The Peruvian experience

The present article aims to review the development of universal access to potable water in Peru, ... more The present article aims to review the development of universal access to potable water in Peru, for this, firstly it analyses the regulations applicable to potable water and sanitation, the main actors of the activity and universal access policy. Subsequently, it explains how the access of all users to potable water in urban and rural areas, respectively is planned.

Crisis and mutation of the public health service in Spain

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects that recent health reforms adopted in Spain becau... more The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects that recent health reforms adopted in Spain because of the economic crisis have had on the National Health System. It is not only a matter of mere budgetary cuts or measures of saving in the public expense. Reforms are looking for the efficiency and financial sustainability of health care services. However, a «mutation» in the public service has taken place. Reforms have affected the basic principles of the public system: the insurance model, its universality, the financing of the system and the principles of equity and cohesion of the public service.

Regulation for the accomplishment of public purposes: the case of public utilities in Colombia

by Revista Derecho PUCP and M. Ferney

Since the 1990s, several countries in Latin America liberalized and privatized the public utiliti... more Since the 1990s, several countries in Latin America liberalized and privatized the public utilities business. As a consequence, there was a transit from the Entrepreneur State to the Regulatory State, the latter being traditionally understood as a model of regulation for competition, with a mayor concern only on economic objectives. Notwithstanding, the socioeconomic reality of Latin American countries, in particular Colombia, presented the fact that competition cannot be the only priority, and that regulation of the public utilities business must also achieve social objectives. Public purposes, understood as economic and social objectives, are the cornerstone of State intervention.

«Energy Regulatory Commission»: Character and functions after energy reform

The Mexican energy reform in December 2013 has represented a radical change in the structure of t... more The Mexican energy reform in December 2013 has represented a radical change in the structure of the sector, which has grown from a public monopoly to a competitive market. This article aims to analyze the attributions and the legal and administrative nature which has be granted to the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) after the normative change that will play a key role in the correct implementation thereof. The nodal problem is to confirm if the CRE has being given the correct legal instruments to develop its function autonomously and transparently.

¿Regulation or competition? The case of the Argentine Law of Audiovisual Communications Services and the Proportionality Principle as a delimiting criterion

by Revista Derecho PUCP and oscar aguilar valdez

The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of the Proportionality Principle as a ... more The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of the Proportionality Principle as a valid legal criterion to determine when a given industry must be ex ante regulated by the Government through a specific sectorial regulatory framework or whether the application of the general antitrust and competition laws to such industry must be considered as a valid alternative. To this ends, this article analyzes the case of the Argentinean Law of Audiovisual Communications Services as it was treated by the Supreme Court of Argentina in the Grupo Clarín case.

The reengineering of public service: the universal service of telecommunications

This paper tries to explain how the regulation of the telecommunications’ activity abandoned the ... more This paper tries to explain how the regulation of the telecommunications’ activity abandoned the traditional system of State’s public service and evolved to the establishment of a new legal framework that encourages competition among all the economic agents operating in the sector, who must provide all telecommunications services, and, in case that delivery of basic services to all users cannot be done within the framework of the competition, then exceptionally the State as guarantor must impose obligations to ensure the user’s satisfaction in their communication needs.

The constitutional principle of french laicism post Charlie Hebdo

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Milagros Aurora Revilla Izquierdo

The attack on Charlie Hebdo in January 2015 caused political statements and academic reflections ... more The attack on Charlie Hebdo in January 2015 caused political statements and academic reflections principally on the danger to constitutional principle of french laicism and republican values, without detriment to the references to freedom of expression and other rights as to the relationship with terrorist attacks in november 13 in Paris in the same year. The purpose of this work is the understanding and application of this constitutional principle in the present circumstances in France. The point of reference is the legal basis, the recent national jurisprudence and consideration of this in the international legal community.

The crime of human trafficking as a complex crime and its difficulties in the Peruvian jurisprudence

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Yvan Fidel Montoya Vivanco

The crime of human trafficking is a crime of complex nature and presents problems in its interpre... more The crime of human trafficking is a crime of complex nature and presents problems in its interpretation in the Peruvian law and jurisprudence. These problems require the author to study the legally protected goods behind this criminal prohibition, the consent of minors, analysis of the previous domain relationship above the victim or caused by the perpetrator, and the evidential approach that this reinterpretation of the crime of trafficking assumes. According to the previous legal framework, the author stands his proposal, which is characterized by criticism and being contrary to the Peruvian supreme jurisprudence.

El caso Guzmán y los alambicados argumentos de los organismos electorales sobre la democracia interna y el derecho a la participación política

Las tachas proceden por causales no previstas necesariamente en la Ley Orgánica de Elecciones, si... more

La cláusula ad corpus y la compraventa de inmuebles para vivienda

Según el Tribunal de Indecopi, la cláusula ad corpus no resulta aplicable en las compraventas inm... more

La enseñanza-aprendizaje del derecho de cara al futuro

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Aaron Verona-Badajoz

Memoria del primer seminario internacional (11, 12 y 13 de noviembre de 2015)

The comparative constitutional law on national constitutional system: with regard to the IX World Congress of Constitutional Law

rom the process of globalization of law, the comparative constitutional law has gained a ... more rom the process of globalization of law, the comparative constitutional law has gained a leading role for a better understanding and solving old and new constitutional national and international challenges. Therefore, some assumptions and considerations to take into account are presented for the development of the national constitutional order within the framework of the comparative constitutional law, such as universality and relativism of human rights; the concept of power and constitutional democracy; standards of free elections and judicial independence; freedom of expression, media pluralism and access to public information; the economic,social and cultural rights; the new fundamental rights.

The impact of the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court on the European Court of Human Rights

by Revista Derecho PUCP and María Crego

The reciprocal influence between the Inter-American Court andthe European Court of Human Rights h... more The reciprocal influence between the Inter-American Court andthe European Court of Human Rights has been analysed by several studies that have focused on the impact of the European case- law in its Inter- American counterpart. In this context, this paper aims to pay attention to the reverse phenomenon. Therefore, it studies the decisions in which the European Court of Human Rights has explicitly referred to the Inter-American Court’s case law. By doing so, it attempts to elucidate the subject areas in which the European Court is most influenced by its Inter-American counterpart and the extent of this influence.

21st Century illiberal democracies in Latin America and the Inter-American Democratic Charter: Two models of democracy in the region?

The Inter-American Democratic Charter (IDC) was adopted in 2001 by member states of the Organizat... more The Inter-American Democratic Charter (IDC) was adopted in 2001 by member states of the Organization of American States (OAS) as a renewed instrument for the defense of democracy, not only against traditional coup d´etat but also to face serious violations to horizontal accountability. The second assumption took into consideration, as a precedent, the political situation in Peru during Alberto Fujimori's administration (1995-2000), defined as a competitive authoritarian regime by Political Science and Constitutional Law scholars. However, during the last decade to the presentwe find in Latin America several countries with governments where the principle of checks and balances has been eroded as a result of measures adopted by their respective executive branch. This situation suggests the following concerns: The liberal democratic model of the IDC is in crisis? This model has been overcame by illiberal governments that privileges economic and social rights and restraints civil and political rights? Or both models a recondemned to coexist in the region?

The anti-terrorist fighting in Peru: legal black holes, gray holes and the arduous constitutional way. Peruvian lessons for the war on global terrorism

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Abraham Siles

This paper examines the anti-terrorist strategy developed by Peru from the paradigm of the consti... more This paper examines the anti-terrorist strategy developed by Peru from the paradigm of the constitutional rule of law. One expression of this counter-insurgency fight was the nearly permanent establishment of states of emergency and the adoption of criminal emergency laws, which are critically analyzed, because they led to serious results on fundamental rights. In that sense, it is shown, with severe concern, the establishment by the Peruvian Government of legal “black holes” and “gray holes” at the expense of victims of enforced disappearance. The author concludes by assessing the position of the courts and the challenge they have in elaborating a democratic and constitutional model for combating terrorism.

Justiciability of regressive measures of social rights. Some reflections about their judicial protection in Latin America

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Natalia Torres Zúñiga

This article has as aim to reflect about the protection of economic, social and cultura... more This article has as aim to reflect about the protection of economic, social and cultural rights before the regressive measures adopted by governments in Latin America, as well as of the different levels of jurisdictional tutelage that those receive. The document develops the concept of a regressive measure and the scope of the non-regression principle, furthermore, it shows the experience of the Constitutional Courts from Peru and Colombia and the organs of the Interamerican System of Human Rights regarding the protection of social rights.

Indigenous peoples, cultural diversity and the right to self-determination: from the international law to the Latin American constitutionalism

Indigenous peoples have valuable ancestral cultures and makeimportant contributions to society in... more Indigenous peoples have valuable ancestral cultures and makeimportant contributions to society in general. However, despite the recognized value of these peoples and their cultures, their most basic rights have been violated for a long time. The postcolonial era did not end the internal«colonization», because in many places the locals are still treated as inferior to the other inhabitants within the territory of the Country. Nevertheless, the international law is moving in the opposite direction, recognizing the dignityand the rights not only of individuals but also of indigenous peoples, ensuring cultural security. In recent decades, relevant international instruments have been adopted, inspiring the constitutional reforms and human rights initiatives for the protection of indigenous peoples. This article aims to investigate how the legal recognition of self-determination of the indigenous peoples contributes to the protection and promotion of their culture. On that matter, the first section of the paper concentrates on the conceptual discussion on indigenous peoples, as well as the legal-political relationship models between them and the State. Second, the rights of the indigenous peoples will be examined from the perspective on international law, with special emphasis on the collective self-determination right. In the last section, the Latin American Constitutions will be studied, in order to present the situation of the indigenous self-determination in Latin American.

Legal transformation of the national perspective on civil unions and same sex marriage in Latin America

This paper analyzes the legal arguments that have been used toallow the gradual introduction of s... more This paper analyzes the legal arguments that have been used toallow the gradual introduction of same-sex marriage and civil unions in some Latin American countries. The author makes a critical account of the contentious cases and legislative responses to claims for recognition and protection of human rights of people with a particular sexual orientation. The most representative Latin American countries are analyzed from the point of view of its relevance in comparative terms.

Separation of powers and constitutional judges: an approach of corrective roles

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Edwin Figueroa Gutarra

An approach of corrective roles of judges within the constitutional interpretation demands a numb... more An approach of corrective roles of judges within the constitutional interpretation demands a number of parameters that must necessarily be made compatible with the principles, values and guidelines pursuant to contemporary legal systems. This study covers the dimensions of these corrective roles in the attempt to set reference lines on the delicate task of the constitutional judges in the defense of the effective exercise of the fundamental rights and the regulations’ primacy of the Constitution. Finally, this study investigates if there is a jurisdictional government and to what extent the neoconstitutionalism turns out to be a relevant matter in the interpretation of the Constitution.

Direct democracy: What if there is a conflict between the will of the people and fundamental rights? A comparative analysis between Switzerland and California

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Claudia Josi

In many countries, citizens have the power to propose new laws oramendments to their constitution... more In many countries, citizens have the power to propose new laws oramendments to their constitutions by popular initiatives. Provided that they have a special legitimacy, they are often regulated by different procedures to the legislation enacted by the legislature and may be used by their proponents to avoid the restrictions that the “ordinary” legislation is subject to. Recently, this has led that several popular initiatives which have come into conflict with the rights of minorities, fundamental rights of other affected groups, and other constitutional guarantees have been submitted. From the perspective of a comparative analysis, this article explores whether the laws in Switzerland and California set the procedural and substantive restrictions to this mechanism of direct democracy and to what extent. In this context, the author questionswhether the scope and enjoyment of fundamental rights may be subject to popular initiatives. Finally, several recommendations are made to improve the legal limits of popular initiatives and their control mechanisms to ensure that the scope and enjoyment of fundamental rights are not subject to the contentof popular initiatives.

Journalistic monitoring and privilege in the era of new telecommunications technologies under the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Jan Podkowik

The digital age has reconfigured the security services, especially the forms of mass surveillance... more The digital age has reconfigured the security services, especially the forms of mass surveillance aimed at preventing various threats to society. However, this scenario may become problematic from the perspective of protecting the freedom of the media and journalistic privilege. The author of this article offers an overview of the scope of the protection of the journalistic privilege pursuant to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as its management in Poland from the developments prepared by its Constitutional Court.

Dilemmas to consume justice: some scopes of procedural protection of the consumer administrative procedure and consumer arbitration

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Moisés Arturo Rejanovinschi Talledo

This paper argues that the consumer should choose the procedural mechanism that satisfies their n... more This paper argues that the consumer should choose the procedural mechanism that satisfies their need to resolve a dispute and being compensated. Also, the administration, in order to defend rights of consumers, must have the authority to prefer the Constitution through diffuse constitutional control.

Supplementary retirement plans in Peru: a parallel choice?

by Revista Derecho PUCP and César Abanto

In Peru, since the end of the year 1992, there is a mixed retirement model which consists of a pu... more In Peru, since the end of the year 1992, there is a mixed retirement model which consists of a public system – integrated by the members of the armed and police forces (Decree Law 19846), public officials (Decree Law 20530), diplomatic officials (Supreme Decree 065-2009-RE) and the National Retirement System (Decree Law 19990) - and, in parallel, a private model, namely, the Private Retirement System (SPP – Sistema Privado de Pensiones) of the Retirement Fund Administrators (AFP – Administradores de Fondos de Pensiones) (Decree Law 25897). Due to the extent that several factors have affected the normal development of the public retirement systems, they have been tried to be replaced by the Chilean private model of 1980. However, the financial crises have revealed that this mechanism also has weaknesses, especially by their intimate connection with the volatility of the financial and stock markets, which have led to test alternative formulas. In some cases, these have been aimed towards supplementary retirement models, that is, the creation of retirement funds which are designed to provide additional benefits to those recognized by the existing mandatory systems.

Law and collective bargaining on retirement in Spain

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Fernando Elorza Guerrero

The process of legislative reform driven in Spain since 2010 within the framework of the economic... more The process of legislative reform driven in Spain since 2010 within the framework of the economic crisis that is plaguing the country, has touched in a significant effect on the legal regime of the retirement. Institution which is not outside to the reform of the legal regime of collective bargaining, which, in parallel, has been practiced in these years. In this sense, the adoption of legislative measures in favor of the prolongation of the active life of the workers and the increase in retirement age, has coincided in time with the promotion of legal enterprise collective bargaining, by declaring its applicative preference. To analyze these issues is dedicated this article, in which, on the other hand, it highlights the lack of a credible legislative action in favor of the development of complementary social protection in the area of retirement.

The victims within the reformed criminal justice system

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Luis Pásara

This article analyzes the negative impact of the reforms within the criminal systems in Latin Ame... more This article analyzes the negative impact of the reforms within the criminal systems in Latin America, both for those who suffer a crime, and those who are accused of having committed such crime. Supprted by empirical data, the author warns how the innovations of the reformed criminal proceedings (for example, the simplified court proceeding or the active role played by prosecutors), by enrolling into an authoritative legalculture, become in practice contrary to their likely design.

Collective bargaining in Peru: the hyper-decentralization and its many drawbacks

In Latin America, most countries have a decentralized bargainingstructure that is in the company’... more In Latin America, most countries have a decentralized bargainingstructure that is in the company’s main area of negotiation and different from the warranty obligations and promotion deriving from the new Latin American constitutionalism emerged after the fall of dictatorships in the last quarter of the past century. In Peru, the legislative option enforces a hyper- decentralized model that has restricted maximum coverage and effectiveness of the collective protection. Therefore, the state regulation referred to the articulated collective bargaining is not complete because it ignores issues such as the legal nature of the instruments of juncture, the framework agreements, their effectiveness, etc. The weakness of the collective protection has transcended the specific field of business and questions the social, economic and political balances that underpin the constitutional rule of law.

Regulation, agro-energy policy and market evolution for renewable fuels in Brazil

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Fernando Rodriguez

The costs of oil dependence, the environmental external costs of fossil fuels, or the promotion o... more The costs of oil dependence, the environmental external costs of fossil fuels, or the promotion of agricultural development, has justified a number of measures of state intervention to expand the domestic market of biofuels, assuming that state intervention is necessary and sufficient condition for achieving this aim. After analyzing the political and economic elements in the Brazilian ethanol sector in historical perspective, in this article we argue that the expansion or contraction of the market should not be understood as an effect of a particular policies determined by the regulatory state. Regarding this, we argue the trends on the market development reflect the effects of aprevious underlying relationship, which is determined by the convergence or divergence over time of the opportunity costs of government and agribusiness. Our analysis shows that the effectiveness of a policy of energy diversification as the promotion of biofuels depends on the economic benefits and political rents generated by expanding the use of ethanol. These restrictions can be extrapolated as part of the cost-effectiveness analysis of public policies related to the sector in other countries.

Corruption, globalization and economic criminal law

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Juan Terradillos Basoco

Lección de Apertura del Año Académico de la Facultad de Derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Cató... more

Criteria for obtaining the grant of a patent of invention in Peru

This article is a casuistry review of technical reports of several filesregarding applications of... more This article is a casuistry review of technical reports of several filesregarding applications of patent of invention, in the technological fields of biotechnology, pharmaceutics, chemistry and engineering, where in general and specific criteria are identified and extracted on the requirements of clearness and inventive step that are evaluated in the technical report for obtaining a patent of invention in Peru. It is important to note that prior to the review of the investigated technical reports, certain definitions are provided for understanding the requirements of the technical report, such as conciseness, clearness, sufficiency, novelty and inventive step.

The trade name and its use by the legal entity

This article analyzes the trade name function as a distinctive sign of the economic agents, and t... more This article analyzes the trade name function as a distinctive sign of the economic agents, and the use of it, having in consideration the problems with the confusion between legal entity name, label or business sign, and service mark. Furthermore, it discusses the origin of the exclusive right to a trade name, the proof of its use, and the effects when use of the sign ceases.

Regarding the moral right of the authors to the integrity of their work: reflections about the damage done to the murals in the Centre of Lima

Based on the recent damage done to the murals in the Centre of Lima, this article analyzes the co... more Based on the recent damage done to the murals in the Centre of Lima, this article analyzes the conflict that can occur between the moral right of authors to the integrity of their work and the property rights of the holders of the support containing the intellectual creation. Criteria are provided to analyze conflicts in which murals are involved. Finally, the infringement of moral right of integrity is discussed.

The regulation of the trade name in Peru: Lag and challenge

This paper analyzes the evolution of the regulation of trade names in the Andean Community and Pe... more This paper analyzes the evolution of the regulation of trade names in the Andean Community and Peru, specifically in regard to its scope of protection from the provisions of article 8 of the Paris Convention (CUP). Also from certain rulings by IndecopI and the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, this paper contains a proposal of amendment to Decision 486 of the Andean Community and the legislative decree 1075 to update the regulation of trade names to modern times and ensure that the settlement of disputes involving said legal figure provide predictability and legal certainty.

The «Andean judge» in intellectual property issues: application to the Peruvian case

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Moisés Arturo Rejanovinschi Talledo

This paper emphasizes the role of Andean Tribunal of Justice, however disagrees with criteria use... more This paper emphasizes the role of Andean Tribunal of Justice, however disagrees with criteria used to recognize administrative entities such as «national judge» or «Andean judge». If we apply the Tribunal criteria, several administrators of justice in Intellectual Property will be exempt of collaborating with Andean integration.

TV formats and copyright: a peruvian and international case law approach

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Oscar Montezuma Panez

TV formats are one of the most used mechanisms in the audiovisual industry. Their protection by c... more TV formats are one of the most used mechanisms in the audiovisual industry. Their protection by copyright is a subject of academic debate which reflects in the diverse international and national jurisprudence on the matter. This article aims to give a brief review of some theoretical aspects regarding the type of protection provided by copyright to audiovisual productions, providinga case law approach on recent Peruvian and international jurisprudence.

Press clipping and the use of links from the perspective of Copyright

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Jorge Córdova

This paper analyses the protection offered by Copyright to newspaper articles and, from here, it ... more This paper analyses the protection offered by Copyright to newspaper articles and, from here, it examines the ways in which the articles are used by press clipping companies. Also, the paper presents resolutions related to the use of links to web pages and its relation with possible Copyright law infractions. Finally, the paper analyses a legislative amendment on the subject, which took place in Spain.

The incomplete puzzle. The missing rule and ruling about the protection by copyright of characters and objects of the work

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Javier André Murillo Chávez

This article analyzes the missing rule and ruling about the protection of characters and fictiona... more This article analyzes the missing rule and ruling about the protection of characters and fictional objects which are part of works covered by copyright. The author systematizes the criteria used in the administrative jurisprudence for conflicts between the intellectual property and the industrial property to extract specific rules in cases that involve fictional objects and characters, establishing and proposing criteria to find out the originality of these elements.

From fiction to reality: reflections surrounding fictional characters

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Maritza Yesenia Aguero Miñano

The growth and development of worldwide products and services containing fictional characters has... more

The convergence between competition law and intellectual property rights

Indecopi has within its functions the defense of free competition and the protection of intellect... more Indecopi has within its functions the defense of free competition and the protection of intellectual property. This institutional design has the advantage of being able to see more clearly what are the points of convergence between the two subject-matter, harmonize them and achieve the goals they have in common. Within this convergence, there are sensitive issues as the granting of compulsory licenses. In this work, we highlight that compulsory licenses are exceptional measures and, to consider its granting, the State must have a procedure that provides confidence and predictability to citizens and clear definitions of what is meant by public interest, emergency and national security. Finally, it is proposed that the granting of compulsory licenses should be justified by a cost benefit analysis showing that is the best choice.

The desorientaded aerialist: Evolutionary dynamics of contract clauses in predisposed contracts and the poor quality myth of consumer contracts

The standard-form agreements, pejoratively labeled as “adhesion contracts”, have bad reputation. ... more The standard-form agreements, pejoratively labeled as “adhesion contracts”, have bad reputation. A significant number of academics and most of consumer protection authorities often believe that the absence of negotiation and the preponderance of rights and benefits assigned to suppliers (versus costs, obligations or limitations imposed to consumers) show a kind/ sort of abuse against an alleged weak party of the consumption relationship. In this article, Professor Rodríguez García states that the skeptic and hostile vision regarding the standard-form agreements is wrong and is based on a poor understanding of the incentives and purposes that this type of contractingfulfills. On the contrary, the author intends to state that the control of clauses included in consumption contracts is prejudicial to consumers. Therefore,this is a control type that should be removed from the legal system.

A decentralized look to cartels prosecution in Peru

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Eduardo Quintana Sánchez

This paper analyses how Indecopi has prosecuted and sanctionedcartels within the country, taking ... more

Competition Policy and State Aid under the European Union Emissions Trading System

The interaction between competition and environmental policy is quite complex, particularly befor... more The interaction between competition and environmental policy is quite complex, particularly before state aids, whose control level reflects the emerging opportunity cost between both policies. In order to illustrate the potential efficiency losses or the imbalances on level playing field of competition, this article analyzes the legal, economic and political dimensions of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) free allocation of allowances mechanism for the power generation sector.

The restructuring plan as competency instrument in the insolvent companies market

The restructuring plan is an instrument which, based on standards of efficiency and competence, a... more The restructuring plan is an instrument which, based on standards of efficiency and competence, allows insolvent companies to continue running in the market. Therefore, in order to turn a company in crisis into a competitive unit of business, comprehensive mechanisms may be established based on standards aimed by the market and consumers.This article addresses four essential aspects in order to understand the restructuring plan as a real instrument of competence in the market of insolvent companies: (i) its opposable nature; (ii) the treatment given to guarantees provided by the debtor; (iii) the consequences of the non observance of the plan; and (iv) the scope of this bankruptcy instrument according to IndecopI (Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual).

Cross-border Products Liability in the European Union

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Guillermo Palao Moreno

Liability for defective products meets a modern legal framework applicable to cases which have an... more Liability for defective products meets a modern legal framework applicable to cases which have an international nature in the European Union. However, the new regulatory developments have not solved the existing coordination problems and offer an unjustified complexity, so there is a certain risk that the objectives pursued by the European legislator in this strategic sector for the EU internal market are not going to be fulfilled. The objective of this study is to analyze the solutions contained in Regulation (EC) 442001, relating to jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and Regulation (EC) 8642007, concerning the law applicable to non-contractual obligations («Rome II»), aswell as their interrelationship with other conventional instruments.

Critical analysis of letters of credit test documents

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Jaime Gallegos

This article discusses the documents’ test that must be practiced during the issuance of letters ... more

Dealing with the unexpected. Force majeure in international contracts: principle or clause?

Force majeure excludes civil liability and is accepted as a universal defense in accordance with ... more Force majeure excludes civil liability and is accepted as a universal defense in accordance with the principle that nobody is bound to perform what is impossible. In the civil law systems force majeure is a concept provided for by statutory law, leaving its application to the courts in a case by case approach. In the common law system, the contract is terminated and the non-performing party is exempted from paying damages if there is an emerging event which frustrates the purpose of the contract or renders the same as commercially impracticable. The force majeure defense can be invoked only if there is an express contractual provision where the parties define which events are deemed as force majeure and agree upon its legal effects. This paper examines the interaction between the two systems, which happens most significantly in the international business transactions.

Legal system and nature. Considerations on law and nature

From some reflections on the man (culture) nature relationship, the paper arrives at a set of mor... more From some reflections on the man (culture) nature relationship, the paper arrives at a set of more specific considerations about nature and the legal system. These will allow sustaining some of their legal expressions: natural resources heritage, commons, and ecosystem, among others. To conclude, the theme of nature as subject will be discussed, complementing the discussion with the topic of the legal system and animals.

The law in The Brothers Karamazov

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Lorenzo Zolezzi Ibárcena

The Brothers Karamazov was the last novel of Dostoievski and for that reason is in way a sort of ... more The Brothers Karamazov was the last novel of Dostoievski and for that reason is in way a sort of synthesis of his thinking. In the article there is a brief development of some key ideas as these: in matter of guilt, the attitude has more importance than action; everyone is guilty of everything before the eyes of everyone (universal guilt); suffering purifies the individual and acts as a remedy that promotes his spiritual elevation; freewill is central in human existence. But the novel is also a novel about a crime. Somebody is murdered and the readers will discover the perpetrator at the very end. 25% of the novel is devoted to technical legal matters: the instruction of the summary and the court trial. But what is most interesting is that an innocent is found guilty, because law had no other choice having into account the facts that are backed by evidence. It would be possible to find him not guilty, but for doing so it would be necessary to change the paradigm that is the backbone of modern criminal law.

Seventy years of Derecho PUCP journal (1944-2014)

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Marco Alonso Rodríguez Gamero

Derecho PUCP anniversary commemorative review.

The International Court of Justice in the dispute between Peru and Chile

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Elvira Mendez Chang

This paper analyses the international obligation of solving disputes peacefully and the Internati... more This paper analyses the international obligation of solving disputes peacefully and the International Court of Justice role as a jurisdictional means of the United Nations in solving disputes. From this point, it analyses the Court role in the last years and its work solving territorial and maritime disputes, for example, the one between Peru and Chile. It presents an interesting study of the international obligations that led Peru and Chile solve the dispute peacefully and the advantages and disadvantages of it. Finally, it presents the main challenges that arise from turning to the International Court of Justice.

Analysis of the main elements of the International Court of Justice Judgment in the maritime dispute (Peru v. Chile) in the light of the parties positions

On January 27, 2014 the International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Na... more On January 27, 2014 the International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Nations ruled in the case of the maritime dispute (Peru v. Chile), being Peru the one that brought forth the case in January 2008. During the proceedings in Court, the parties presented fundamentally different positions on the existence of a maritime boundary between them and how the Court should proceed solving the dispute. The Court should have considered the multiple legal reasonings presented by the States parties over the years to arrive to its ruling. Particularly, some of the legal reasonings presented by Peru were accepted by the Court and considered in the ruling, beginning from the interpretation given to the proclamations of Peru and Chile in 1947, going through the reasonings Peru presented about the 1952 Santiago Declaration (It was the main topic presented by Chile, which was discarded by the Court) until the reasoning presented by Peru saying that the 1954 Special Maritime Frontier Zone Agreement didn’t create a zone of tolerance that extends to 200 nautical miles. However, the Court considered that in the 1954 agreement the parties accepted the existence of a tacit agreement, but this existence was not presented by them in the Court even though it has a legal support in the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice. Then, the Court had to determine the extent of the tacit agreement, a very difficult duty because the parties hadn’t considered the existence of that situation and its extension. After establishing the implied legal agreement was for 80 nautical miles along a parallel of latitude, the Court proceeded to establish a maritime boundary applying thoroughly the rules and principles of maritime delimitation presented by Peru, which applied to the case determine the presence of an equidistant line. In relation to the starting-point of the maritime boundary, the Court didn’t use the point presented by Peru but, in a correct way, made it clear that the starting-point of the maritime boundary and the starting-point of the land boundary don’t have to match necessarily. Finally, the way how the Court established the maritime boundary recognizes, with no doubt, that the area previously named “outer triangle” belongs to Peru, as this country claimed and as Chile opposed repeatedly over the years. In summary, it is a decision based on International Law and adopted under the evidence presented in Court. The Court applied and confirmed various legal arguments presented by Peru during the process, in spite of the opposing position of Chile.

The official Peruvian position regarding maritime areas of UnClos from the maritime dispute with Chile

The article purports to express how, in the course of and subsequent to the proceedings in The Ha... more The article purports to express how, in the course of and subsequent to the proceedings in The Hague, the Peruvian Government has defined the legal nature of its 200 miles of maritime domain, by assuming its compatibility with the maritime zones established by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UnClos).

Considerations weather on environmental relevant of international conventions

In the first part we introduce what we consider the main features of the United Nations Framework... more In the first part we introduce what we consider the main features of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (CMCC) and its context, in terms of prejuridical issues about climate diplomacy and general considerations about this convention. In the second part, we discuss some references in order to show the synergies between the international agreements and the CMCC and some other more specific legal instruments.

The Inter-American balance between plurality of information and media concentration

Freedom of speech as a basic right is the starting point of the article. The Inter-American legal... more Freedom of speech as a basic right is the starting point of the article. The Inter-American legal framework contributes pondering on the importance plurality and the vast array of information have in the validity of this right and democracy in general. This consideration is done from the standards given by the Commission reports and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights case law. The article ponders on how and how much the exercise of freedom of speech right is affected by the excessive concentrationof personal property and control over the media.

The latest progress in human rights protection of LGBTI community in the Inter-American field

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Dante Negro

The text describes the main progress in depicting the LGBTI topic in the Inter-American area. It ... more The text describes the main progress in depicting the LGBTI topic in the Inter-American area. It begins with the analysis of some conceptual issues that are crossed to the topic and discuss the importance of including political commitments and statements in the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of OAS (Organization of American States) related to the LGTBI community protection. Even though, a few cases have gone to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, some landmark cases have deserved the Inter-American Court of Human Rights opinion. This produces an interesting case law on the matter. Finally, the text covers the latest Inter-American Convention on human rights adopted by the General Assembly of OAS in 2013, which includes the LGBTI community. That Conventionconstitutes the first regional treaty in force on the matter.

Russia and the annexation of Crimea or the crisis of the post Cold War

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Pablo César Rosales Zamora

The prohibition of the threat or use of force is part of the structural principles of contemporar... more The prohibition of the threat or use of force is part of the structural principles of contemporary international law. As a corollary to this norm, no state may violate the territorial integrity of the other one. However, one of the most recent issues that has sparked intense debate has been the fact that the Russian Federation annexed Crimea in March 2014. In this context, the present article examines how Russia’s action is contrary to article 2, paragraph 4 of the United Nations Charter, despite the arguments made by its authorities. It also evaluates if this situation creates an obligation of non- recognition for other members of the international community. Finally, we will discuss the potential impact of this event on the future development of international law relating to international peace and security.

The situation in Syria in light of International Law - A history of political, legal and human challenges

The article focuses on the current situation in Syria in light of international criminal law and ... more The article focuses on the current situation in Syria in light of international criminal law and international humanitarian law. In particular, the author focuses on events and developments carried out from mid 2013 until September 2014. The author begins her research by providing a brief summary of the reasons that have lead to an armed conflict in Syria, and, inturn, examines the issue of the humanitarian consequences of the conflict, as well as some of the measures that have been adopted by the international community to address such consequences. Some of the main sources for this article are the reports adopted by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, which provide a crucial tool in order to assess the legal nature and characterization of the armed conflict, particularly in light of the increasing presence of new parties to the conflict. The evolution of the conflict allows the author to further examine the nature of the specific crimes that are being documented in Syria, giving way to an analysis within the field of international criminal law and international criminal responsibility. In the last section, the author examines the role of the UN Security Council in ensuring accountability for crimes in Syria. In particular, the vote on the referral of the Syria situation to the International Criminal Court is thoroughly assessed, leading, in turn, to the current debate on the use of the veto in situations involving crimes under international law.

The legality of the intervention in Mali

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Giuliana Saldarriaga

Due to the crisis lived in Mali since 2012, due to a non-international armed conflict between the... more Due to the crisis lived in Mali since 2012, due to a non-international armed conflict between the government and different armed groups, the Security Council of the United Nations Organization declared that the situation in Mali constituted a threat to international peace and security. This led to the military intervention in Mali by France. This article aims to analyse the arguments with which the French government attempted to justify its intervention in order to determine if those arguments are legal or not.

Translation of the Decisión of the International Court of Justice in the Case in the “Maritime Dispute” (Perú c. Chile). Judgment

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Ricardo Abello-Galvis, and Giovanny Vega-Barbosa

Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile). Traducción publicada originariamente en: ACDI - Anuario Colombi... more

«Guide of Principles on Corporative Social Responsibility» made by the Inter-American Judicial Committee (IAJC) of the OAS (Organization of American States)

This paper presents the grounds that supported the Inter-AmericanJudicial Committee of the OAS to... more

How does the water right work 3 300 meters above sea level?

The authorities in charge of managing our Andean basins work in unimaginable water-powered landsc... more The authorities in charge of managing our Andean basins work in unimaginable water-powered landscapes from the Peruvian legislator point of view. They should generate and apply peculiar mechanisms. Why? Because the national legislator is traditionally positioned on the coast, a region very different to the Andean highlands and punas. The use of ethnographic evidence coming from a drainage basin in the Central Andes (Mantaro River, Junin) lets me depict in detail how public officers appeal to mechanisms of location, adaptation and regulation in order to adjust the official regulations, to cover the needs of the farming organizations of watering, and to affirm their positions as representatives of the Peruvian government. The consequence is that they exceed and also violate the regulatory channels that control their administrative functions. In this way, they incorporate a new function to their official position, that is, to develop peculiar administrative patterns to process the tightness between the inflexibility of the State Water Right and the demands of recognition and balance that the andean watering organizations propose to the Government.

The dictatorship in the Classical Roman Republic as a prime referent in the regime of the constitutional state of emergency

The starting point of the article is the idea that the original model of state of emergency gover... more The starting point of the article is the idea that the original model of state of emergency government established to save the Constitution can be found in the Classical Roman Republic. It makes the characteristics of this institution to be analyzed. Institution that has founded an intellectual ‘tradition’ in the political and legal Western thought. The study also comments the characteristics that distinguish the “Roman dictatorship” as a concept that lightens the theoretical options of people who worry about the constitutional emergencies and the powers to set against.

The trial in literature. A study of the legal aspects in three emblematic novels: The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, by Dickens; Billy Budd, by Melville; and The Bonfire of the Vanities, by Tom Wolfe

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Lorenzo Zolezzi Ibárcena

The plots of Billy Budd and The Bonfire of the Vanities are organized entirely around a lawsuit. ... more The plots of Billy Budd and The Bonfire of the Vanities are organized entirely around a lawsuit. In The Pickwick Papers the trial is only a part, though an important one, of a series of related adventures in which the main characters of the novel participate. In the three novels there is a trial in which the accused is found guilty, although he is actually innocent. In The Posthumous Papers of the Club Pickwick, the author’s main purpose is to present the operation of the legal system, in which the modus operandi of unscrupulous lawyers, who rely only on cheating and deceiving methods, is atthe beginning of and determines the outcome of the lawsuit. In Billy Budd, an innocent is sentenced to death in order to preserve a supposed higher interest: the common good. In The Bonfire of the Vanities, political factors, personal interests, resentments and other worldly elements determine the outcome of the trial. In the three cases, the watchmaking mechanism that a lawsuit appears to be is completely overcome by factors outside it.

General concerns on the judicial supervision limits of the due process in the procedures before the inquiry commissions in the Congress

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Cesar Rodrigo Landa Arroyo

In the last years, there is a gradually participation of the Judicial Branch in the Congress comp... more In the last years, there is a gradually participation of the Judicial Branch in the Congress competences and functions to supervise and inquire into issues of public interest. As a result, it has questioned the separation of powers principle. In that context, this article focuses on analyzing what the judicial supervision limits of the due process in the procedures before the inquiry commissions in the Congress are.

The regulation of administrative procedents in the peruvian legal system

The importance of providing equal treatment to citizens, and of the predictability of public admi... more The importance of providing equal treatment to citizens, and of the predictability of public administration in resolving their disputes or requests is undeniable. In this context, the administrative precedent is an important tool to achieve the aforementioned objectives, allowing the performance of Public Administrations to provide legal certainty and avoid arbitrary situations.

The inconvenience of the reasonable person standard in criminal law

Following American legal sources, I argue that the use of the reasonable person standard in crimi... more Following American legal sources, I argue that the use of the reasonable person standard in criminal law is inaccurate and unfair, and, therefore, inconvenient to evaluate human behaviour based on three arguments which address flaws of the standard under analysis. Firstly, this standard is by definition abstract, theoretical and general, not reflecting appropriately the person’s sensory and ideational perception of the situation. Secondly, the trend in American legislation and case-law is to apply, in criminal cases, e.g., self-defence, a hybrid criterion, which consists in the consideration of a person’s belief and the correspondence of such a belief to what a reasonable person would believe under the circumstances, as opposed to a purely objective standard. The principle of individual criminal culpability underlies this. Thirdly, the reasonable person standard imposes a sort of majority’s dictatorship by perpetuating a predominant culture disregarding the viewpoints from minority groups.

Morals are the guiding principle for common law

Starting from fifty citations from primary sources, this article tries to summarize a recent doct... more Starting from fifty citations from primary sources, this article tries to summarize a recent doctoral thesis on the transformation of traditional ius commune contract law in moral theological treatises from the early modern Catholic world. Firstly, it will be shown how theologians borrowed from the Romano-canon legal tradition to develop moral doctrine. Secondly, this contribution will try to demonstrate that the traditional conception of contract was fundamentally changed in the works of the theologians. The conclusion will be that theologians developed a doctrine of contracts which redefined contract on the basis of the autonomy of the will, without remaining insensitive to the political, moral and spiritual context in which the homo viator tried to live a God-pleasing life.

The analytic Philosophy de Umberto Scarpelli. From the analysis of the evaluative language to the principles of bioethics

It is a biographical article about Uberto Scarpelli and its main aim is to give a philosophical s... more It is a biographical article about Uberto Scarpelli and its main aim is to give a philosophical scheme of Scarpelli, commenting the most important aspects of his life, his main works and the itinerary of his thought. The article depicts as a transversal idea that for Scarpelli there is no side study between philosophy and the General Theory of Law; quite the contrary, both of them are always in complete joining and mutual feedback. That is the reason why the article shows a scarpellian sight of language analysis, epistemology, ethical deliberation and General Theory of Law.

Taxpayers rights in the exchange of information between Tax Administrations

This paper evidences the need that Tax Administrations have, within a context of economic globali... more This paper evidences the need that Tax Administrations have, within a context of economic globalization and business internationalization, to improve and intensify exchange of information in order to achieve an effective and efficient control over the application process of their domestic tax regimes. Considering the benefit maximizing strategy implemented by private economic agents in the global setting, which includes international tax planning as one of their tools, Tax administrations ought to collaborate with each other. Exchange of information is the most suitable mean to implement such collaboration. Within this context, certain taxpayers’ rights could be at stake due to the exchange process; rights that could be properly acknowledged at the domestic level, but could lack similar recognition in an international scenario.

Automatic exchange of information: towards a new global standard of tax transparency

Tax authorities are increasingly relying on mutual cooperation with their foreign peers to enforc... more Tax authorities are increasingly relying on mutual cooperation with their foreign peers to enforce more effectively their internal tax laws. After the banking scandals of 2008 and the subsequent global financial crisis, the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for TaxPurposes has proposed the exchange of information upon request as the fiscal transparency standard. However, some measures adopted by the European Union, previous initiatives from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and, above all, the introduction of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (Fatca) by the United States in 2010 have promoted the need to adopt the automatic exchange of information as the new fiscal transparency standard. Automatic exchange of information allows home countries to verify whether their taxpayers have correctly included foreign income, allowing tax authorities to have early warning of possible noncompliance cases. In February 2014, the OECD published its proposal for a new global model of automatic exchange of financial account information. The new global model contains the necessary legal instruments and due diligence and reporting procedures, mainly for financial institutions.

Report on OCDE’s tax bases erosion and shifting benefits: origin and implementation within international and global framework

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Fernando Serrano Antón

This work is intended to analyze circumstances leading to OCDE’s report on tax bases erosion and ... more This work is intended to analyze circumstances leading to OCDE’s report on tax bases erosion and shifting benefits. Inconsistency of tax systems and unilateralism in current economic globalization framework might have led to asymmetric tax situations, mostly exploited by multinational companies. Means and tools used and proposed by several international institutions in order to implement legally binding actions through soft law and acceptance by different countries as method used in the fight against tax avoidance and fraud are also discussed.

Tax arrears and tax litigiousness in Peru, some aspects to be considered

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Sandra Sevillano

Tax arrears are a frequent feature in many States and a concern that demands to reflect on the di... more Tax arrears are a frequent feature in many States and a concern that demands to reflect on the diverse variables that promote, cause or block their reduction. This paper elaborates on some of the variables that could promote or contribute to generate tax arrears and on some aspects of the Peruvian tax system that could help to explain the current level of tax arrears and the tax litigiousness in Peru. Tax Administration pitfalls that contribute to the generation of tax arrears and tax litigiousness are not avoided but are certainly not the core part of this work.

Fatca and its key provisions and the issues of its application in Peru

As an answer to the international tax evasion problem, the U.S. Congress issued the Foreign Accou... more As an answer to the international tax evasion problem, the U.S. Congress issued the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act – Fatca. This Act aims to promote tax compliance among citizens and U.S. residents holding foreign bank accounts. To this effect, Fatca requires Foreign Financial Institutions to enter into an agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to provide the IRS information about the identity and the status of the bank accounts held by US persons. Entities not willing to enter into an agreement with the IRS will be subject to a 30% withholding on U.S. sourced income regardless of whether the income is tax exempt. The application of this Act in our country brings a lot of concern regarding some issues, such us extraterritoriality, bank secrecy, the application of civil and criminal law. Since the effective date of implementation of Fatca is July 1, 2014, we understand that an official opinion concerning these issues and the possibilityto enter into an Intergovernmental Agreement with the U.S. government will be forthcoming in the following months.

Taxation of cooperatives from the perspective of international expansion and sustainable development of social economy

The economic crisis has created a major concern in developedcountries for control of social risks... more The economic crisis has created a major concern in developedcountries for control of social risks with negative effects on growth and this problem can be approached from the perspective of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Thus, CSR is seen as an entrepreneurial attitude aimed at promoting social, economic and environmental purposes while guarantying competitiveness in the international market. Thus, social economy can contribute to sustainable development, economic and social cohesion, to promote productive and income distribution, to ensure employment and equality of opportunities. The purpose of this study is to have an influence onthe role that taxation plays in the area of incentive policies related to social economy and very prominently manifested in the legal status of cooperatives. The approach aims to provide proposals on tax regulation of cooperatives taking the perspective of the international context and the size of the sector in countries like Spain and Peru in order to encourage cooperative social responsibility. Indeed, the importance of providing a legal and fiscal framework to promote their internationalization connects providentially with the principles that govern the cooperative action. We consider that it is essential, from the perspective of sustainable development and cooperatives’social responsibility, to take into account in the tax regime applicable criteria that can be justified on constitutional principles, the general interest of society or internationalization economic activity. Also, there could be other positive effects in the area of Latin America, such as decreasing tax evasion and the formalization of at least a portion of the informal sector of the economy, including the real impulse to CSR.

Taxation on mining and hydrocarbon investments

This article comments the most important aspects of the tax treatment applicable to investments o... more This article comments the most important aspects of the tax treatment applicable to investments of mining and oil and gas industry. The document highlights the relevant tax topics of the general tax legislation(Income Tax Law) and the special legislation of both industries (General Mining Law and Hydrocarbons Organic Law).

Trends in corporative income taxation in Latin America

The main objective of this study is to expose the corporative income taxation granted by the legi... more The main objective of this study is to expose the corporative income taxation granted by the legislations of different Latin American countries, trying to identify and analyze trends that emerge from such treatment. This paper does not intend to make a critical or comprehensive analysis of the corporative income taxation. This paper identifies the most important issues of the resident’s income taxation, deductible expenses, non-resident taxation and withholdings, and the anti-avoidance measures introduced by the domestic legislation of Latin American countries in order to avoid the base erosion.

Latin American income tax systems and current double taxation agreements

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Jorge Espinosa Sepúlveda

Tax systems in Latin America have played a very important role as the main, and in some cases the... more Tax systems in Latin America have played a very important role as the main, and in some cases the only, means of obtaining revenue to finance the major public expenditure that is necessary for the work of the states through time. Below is a short review of the main aspects of tax systems in the región, with emphasis on the impact of taxes on income in force in the majorLatin American countries, as well as a brief explanation of the network of agreements to avoid double taxation that are in force in each of them.

The taxable events for the Value-Added Tax (VAT) based on a Comparative Law approach

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Walker Villanueva Gutiérrez

This article analyzes the definitions of the main taxable events for the Value-Added Tax (VAT) ba... more This article analyzes the definitions of the main taxable events for the Value-Added Tax (VAT) based on a comparative approach to thelegislation of different countries (Spain, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Argentina and Peru). In this regard, it analyzes which legislations offer definitions according to the principles of generality, fiscal neutrality and legal certainty for VAT. Moreover, it points out that the VAT systems of those countries do not require as a condition for the configuration of the taxable events that the transactions involve a «value added» or a final consumption. In the specificcase of «supplies of goods», the VAT systems have a similar definition of the taxable event, although there are a few differences. However, in the case of«supplies of services», which is the most important taxable event for VAT, there are important differences at the time each country defines it. This is not a desirable effect for the international trade of services, since the lack of harmonization produces double taxation or double non taxation.

Social responsibility: A gift or a necessary expense? Between good corporate governance and the determination of income tax

This paper seeks to contribute, through discussion, to the issue of costs related to social respo... more

Constitutionalization of Peruvian Law

Constitutionalizaton of Law’s different areas is a phenomenon gradually more ingrained in our cul... more Constitutionalizaton of Law’s different areas is a phenomenon gradually more ingrained in our cultural and legal framework. Maybe the best demonstration is the increasingly prominent role of the Constitutional Court (TC) – Constitution’s Supreme Interpreter – in defining and redefining concepts, rights and legal principles touching a range of subjects, from TaxLaw to Human Rights. This is relevant to understand the Law and its current effects whether it is valued positively or negatively.

Constitutionalize the law or politicize the Constitution? Threats, risks and dangers in contemporary constitutionalism

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Eduardo Hernando Nieto

Since the beginning of modernity, the use of rhetoric have prevailed; that is, the technique of p... more Since the beginning of modernity, the use of rhetoric have prevailed; that is, the technique of perverting the language giving concepts different meanings presuming nothing have changed when in fact, it has occurred. The same thing happens with the concept of Constitution, it has been completelymodified its sense from the progress of individual rights moral. In this article the intention is to demonstrate the nature of this change and at the same time claim on the «old constitutionalism» validity and also the rule of law and political will beginning on a critical reading of contemporary constitutionalism and considering its tendency to constitutionalize or materialize the law, ironically risking the same values intended to defend.

Contracts with protection duties. A propos of Constitutional and Civil Law connection

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Rómulo Morales

This essay examines protection duties arising under a contract. Its doctrinal and comparative cas... more This essay examines protection duties arising under a contract. Its doctrinal and comparative case-law development is very broad. In Peru, national doctrine has studied it from case-law specific cases. The purpose ofthis study is to develop the analysis of autonomy of these duties towards main and secondary obligations arose under contracts in order to give legal bases not only from Civil Law but also from Constitutional Law perspective.

Family model guaranteed in 1993 Constitution

This article describes interaction among constitutional law, international law of human rights an... more This article describes interaction among constitutional law, international law of human rights and family law based on human rights extensive role. In family law field, involving family model and constitutional protection, it is clear to notice the influence of permanent dialogue among those three areas becoming as the main factor of family law evolution. The author emphasizes the deep transformation experienced by “family” notion through history and in fact that change shall keep happening, which does not necessarily mean that all forms of living in family shall have the same level of legal coverage. However, it should result in a minimum level of protection marked by human rights recognition.

Approaches to a constitutional function on theory of crime

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Yvan Fidel Montoya Vivanco

After presenting assumptions of neo constitutionalism impact incriminal law, this article raises ... more

The penalty: function and requirements

Legitimacy of criminal sanction is originated on its own purposes pursued in a state governed by ... more Legitimacy of criminal sanction is originated on its own purposes pursued in a state governed by the Rule of Law. That legitimacy should include the penalty as well as security measures, bearing in mind that both are imposed to someone breaking a rule of conduct, and therefore, someone capable to do it. Reviewing penal capacity or criminal liability concepts is required because if penal capacity means the capacity to understand the reality and adjust the behavior to it, and if every legitimate criminal sanction have to be imposed to someone who have the capacity of break it, then security measures also have to be imposed only to people responsible, capable to understand rules and act in accordance. With regard to people not subject to criminal liability they are standing outside Criminal Law and punish them would be illegitimate. In this line, criminal liability should be seen not only as a crime assumption but also as a basic statement for any dialogue the state shall have with the citizens: at the level of crime itself, proceedings and sentence execution.

International Law on Human Rights contribution to constitutionalization of law after 1945

This article base line bears on the relevance of the process– developed after 1945– of law’s cons... more This article base line bears on the relevance of the process– developed after 1945– of law’s constitutionalization, its foundations established and main characteristics. This process is framed by HumanRights fully implementation, such as rejection of impunity concerning serious human rights violations, respect to due process, the integrality and indivisibility of human rights, also respect to indigenous people and limits to state of emergency. Finally, through reviewing laws for compliance, the author highlights the importance of jurisdictional bodies for an effective fulfillment of constitutional and supranational rules signed by the States.

Cultural, social and economic rights in the Constitution corpus and Constitutional Court’s Case Law

This article deals with Cultural, Social and Economic Rights established in the Constitution and ... more This article deals with Cultural, Social and Economic Rights established in the Constitution and in Constitutional Case Law. So, after explaining its nature, state’s role according preservation and enforceability,relationship with other fundamental rights, among other key points, it isi ntended to answer, dealing with those rights, which of two scenarios have prevailed: internationalization of constitutional law or constitutionalization of international law.

Constitutionalization of international investment law: Indirect expropriation cases, fair and equitable treatment

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Victor Saco, and César Augusto Higa Silva

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of international investment law rules in the E... more The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of international investment law rules in the Economic Constitutional Law, especially those included in investment chapters of Peruvian’s Free Trade Treaties. In particular, it is expected to demonstrate the following (i) International Investment Law is part of Peruvian Legal System; (ii) provisions of these laws are mandatory and should be applied domestically; and (iii) interpretation and implementation of this legal right should be executed consistently with domestic legal system and Peruvian international obligations. This agreed Interpretation between Investment Law and Economic Constitution will have a positive effect in rationalization of public entities actions avoiding abuses and maltreatment to investors, in order to improve investment climate as a key element forachieving country’s sustainable development.

Constitutionalization of tax definition

The author works with the increasing constitutionalization process of Tax Law in the country as s... more The author works with the increasing constitutionalization process of Tax Law in the country as starting point; then, makes an analysis of tax concept evolution from a general tax law theory point of view. Afterwards, explains Tax Law Constitutionalization specifying main communicating vessels between Constitutional and Tax Law. Finally, highlights the most important values and goals related with taxing and constitutional control implementation by the Tax Court.

Obligation of negotiation and facultative arbitration as part of constitutional law content on collective negotiation

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Ernesto Aguinaga

This work studies constitutional bases of two essential institutions of Collective Labor Law: emp... more This work studies constitutional bases of two essential institutions of Collective Labor Law: employer’s obligation to negotiate collectively and facultative arbitration. In relation to the first one, using tools provided bythe Theory of Law, it is argued that the section 28º of Peruvian Constitution establishes a collective negotiation concept as claim (not as permission) so, employers legal obligation of collective negotiation is constitutional. In theother hand, regarding facultative arbitration, it has constitutional support on state’s obligation to promote pacific ways to labor conflicts; even though, it is questioned that a «sub constitutional» rule has restrictively regulated this institution.

The right to work: transition from free dismissal to guaranteed constitutional right

After presenting the evolution of labor stability law in Peru, public and private scopes of the r... more After presenting the evolution of labor stability law in Peru, public and private scopes of the right to work are described allowing the Constitutional Court redefine dismissal regime (working stability of exit), in general, and specifying temporary recruitment regime (working stability of entry). Redefinition of dismissal legal framework is analyzed from constitutional and judicial case law stressing solved and pending issues.

Constitutionalization of procedural law and its impact in standard legislation reform, CPP (Criminal Procedure Code) and in criminal justice system

This article examines the close relationship between criminal procedure and constitutional law wi... more This article examines the close relationship between criminal procedure and constitutional law within a democratic State framework as well as the guarantees provided from a constitutional point of view in accordance with the current context of human rights globalization. Then, the author approaches us to criminal procedure main principles and guarantees, procedural models historically formed. Finally, it presents an interesting Criminal Procedural Code analysis describing guarantees, principles and procedural models recognized in our country.

Constitutionalization of arbitration in Peru: some considerations around relationship among arbitration, Constitution, fundamental rights and Rule of law

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Reynaldo Bustamante

This article point out the progressive enrichment by which fundamental rights concept have gone t... more This article point out the progressive enrichment by which fundamental rights concept have gone through, providing to holders—government and individuals— not only rights, liberties, powers and immunity but also the obligation to respect, defend, guarantee and promote all them regardless the conduct displayed by the holder in this field. With this in mind, the author examines arbitration definition and main characteristics, highlighting its constitutional dimension proposing a systematic reading in accordance with fundamental rights.

Indecopi’s bureaucratic barriers control and economic fundamental rights guardianship

by Revista Derecho PUCP and César Ochoa Cardich

This study analyzes the guardianship role on entrepreneurial freedom fundamental rights, non- dis... more This study analyzes the guardianship role on entrepreneurial freedom fundamental rights, non- discrimination in economic and property aspects exerted by the Elimination of Bureaucratic Barriers Commission from the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and IntellectualProperty (Indecopi) developed throughout resolutions and administrative cases set up by the Defense of Competition Chamber #1. This role is particularly relevant in our legal system, due to their special functions the Elimination of Bureaucratic Barriers Commission is entitled by legal mandate to establish the non- application of rules in specific cases exercising legal control. This administrative function- initially misunderstood-has proved to be an efficient tool for the guardianship of economic rights due to our judicial system ineffectiveness in contentious administrative matters. The author considers the possibility of making a constitutional reform in order to provide specialized administrative bodies, such as INDECOPI, with the quality of “primary administrative jurisdiction” whose resolutions will only be reviewed by the State Council jurisdiction.

Governmental control of public expenditure in the constitutional State: thoughts regarding General Comptroller sanctioning powers approval on functional administrative responsibility

Constitutional doctrine has little addressed on the General Comptroller of the Republic and its c... more Constitutional doctrine has little addressed on the General Comptroller of the Republic and its controlling function of public resources execution and management. Efforts have been made to explain this situation in other realities, regarding high budgetary, accounting and auditing content needed to carry out auditing activities constitutionally assigned to this kind of entities. Nevertheless, identifying competences of the General Comptroller of the Republic and its nature of autonomous constitutional body shapes an important expression of Constitutional State and the principle of powers division. This entity controls State’s Public Budget execution contributing to constitutional property protection, legality of budget implementation and the appropriate management of public resources, also the «efficiency» of social needs, proper functioning of public administration and prevention of corruption, among others duties. This article analyzes the constitutional mission of the General Comptroller in a Constitutional State promoting the process of given a constitutional status to the legal system in its area of influence, also optimizing constitutional properties protected. For such purpose, the 29622 recent law («Law that modifies the 27785 Organic Law of National Control System and the General Comptroller of the Republic extending powers in order to sanction in accordance of functional administrative responsibility») shall be used as object of constitutional analysis.

Constitutionalization of environmental law

This article analyzes how Environmental Law can take intoconsideration some of fundamental rights... more This article analyzes how Environmental Law can take intoconsideration some of fundamental rights study categories, by a constitutional point of view, particularly the right to a balanced and appropriate environment recognized in article 2, paragraph 22 of the 1993 Peruvian Constitution in order to develop policies oriented to implementation of constitutional legal status for environment rights and property.

Constitutional function assigned to the penalty: Bases for a criminal policy plan

This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian C... more This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian Constitution and the way this legal institution is conducted at the prescribed basic penalty level (imposed by the legislator ineach type of criminal offence), the specific penalty level (imposed by the judge according to its individual characteristics in each case) and at the penitentiary enforcement level. Finally recommends some considerations for carrying out a possible legislative reform in accordance with a criminal policy plan within our constitutional framework.

Elements for a general theory of equality and non discrimination regarding European experience

The article analyzes the implications of shifting from modernto a welfare state according with th... more The article analyzes the implications of shifting from modernto a welfare state according with the definition of equality principle, then explains the consequences of promoting the non discrimination principle and its structure as surety element of free competition. On that basis, the author presents the main tools of non discrimination in European law and then gives details about three components of discrimination: “tracto, criterium and spatium”. Finally, the article explores the debate surrounding the notion of evidence when it is related to discrimination, emphasizing States duty on promoting equality in European law.

Judiciary on Russian Constitutional System

by Revista Derecho PUCP, Dmitri Bartenev, Sergey Belov, and Diana Mushtakova

This article is about new constitutional order in Russia emphasizing fundamental areas as the rol... more This article is about new constitutional order in Russia emphasizing fundamental areas as the role of judiciary in the Russian Constitutional System from 1993 Constitution, the one which replaced the 1978 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Constitution based on communist ideology. Therefore, it is intended to examine the principle of separation of powers, constitutionally recognized human rights and liberties, relationship between international bodies’ case law of human rights and the Russian Constitutional Court, among others issues.

Estimate and prospective studies on Peruvian environmental legal system after Río + 20

This article is intended to explain core ideas resulting from processes of which Peruvian environ... more This article is intended to explain core ideas resulting from processes of which Peruvian environmental legal system is derived; it is morean overview rather than a system characterization, as well as a perspective or sampling foresight representing Río +20 process meaning. In that sense, it examines the modern environmental regulations rising context and provides a brief retrospective of Peruvian environmental legal system development and prospective studies within the frame of green economy paradigms and the environmental governance, presenting only three prospective references aschallenges and trends on: Climate and Energy Law, a new legal Framework for a Green Economy and Sustainable Enterprise, and finally, stressing emphatically on mega-cities, Conurbation and Land use Planning issues given little attention usually law renders to this matters.

Institutional framework for environmental management in Peru

The unfolding inclusion process of environmental management as a Government obligation is develop... more The unfolding inclusion process of environmental management as a Government obligation is developed in this article, explaining its context and evolution in Latin America and the Caribbean plus the Peruvian case. The present document also sets some proposals, according to the author pointview, for improvement of the environmental institutional structure in Peru.

Three topics to the evolution of the environmetal impact assessment

The paper identifies three topics in order to evaluate the improvements in the regulation of the ... more The paper identifies three topics in order to evaluate the improvements in the regulation of the National System of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment, looking to benefit the people’s trust in the environmental certification. The first one consists in the gradual transition from the prevention paradigm to the integration one, as the purpose of the different instruments that compose the system; the second involves the enrichment in the evaluation of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS), by incorporating the scoping phase; and the third involves adopting additional measures that reinforce the independence of the teams in charge of the elaboration and evaluation of the EIS.

From the quantitative to the qualitative criterion in environmental impact assessment

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Karim Kahatt

The essay discusses the criteria available in Peru’s environmental impact assessment regime for m... more The essay discusses the criteria available in Peru’s environmental impact assessment regime for mandatory modification of environmental impact studies as a result of the modification of the underlying project. The paper identifies the gaps in the cross-sector legislation on environmental impact assessment, and the deficiencies of sector-specific legislation on environmental impact assessment, which have privileged quantitative criteria associated to the size of the project, over qualitative criteria associated to the real impact of the amendment of the project.

Human right to water and conventionality control

Humanity faces the challenge of achieving the sustainability of water resources supply for the sa... more Humanity faces the challenge of achieving the sustainability of water resources supply for the satisfaction of human needs and ofensuring the sustainability of the natural ecosystems for the achievement of sustainable human development and the quality of life of present and future generations. For this reason the recognition of access to water as a Human Right has fundamental significance. We proceed to analyze the international instruments that provide content and legal basis to the human right to water and the obligations of States. In this context, we deal with the constitutional reception of human right to water in Argentina in the constitutional reform of 1994 and the control of conventionality as guarantor of access to water, which has led to different domestic courts to consider cases in which a violation ofthe right to water was proved.

Thoughts on access to water in Peru within the new Water Resources Law framework

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Lucia Delfina Ruiz Ostoic

The difficulty involved addressing issues related with water management in Peru is the article’s ... more The difficulty involved addressing issues related with water management in Peru is the article’s starting point. Therefore, the water issue approach is introduced explaining its administrative procedures, the rights involved and making a critical analysis of 2008 Water Resources Law. Finally, the need for an integrated management analysis of the water resource is highlighted by integrally understanding the General Water Law as well as the current Water Resources Law, and encouraging dialogue among social actors involved in order to avoid future conflicts.

Legislation and applicable concepts to protected natural areas in Peru

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Pedro Solano

There are 78 protected areas in Peru covering 22 million hectares corresponding almost 17 percent... more There are 78 protected areas in Peru covering 22 million hectares corresponding almost 17 percent of national territory. This article reviews essential aspects of protected natural areas studying scopes, purposes, types, categories and levels such as: requirements for setting, amendment and repeal; activities allowed and forbidden within them; institutional management, among others. Finally, this work concludes with some brief thoughts on legal and institutional challenges of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas NaturalesProtegidas por el Estado (SINANPE) (National System of State ProtectedNatural Areas).

Carbon capture and storage: a novel technique for reducing greenhouse gas emissions regulated by the European Union

This article deals with main aspects of a novel technique for carbon dioxide capture and storage ... more This article deals with main aspects of a novel technique for carbon dioxide capture and storage released by large combustion plants. Since this novel technique has become essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it has been regulated by the European Union through the Directive number 2009/31. Therefore, acknowledging relevant legal aspects for regulation, suchas: mandatory, exploration permits, storage among others, the focus has been pointed out on responsibilities and guarantees regime.

Environmental damage in the General Environmental Law

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Ivan Lanegra

This paper looks at environmental damage definition stipulated by Peruvian General Environmental ... more This paper looks at environmental damage definition stipulated by Peruvian General Environmental Law as well as its implications for the environmental policy development. It also outlines complexities involved identifying environmental damage as much as designing and implementing public policies according to Peruvian legislation processing.

The death throes of the old spanish system of liability for environmental damage

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Germán Valencia

This paper analyzes the last judgments in the case of the Aznalcóllar mines (or Boliden case). A ... more This paper analyzes the last judgments in the case of the Aznalcóllar mines (or Boliden case). A well-known event in Spain that produced significant environmental damage, and that, having occurred before the new Law on Environmental Liability and to be resolved under the previous legislation, is causing countless problems for reimbursement of the substantial expenditures invested by the Spanish Public Administration inrepairing the damage. Posed a negative conflict of jurisdiction between civil and administrative courts, the Special Chamber of Conflicts of Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has just returned the matter back to the former. To the author, it is, however, a false or apparent conflict, because of loopholes in that previous law, fortunately overcome for the future.

Intertwined Actions against serious environmental damage: The impact of Shell in Nigeria

The demand for natural resources and energy continues to growin the developed world and, with it,... more The demand for natural resources and energy continues to growin the developed world and, with it, the negative impacts on the environment and the rights of the peoples directly affected by extractive activities undertaken by the largest transnational corporations. Three factors compel victims of serious environmental damage to resort simultaneously to any available avenue of legal action (whether judicial or non-judicial, national or international): (1) the link between environmental damage and human rights abuses; (2) weak legislation, combined with the inability or unwillingness of the law-enforcing institutions in many countries where such extractive activities take place; and (3) the absence of international avenues to claim direct liability from corporations. We call this phenomenon intertwined actions, as the various judicial actions undertaken by the victims end up mutually reinforcing and increasing the visibility of the problem. The aim of this paper is to show this reality on the basis of the various instances of litigation that are taking place in the specific context of Shell’s activities in the Niger delta.

Access to environmental information in Spain: lights and shadows

This paper analyses the body of law governing the right to access environmental information in Sp... more This paper analyses the body of law governing the right to access environmental information in Spain, paying particular attention to law 27/2006, of July 18th, which regulates the right of access to information, public participation and access to justice on environmental issues. The analysis focuses on both the active aspects of access to environmental information (the obligation that the public authorities have to collect and communicate environmental information) and the passive aspects (the right to request access to environmental information). Particular attention is paid to the advances made by this legislation and its possible implications, but no attempt is made to conceal the problems of application that it still has to face and the pending challenges.

A reflection upon the «new» rights. prospects and challenges in the 21st Century

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Paola Villavicencio Calzadilla

This paper analyses the paradigm shift that comes from thetransition from Modernity to postmodern... more This paper analyses the paradigm shift that comes from thetransition from Modernity to postmodernity process and the challenges faced today in the legal field. Furthermore, the aim is to reflect upon the so-called«new» rights, focusing on the environmental law and urban planning law, considered the precursors of this postmodern perspective on the law. Finally, it presents its challenges and prospects for the 21st Century.

The right to defend the environment: The protection of the environmental defenders

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Susana Borras

The increasing degradation of the environment and competitiveness on the exploitation of the natu... more The increasing degradation of the environment and competitiveness on the exploitation of the natural limited resources demonstrates not only serious impacts on the environment, but also it generates important social impacts. The defenselessness which the victims of the environmental degradation face, as victims also of violations of human rights, has given origin to a movement of resistance led by the so called «environmental defenders», who, beyond the activism, try to protect the environment and to defend the most vulnerable groups affected by this type of environmental aggressions. This has led to the recent and worrying proliferation of abuses against the human rights of these people. The frequency of murders and threats that the defenders suffer, the infringement of the rights of its peoples and the subsequent impunity of the authors of these serious violations generate the need to point out the existing problems in the identification of this reality, in its recognition and legal protection and of analyzing which is the protection and assistance, that from the international area, these persons are awarded in situation of high risk.

Hearing the barking dogs: Hernando de Soto and his recipe for the Amazon

The work of Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto is both influential and controversial. His 2000 b... more The work of Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto is both influential and controversial. His 2000 bestseller The Mystery of Capital posits that to solve poverty in the developing world, the poor need to transition from the extralegal sector to the official economy through formal property rights and incorporated businesses. In 2009, following the 2009 bloody clashes of indigenous peoples and law enforcement agents in the Peruvian Amazon, DeSoto suggested the extrapolation of The Mystery of Capital to the Amazon as a solution for their underdevelopment. He contended that the Amazon natives could only progress if granted formal title to land and allowed to create limited liability corporations. This paper argues, however, that the purported extrapolation of The Mystery of Capital’s propositions is problematic. It aims to show that economic integration of the Amazon natives may further expose their land resources to appropriation and, in actuality, trigger their cultural, social and environmental disintegration.

Review (laws) for compliance and human rights multi-level protection in Inter-American Human Rights System

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Natalia Torres Zúñiga

This article addresses diverse perspectives concerning relationship between reviewing (laws) for ... more This article addresses diverse perspectives concerning relationship between reviewing (laws) for compliance and the process of putting international law of human rights on a constitutional footing. Therefore, a parallel is established between reviewing (laws) for compliance and constitutional review (laws) in order to outline features and application impact of this research. The design of a multi-level protection system for fundamental rights in Latin America is also discussed in this article.

Statute of limitation of labor actions: substance and form issues

This study aims to place the statute of limitation legal definition in the general context of lab... more This study aims to place the statute of limitation legal definition in the general context of labor law analyzing its compatibility with fundamental precepts of that specific legislation area: identifying also features, boundaries and deadlines adopted by Ibero-American countries, mainly members of the southern cone.

Law and Literature: a theoretical perspective

While most of the Law and Literature books and articles stress from the beginning the distinction... more While most of the Law and Literature books and articles stress from the beginning the distinction between Law in Literature and Law as Literature, my approach is from the standpoint of Law teaching. A course on Law and Literature will help the students not only to write better, but it may convey the students facts that surround the work of the formal legal systemas the human condition or the legal culture, as well as a legal perspective thatis, so to speak, engraved in the human mind. The so-called didactic school is treated and criticized. The distinction between Law in Literature and Law as Literature cuts across the whole work.

Victims consigned to oblivion

This article studies people relegated to invisibility: the LGTB (lesbians, gays, transsexuals and... more This article studies people relegated to invisibility: the LGTB (lesbians, gays, transsexuals and bisexuals) from constitutional and international law point of view. Thoughts will be focused on transsexuals and their rights to be treated according to an early internalized gender and some rights emerged from this treatment. Peruvian State role in this subject and the existing challenges will also be analyzed in the same way.

Derecho PUCP N° 81: Criminal Law

Derecho PUCP, 2018

con el debate general de ideas. Publica artículos de investigación jurídica o interdisciplinaria,... more

Derecho PUCP N° 80: Civil Law

Derecho PUCP N° 79: Philosophy of Law

Derecho PUCP N° 78: Procedural Law

con el debate general de ideas. Publica artículos de investigación jurídica o interdisciplinaria,... more

Derecho PUCP N° 77: Law and Psychoanalysis

Derecho PUCP se registra en los siguientes catálogos, directorios y bases de datos: Dialnet, Worl... more

Derecho PUCP N° 76: Administrative Law: Regulation of Public Services and Competition

Derecho PUCP se registra en los siguientes catálogos, directorios y bases de datos: Dialnet, Worl... more

Derecho PUCP N° 75: IX World Congress of Constitutional Law: New Challenges to Law and Democracy

Derecho PUCP se registra en los siguientes catálogos, directorios y bases de datos: Dialnet, Worl... more

Derecho PUCP N° 74: Intellectual Property and Competition Law: New Trends and Proposals

Derecho PUCP se registra en los siguientes catálogos, directorios y bases de datos: Dialnet, Worl... more

Derecho PUCP N° 73: International Law: Crisis, Issues in Debate and Dispute Resolution

Derecho PUCP se registra en los siguientes catálogos, directorios y bases de datos:WorldCat, Prim... more

Derecho PUCP N° 72: Tax Law: Internationalization and Trends

Derecho PUCP N° 71: The Constitutionalization of Peruvian Law: Twenty Years of the Political Constitution of Peru (1993)

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 70: Challenges of Environmental Law

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 69: Bioethics and Development

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 68: Course of the Labour Reforms. Balance and Outlook

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 67: Administrative Procedure. At 10 Years of Entry into Force of the LPAG

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 66: Public Contracting and Procurement

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 65: Criminal Justice Reform. Legal education

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 64: Defense of University Autonomy. Social Responsibility of Organizations

Derecho PUCP N° 63: Challenges for Human Rights in the 21st Century

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

Derecho PUCP N° 62: Judiciary Reform. Legal Professional Ethics and Responsibility

Diseño de carátula e interiores: i design Diagramación de interiores: Juan Carlos García M.

¿Cómo funciona el derecho de aguas a 3300 m.s.n.m.?

by Revista Derecho PUCP and Armando Guevara Gil

Las autoridades encargadas de gestionar nuestras cuencas andinas ejercen sus funciones en paisaje... more Las autoridades encargadas de gestionar nuestras cuencas andinas
ejercen sus funciones en paisajes hidráulicos inimaginables para el legislador
peruano. Para ello deben generar y aplicar mecanismos peculiares. ¿Por qué?
Porque el legislador nacional se encuentra tradicionalmente parapetado en la
costa, una región muy diferente a las sierras y punas andinas. El uso de evidencia
etnográfica proveniente de una cuenca hidrográfica de los Andes Centrales (Río
Mantaro, Junín) me permite detallar cómo los funcionarios estatales apelan
a los mecanismos de localización, adaptación y regularización con el fin de
modular la normatividad oficial, atender las necesidades de las organizaciones
campesinas de riego y afirmar su papel como representantes del Estado peruano.
El resultado es que desbordan y hasta violan los cauces normativos que regulan
sus funciones administrativas. De este modo, incorporan una nueva función a su
papel oficial que consiste en desarrollar peculiares prácticas administrativas para
procesar la tensión entre la rigidez del derecho estatal de aguas y las demandas
de reconocimiento y articulación que los regantes andinos le plantean al Estado.

Comunicado de la revista Derecho PUCP sobre el plagio de sus normas de evaluación por pares cometido por la Asociación Civil Themis

Normas editoriales plagiadas por Themis

Comparación entre normas de Derecho PUCP y Themis