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Kathleen E McVey

Princeton Theological Seminary, History and Ecumenics, Emerita

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After teaching for many years at Princeton Theological Seminary, I continue to live and pursue research in Princeton, NJ. My interests extend to the intellectual, religious, and social engagement of early Christians with their cultural contexts both within the Roman Empire and beyond. My current focus is on the writings of Ephrem of Nisibis in the wider framework of Greek and Syriac literature.

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Catherine Rowett

University of East Anglia

Johannes Zachhuber

University of Oxford

Armando Salvatore

McGill University

Sean W . Anthony

Ohio State University

Central European University

University of Florida

Annette Y. Reed

New York University

Francesca Gazzano

University of Genova

Rice University

Humboldt Universität zu Berlin

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Symbolic Interpretation of Architecture by Kathleen E McVey

“The Domed Church as Microcosm: Literary roots of an architectural symbol” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37 (1983) 91-121; reprinted in Art, Archaeology and Architecture of Early Christianity, ed. Paul C. Finney, Studies in Early Christianity 18 (New York: Garland, 1993) 183-213

This article presents the Syriac text with English translation of the "Hymn on the Church of Edes... more This article presents the Syriac text with English translation of the "Hymn on the Church of Edessa" and advances the claim that, "It is the earliest extant document which associates the central dome (and other architectural features) of a Christian church with cosmology and mystical theology." After detailed study of the Syriac text, literary analysis situates the hymn with respect to the writings of Ephrem the Syrian and Antiochene and Alexandrian modes of exegesis, especially as represented in the hexaemeral homilies of the Syriac writers, Narsai and Jacob of Sarug. The conclusion is that the hymn adapts the architectural theoria of Eusebius on the Church at Tyre to the domed church building by using Jacob's prior interpretation of the opening chapters of Genesis.
The posted article is an excerpt. The full text can be found at JSTOR or by an email request to kathleen.mcvey@ptsem.edu.

Ephrem the Syrian by Kathleen E McVey

“The Anti-Judaic Polemic of Ephrem Syrus' Hymns on the Nativity”

Of Scribes and Scrolls: Studies in the Hebrew Bible, Intertestamental Judaism, and Christian Origins: Festschrift for John Strugnell, ed. Harold W. Attridge, John J. Collins, and Thomas H. Tobin , 1990

The anti-judaic polemic of Ephrem the Syrian's Hymns on the Nativity may be a response to an earl... more The anti-judaic polemic of Ephrem the Syrian's Hymns on the Nativity may be a response to an early version of the Toledot Yeshu. if so, these hymns substantiate Krauss's proposal based on Aramaic fragments of the Toledot discovered in the Cairo Geniza. He argued that there was an "Ur-Toldot" strongly influenced by Syriac syntax and possibly dating to fourth-century Mesopotamia.

Ephrem the Syrian's theology of divine indwelling and Aelia Pulcheria Augusta in Studia Patristica 35 (2001)

“Images of joy in Ephrem’s Hymns on Paradise: Returning to the womb and the breast” Journal of the Canadian Society of Syriac Studies 3 (2003) 1-19

This article sets out the nature and function of erotic and maternal themes in Ephrem's Hymns on ... more This article sets out the nature and function of erotic and maternal themes in Ephrem's Hymns on Paradise. Brief consideration is then given to similarity and distinctiveness of these notions with ideas from adjacent religious and cultural contexts as well as in other works of Ephrem and earlier Syriac Christianity. These include resonance with: 1) Qur'anic notions of Paradise, 2) the cult of Asherah and the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles, 3) the figure of Wisdom, and 4) Stoic notions of sustenance of the cosmos by breath, air or spirit.
This post is an excerpt. Email me to request a full pdf. kathleen.mcvey@ptsem.edu

Mara bar Sarapion by Kathleen E McVey

A Fresh Look at the Letter of Mara bar Sarapion to his Son" in R. Lavenant, ed. V Symposium Syriacum 1988, Orientalia Christiana Analecta 236 (1990) 257-72. A publication of the Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome.

Theophilus of Antioch by Kathleen E McVey

The Use of Stoic Cosmogony in Theophilus of Antioch's Hexaemeron

Biblical Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective: Studies in Honor of Karlfried Froehlich edited by Mark S. Burrows and Paul Rorem, 1991

Biblical Theology in the Patristic Period: The Logos Doctrine as a Physiological Interpretation of Scripture

Biblical Theology: Problems and Perspectives: In Honor of J. Christiaan Beker edited by Steven J. Kraftchick, Charles D. Myers, Jr., and Ben C. Ollenburger – by Abingdon Press : ISBN:0687033861., 1995

Papers by Kathleen E McVey

Ephrem and the Mariological Motif of Conceptio per Aurem

BRILL eBooks, Aug 14, 2023

Ephrem The Syrians Use of Female Metaphors to Describe the Deity

Zeitschrift Fur Antikes Christentum-journal of Ancient Christianity, 2001

The rich symbolic poetry of Ephrem the Syrian is beginning to be appreciated more widely. One asp... more The rich symbolic poetry of Ephrem the Syrian is beginning to be appreciated more widely. One aspect of his evocative and multi-layered theology that has begun to provoke interest is his profuse, if occasionally prolix, language of symbol and metaphor drawn from the female body as well as from traditional women's work 1. I propose to address some of the major female metaphors woven through his poetry 2. Most attention will be given to images of the female body and its functions, especially to the womb and birth, but also to the breast and suckling. Since Ephrem sets the archetypical woman's work, weaving, in close relation to womb imagery, this metaphor will also be discussed briefly 3. A survey of his use 1 Most attention has been given to the motherhood of the Holy Spirit and of the Church: viz.

The Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard de Chardin by J. A. Lyons, S. J. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982. 236 pp. $33.50

Theology Today, 1983

Architecture as icon: perception and representation of architecture in Byzantine art

Choice Reviews Online, Oct 1, 2010

Presenting the first formulation of the central subject, this volume challenges major assumptions... more Presenting the first formulation of the central subject, this volume challenges major assumptions long held by Western art historians and provides new ways of thinking about, looking at, and understanding Byzantine art in its broadest geographic and chronological framework, from A.D. 300 to the early nineteenth century. Byzantine art abandoned classical ideals in favor of formulas that conveyed spiritual concepts through stylized physical forms. Scholarship dealing with Byzantine icons has previously been largely focused on depictions of holy figures, dismissing representations of architecture as irrelevant space-filling background. Architecture as Icon demonstrates that background representations of architecture are meaningful, active components of compositions, often as significant as the human figures. The book provides a critical view for understanding the Byzantine conception of architectural forms and space and the corresponding intellectual underpinnings of their representation. Introduced by four thought-provoking essays, the catalogue divides the material as included in the exhibition into four categories identified as: generic, specific, and symbolic representations, and a final grouping entitled "From Earthly to Heavenly Jerusalem." This handsomely illustrated volume addresses various approaches to depicting architecture in Byzantine art that contrast sharply with those of the Renaissance and subsequent Western artistic tradition.

Bardaisan Of Edessa (Person)

CHRISTOPHER BUCK, Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Bahai Faith (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999). Pp. 419. $81.50 cloth; $27.95 paper

International Journal of Middle East Studies, Aug 1, 2003

This monograph is a revised version of a doctoral dissertation completed at the Centre for the St... more This monograph is a revised version of a doctoral dissertation completed at the Centre for the Study of Religion at the University of Toronto in 1996. At the beginning, the author enunciates clearly his purpose, method, and organization, and he adheres closely to the agenda he has set. His purpose is to provide a sophisticated comparison of early Syriac Christianity with the Bahaءi faith as enunciated by its founder Bahaullah. His method rests primarily on adaptations of concepts developed for cultural anthropology by Sherry Ortner and for comparative religion by Ninian Smart. Briefly characterized, his approach is a comparison of central symbols drawn from the two religious traditions as represented by a normative set of texts. While eschewing a strictly historical method, Buck strives to avoid the pitfalls of older comparative studies by attending to the distinctive historical contexts of the 4th-century Syriac Christian authors Ephrem and Aphrahat and the 19th-century articulation of the faith of Bahaullah.

The Domed Church as Microcosm: Literary Roots of An Architectural Symbol

Dumbarton Oaks papers, 1983

/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and stude... more /policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Dumbarton Oaks Papers. http://www.jstor.org 'An earlier version of the present paper was delivered at the Spring Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, May 1980. I have benefited from discussions of this subject with too many persons to be able to name them all here. I am especially grateful to Ernst Kitzinger for suggesting that I undertake this study, and to Thomas Mathews, Glen Bowersock, and Corby Finney for numerous helpful suggestions and criticisms. 2E. A. Baldwin Smith, The Dome of Heaven (hereafter, Dome)

Abgar, Epistle of Christ to

Edessa (37°08'n; 38 o 46'e)

Images of Joy in Ephrem’s Hymns on Paradise: Returning to the Womb and the Breast

Journal, Mar 1, 2009

Ephrem's fifteen Hymns on Paradise belong to the earlier, Nisibene, phase of his life. They a... more Ephrem's fifteen Hymns on Paradise belong to the earlier, Nisibene, phase of his life. They abound in appealing images of bliss—most of them clearly rooted in the first chapters of the Biblical book of Genesis. Ephrem superimposes the images of mountain and enclosed garden, both traditional images across a broad swath of Near Eastern culture, to provide a rich and dazzling mix of metaphors. In an enlightening article, Nicolas Séd has sketched the resultant topography, and he has suggested links with rabbinic and Kabbalistic literature. Tryggve Kronholm has identified substantial further materials shared with rabbinic exegetical traditions. Sebastian Brock has identified parallels in Greek patristic literature to certain aspects of Ephrem's portrayal of paradise, and he and others have found similar concepts in a variety of later religious literature—Jewish, Syriac and western Christian, and most recently Baha'i. Finally, many of the concepts and metaphors central to Ephrem's theology are present in these hymns. Among those concepts and metaphors are the maternal images of the womb or , the act of giving birth , and suckling of infants or the participle—in the Pe`al or Ethpe`el of the infant's action; in the Pa`el or Af`el of the mother's— and respectively. These images figure prominently in every aspect of Ephrem's theology: the inner life of the Deity, creation, the incarnation, mariology, biblical history, the sacraments, and spiritual development. More important than the mere occurrence of this symbolism in a wide variety of contexts is the vital integrative role these symbols play for his entire theological system. They have gained attention in his corpus in general, but their presence in the Paradise Hymns has not yet been fully explored. That is my subject here. After a brief excursus on Ephrem's use of metaphor, our question will be threefold:

George, Bishop of the Arabs, a homily on blessed Mar Severus, Patriarch of Antioch

E. Peeters eBooks, 1993

Narsai. Rethinking his work and his world. Edited by Aaron M. Butts, Kristian S. Heal and Robert A. Kitchen. (Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity, 121.) Pp. xvi + 291. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020. €89 (paper). 978 3 16 159349 9; 1436 3003

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Mar 30, 2022

Mara bar Serapion

“The Domed Church as Microcosm: Literary roots of an architectural symbol” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37 (1983) 91-121; reprinted in Art, Archaeology and Architecture of Early Christianity, ed. Paul C. Finney, Studies in Early Christianity 18 (New York: Garland, 1993) 183-213

This article presents the Syriac text with English translation of the "Hymn on the Church of Edes... more This article presents the Syriac text with English translation of the "Hymn on the Church of Edessa" and advances the claim that, "It is the earliest extant document which associates the central dome (and other architectural features) of a Christian church with cosmology and mystical theology." After detailed study of the Syriac text, literary analysis situates the hymn with respect to the writings of Ephrem the Syrian and Antiochene and Alexandrian modes of exegesis, especially as represented in the hexaemeral homilies of the Syriac writers, Narsai and Jacob of Sarug. The conclusion is that the hymn adapts the architectural theoria of Eusebius on the Church at Tyre to the domed church building by using Jacob's prior interpretation of the opening chapters of Genesis.
The posted article is an excerpt. The full text can be found at JSTOR or by an email request to kathleen.mcvey@ptsem.edu.

“The Anti-Judaic Polemic of Ephrem Syrus' Hymns on the Nativity”

Of Scribes and Scrolls: Studies in the Hebrew Bible, Intertestamental Judaism, and Christian Origins: Festschrift for John Strugnell, ed. Harold W. Attridge, John J. Collins, and Thomas H. Tobin , 1990

The anti-judaic polemic of Ephrem the Syrian's Hymns on the Nativity may be a response to an earl... more The anti-judaic polemic of Ephrem the Syrian's Hymns on the Nativity may be a response to an early version of the Toledot Yeshu. if so, these hymns substantiate Krauss's proposal based on Aramaic fragments of the Toledot discovered in the Cairo Geniza. He argued that there was an "Ur-Toldot" strongly influenced by Syriac syntax and possibly dating to fourth-century Mesopotamia.

Ephrem the Syrian's theology of divine indwelling and Aelia Pulcheria Augusta in Studia Patristica 35 (2001)

“Images of joy in Ephrem’s Hymns on Paradise: Returning to the womb and the breast” Journal of the Canadian Society of Syriac Studies 3 (2003) 1-19

This article sets out the nature and function of erotic and maternal themes in Ephrem's Hymns on ... more This article sets out the nature and function of erotic and maternal themes in Ephrem's Hymns on Paradise. Brief consideration is then given to similarity and distinctiveness of these notions with ideas from adjacent religious and cultural contexts as well as in other works of Ephrem and earlier Syriac Christianity. These include resonance with: 1) Qur'anic notions of Paradise, 2) the cult of Asherah and the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles, 3) the figure of Wisdom, and 4) Stoic notions of sustenance of the cosmos by breath, air or spirit.
This post is an excerpt. Email me to request a full pdf. kathleen.mcvey@ptsem.edu

A Fresh Look at the Letter of Mara bar Sarapion to his Son" in R. Lavenant, ed. V Symposium Syriacum 1988, Orientalia Christiana Analecta 236 (1990) 257-72. A publication of the Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome.

The Use of Stoic Cosmogony in Theophilus of Antioch's Hexaemeron

Biblical Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective: Studies in Honor of Karlfried Froehlich edited by Mark S. Burrows and Paul Rorem, 1991

Biblical Theology in the Patristic Period: The Logos Doctrine as a Physiological Interpretation of Scripture

Biblical Theology: Problems and Perspectives: In Honor of J. Christiaan Beker edited by Steven J. Kraftchick, Charles D. Myers, Jr., and Ben C. Ollenburger – by Abingdon Press : ISBN:0687033861., 1995

Ephrem and the Mariological Motif of Conceptio per Aurem

BRILL eBooks, Aug 14, 2023

Ephrem The Syrians Use of Female Metaphors to Describe the Deity

Zeitschrift Fur Antikes Christentum-journal of Ancient Christianity, 2001

The rich symbolic poetry of Ephrem the Syrian is beginning to be appreciated more widely. One asp... more The rich symbolic poetry of Ephrem the Syrian is beginning to be appreciated more widely. One aspect of his evocative and multi-layered theology that has begun to provoke interest is his profuse, if occasionally prolix, language of symbol and metaphor drawn from the female body as well as from traditional women's work 1. I propose to address some of the major female metaphors woven through his poetry 2. Most attention will be given to images of the female body and its functions, especially to the womb and birth, but also to the breast and suckling. Since Ephrem sets the archetypical woman's work, weaving, in close relation to womb imagery, this metaphor will also be discussed briefly 3. A survey of his use 1 Most attention has been given to the motherhood of the Holy Spirit and of the Church: viz.

The Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard de Chardin by J. A. Lyons, S. J. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982. 236 pp. $33.50

Theology Today, 1983

Architecture as icon: perception and representation of architecture in Byzantine art

Choice Reviews Online, Oct 1, 2010

Presenting the first formulation of the central subject, this volume challenges major assumptions... more Presenting the first formulation of the central subject, this volume challenges major assumptions long held by Western art historians and provides new ways of thinking about, looking at, and understanding Byzantine art in its broadest geographic and chronological framework, from A.D. 300 to the early nineteenth century. Byzantine art abandoned classical ideals in favor of formulas that conveyed spiritual concepts through stylized physical forms. Scholarship dealing with Byzantine icons has previously been largely focused on depictions of holy figures, dismissing representations of architecture as irrelevant space-filling background. Architecture as Icon demonstrates that background representations of architecture are meaningful, active components of compositions, often as significant as the human figures. The book provides a critical view for understanding the Byzantine conception of architectural forms and space and the corresponding intellectual underpinnings of their representation. Introduced by four thought-provoking essays, the catalogue divides the material as included in the exhibition into four categories identified as: generic, specific, and symbolic representations, and a final grouping entitled "From Earthly to Heavenly Jerusalem." This handsomely illustrated volume addresses various approaches to depicting architecture in Byzantine art that contrast sharply with those of the Renaissance and subsequent Western artistic tradition.

Bardaisan Of Edessa (Person)

CHRISTOPHER BUCK, Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Bahai Faith (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999). Pp. 419. $81.50 cloth; $27.95 paper

International Journal of Middle East Studies, Aug 1, 2003

This monograph is a revised version of a doctoral dissertation completed at the Centre for the St... more This monograph is a revised version of a doctoral dissertation completed at the Centre for the Study of Religion at the University of Toronto in 1996. At the beginning, the author enunciates clearly his purpose, method, and organization, and he adheres closely to the agenda he has set. His purpose is to provide a sophisticated comparison of early Syriac Christianity with the Bahaءi faith as enunciated by its founder Bahaullah. His method rests primarily on adaptations of concepts developed for cultural anthropology by Sherry Ortner and for comparative religion by Ninian Smart. Briefly characterized, his approach is a comparison of central symbols drawn from the two religious traditions as represented by a normative set of texts. While eschewing a strictly historical method, Buck strives to avoid the pitfalls of older comparative studies by attending to the distinctive historical contexts of the 4th-century Syriac Christian authors Ephrem and Aphrahat and the 19th-century articulation of the faith of Bahaullah.

The Domed Church as Microcosm: Literary Roots of An Architectural Symbol

Dumbarton Oaks papers, 1983

/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and stude... more /policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Dumbarton Oaks Papers. http://www.jstor.org 'An earlier version of the present paper was delivered at the Spring Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, May 1980. I have benefited from discussions of this subject with too many persons to be able to name them all here. I am especially grateful to Ernst Kitzinger for suggesting that I undertake this study, and to Thomas Mathews, Glen Bowersock, and Corby Finney for numerous helpful suggestions and criticisms. 2E. A. Baldwin Smith, The Dome of Heaven (hereafter, Dome)

Abgar, Epistle of Christ to

Edessa (37°08'n; 38 o 46'e)

Images of Joy in Ephrem’s Hymns on Paradise: Returning to the Womb and the Breast

Journal, Mar 1, 2009

Ephrem's fifteen Hymns on Paradise belong to the earlier, Nisibene, phase of his life. They a... more Ephrem's fifteen Hymns on Paradise belong to the earlier, Nisibene, phase of his life. They abound in appealing images of bliss—most of them clearly rooted in the first chapters of the Biblical book of Genesis. Ephrem superimposes the images of mountain and enclosed garden, both traditional images across a broad swath of Near Eastern culture, to provide a rich and dazzling mix of metaphors. In an enlightening article, Nicolas Séd has sketched the resultant topography, and he has suggested links with rabbinic and Kabbalistic literature. Tryggve Kronholm has identified substantial further materials shared with rabbinic exegetical traditions. Sebastian Brock has identified parallels in Greek patristic literature to certain aspects of Ephrem's portrayal of paradise, and he and others have found similar concepts in a variety of later religious literature—Jewish, Syriac and western Christian, and most recently Baha'i. Finally, many of the concepts and metaphors central to Ephrem's theology are present in these hymns. Among those concepts and metaphors are the maternal images of the womb or , the act of giving birth , and suckling of infants or the participle—in the Pe`al or Ethpe`el of the infant's action; in the Pa`el or Af`el of the mother's— and respectively. These images figure prominently in every aspect of Ephrem's theology: the inner life of the Deity, creation, the incarnation, mariology, biblical history, the sacraments, and spiritual development. More important than the mere occurrence of this symbolism in a wide variety of contexts is the vital integrative role these symbols play for his entire theological system. They have gained attention in his corpus in general, but their presence in the Paradise Hymns has not yet been fully explored. That is my subject here. After a brief excursus on Ephrem's use of metaphor, our question will be threefold:

George, Bishop of the Arabs, a homily on blessed Mar Severus, Patriarch of Antioch

E. Peeters eBooks, 1993

Narsai. Rethinking his work and his world. Edited by Aaron M. Butts, Kristian S. Heal and Robert A. Kitchen. (Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity, 121.) Pp. xvi + 291. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020. €89 (paper). 978 3 16 159349 9; 1436 3003

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Mar 30, 2022

Mara bar Serapion

Narsai. Rethinking his work and his world. Edited by Aaron M. Butts, Kristian S. Heal and Robert A. Kitchen. (Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity, 121.) Pp. xvi + 291. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020. €89 (paper). 978 3 16 159349 9; 1436 3003

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 2022

Ephrem The Syrian

The Early Christian World, 2017

Images of Joy in Ephrem’s Hymns on Paradise: Returning to the Womb and the Breast

Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies, 2009

Ephrem's fifteen Hymns on Paradise belong to the earlier, Nisibene, phase of his life. They a... more Ephrem's fifteen Hymns on Paradise belong to the earlier, Nisibene, phase of his life. They abound in appealing images of bliss—most of them clearly rooted in the first chapters of the Biblical book of Genesis. Ephrem superimposes the images of mountain and enclosed garden, both traditional images across a broad swath of Near Eastern culture, to provide a rich and dazzling mix of metaphors. In an enlightening article, Nicolas Séd has sketched the resultant topography, and he has suggested links with rabbinic and Kabbalistic literature. Tryggve Kronholm has identified substantial further materials shared with rabbinic exegetical traditions. Sebastian Brock has identified parallels in Greek patristic literature to certain aspects of Ephrem's portrayal of paradise, and he and others have found similar concepts in a variety of later religious literature—Jewish, Syriac and western Christian, and most recently Baha'i. Finally, many of the concepts and metaphors central to Ephrem's theology are present in these hymns. Among those concepts and metaphors are the maternal images of the womb or , the act of giving birth , and suckling of infants or the participle—in the Pe`al or Ethpe`el of the infant's action; in the Pa`el or Af`el of the mother's— and respectively. These images figure prominently in every aspect of Ephrem's theology: the inner life of the Deity, creation, the incarnation, mariology, biblical history, the sacraments, and spiritual development. More important than the mere occurrence of this symbolism in a wide variety of contexts is the vital integrative role these symbols play for his entire theological system. They have gained attention in his corpus in general, but their presence in the Paradise Hymns has not yet been fully explored. That is my subject here. After a brief excursus on Ephrem's use of metaphor, our question will be threefold:

Bardaisan Of Edessa (Person)

The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, 1992

Soybean is one of the most consumed and produced grains worldwide, carrying the economy of severa... more Soybean is one of the most consumed and produced grains worldwide, carrying the economy of several countries, mainly the United States and Brazil. With agricultural expansion, soy production is found throughout the Brazilian region. Thus, understanding the great responsibility that Brazil has in soybean production and exportation, it is important to study the physiology of this cultivar so that we can stipulate methodologies and strategies to ensure soybean survival and productivity in current, summer, and future scenarios. , climate change and global warming. In one study, they simulated the effect of global warming on soybean cultivar and found that it is actually negative for soybean production and yield, as the limiting factor for production is water availability and in the current and future scenario, a higher frequency is observed. drought and water restriction. Thus, a strategy that plants take when under stress is stomatal closure, as it limits the loss of water to the atmosphere, but if it is a very prolonged and intense drought period it can cause damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, leading to the plant. until death. In order to circumvent these negative effects, some agricultural producers are using sustainable agricultural programs, for example, the use of plant growth promoting microorganisms, as they have the potential to mitigate the stress effect, mainly phytopathological, and increase productivity. Moreover, these microorganisms are found in the microbiota itself, making their use sustainable and practical. Therefore, we use the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV03 (BV03), prepare a syrup and homogenize the soybean seeds and sow in fertilized soil, with treatments: control (CT), water deficit (WD), control plus BV03 (CT + BV03) and water deficit plus BV03 (WD + BV03). The plants were subjected to treatments for 16 days and after this time we evaluated the water potential, leaf area and height, physiological parameters, pigment concentration and membrane damage. From this, we observed that the plants in WD + BV03, presented a higher photosynthesis in relation to the plants in WD, as well as greater efficiency in carboxylation and water use, thus, the BV03 was able to attenuate the damage caused by WD avoiding dehydration of tissues and maintaining the photosynthetic potential of plants. In this sense, BV03 has great potential for use in sustainable agricultural programs.

Edessa (37°08'n; 38 o 46'e)

The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, 1992

Abgar, Epistle of Christ to

The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, 1992

David A. Michelson, The Practical Christology of Philoxenos of Mabbug, Oxford Early Christian Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 245 + xvi. $105.00

Scottish Journal of Theology, 2017

Out-of-pocket expenditure and social consequences of diabetes on patients and their families THES... more