Objective: Depression is the second most common mental disorder in older adults (OA) worldwide. The ways in which depression is influenced by the social determinants of health -specifically, by socioeconomic deprivation, income inequality and social capital -have been analyzed with only partially conclusive results thus far. The objective of our study was to estimate the association of income inequality and socioeconomic deprivation at the locality, municipal and state levels with the prevalence of depressive symptoms among OA in Mexico.

Background: Behavioral risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and the harmful use of alcohol are known and modifiable contributors to a number of NCDs and health mediators. The purpose of this paper is to describe the distribution of main risk factors for NCDs by socioeconomic status (SES) among adults aged 50 years and older within a country and compare these risk factors across six lower-and upper-middle income countries. Methods: The study population in this paper draw from SAGE Wave 1 and consisted of adults aged 50-plus from China (N=13,157), Ghana (N=4,305), India (N=6,560), Mexico (N=2,318), the Russian Federation (N=3,938) and South Africa (N=3,836). Seven main common risk factors for NCDs were identified: daily tobacco use, frequent heavy drinking, low level physical activity, insufficient vegetable and fruit intake, high risk waist-hip ratio, obesity and hypertension. Multiple risk factors were also calculated by summing all these risk factors. Results: The prevalence of daily tobacco use ranged from 7.7% (Ghana) to 46.9% (India), frequent heavy drinker was the highest in China (6.3%) and lowest in India (0.2%), and the highest prevalence of low physical activity was in South Africa (59.7%). The highest prevalence of respondents with high waist-to-hip ratio risk was 84.5% in Mexico, and the prevalence of self-reported hypertension ranging from 33% (India) to 78% (South Africa). Obesity was more common in South Africa, the Russia Federation and Mexico (45.2%, 36% and 28.6%, respectively) compared with China, India and Ghana (15.3%, 9.7% and 6.4%, respectively). China, Ghana and India had a higher prevalence of respondents with multiple risk factors than Mexico, the Russia Federation and South Africa. The occurrence of three and four risk factors was more prevalent in Mexico, the Russia Federation and South Africa.

To evaluate the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Brief Version (CESD-7) psychometric properties in Mexican adult population, and validate a cutoff for classifying subjects according to the presence / absence of clinically significant depressive symptoms (CSDS). Screening cross-sectional study with a subsample of 301 adult residents of the Morelos state in Mexico, originally interviewed for the National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2012. Sensitivity and specificity of the selected cutoff were estimated using as reference the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 and DSM-IV. The cutoff point estimated was CESD-7=9. Using the ICD-10 the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2 and 86%, and ROC was 88%. Using DSM-IV, the values were 80.4, 89.6, and 85%, respectively. The short version of the CESD-7 has good psychometric properties and can be used as a screening test to identify probable cases of subjects with clinically significant depressive symptoms.

Objective. To identify a valid cutoff point associated with Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale (CES-D) of seven items, which allows the classification of older adults according to presence/absence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Materials and methods. Screening study with 229 older adults residing in two states of Mexico (Morelos and Tlaxcala), which were part of the sample from the National Survey of Health and Nutrition, 2012. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity associated with the selected cutoff points using the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) and DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Results. The cutoff point estimated was CES-D=5. According to the ICD-10 sensitivity and specificity were 83.3 and 90.2%, and ROC was 87%. Using DSM-IV, the values were 85, 83.2, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions. The short version of the CES-D can be used as a screening test to identify probable cases of older adults with clinically significant depressive symptoms.

Objective. To identify a valid cutoff point associated with Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale (CES-D) of seven items, which allows the classification of older adults according to presence/absence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Materials and methods. Screening study with 229 older adults residing in two states of Mexico (Morelos and Tlaxcala), which were part of the sample from the National Survey of Health and Nutrition, 2012. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity associated with the selected cutoff points using the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) and DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Results. The cutoff point estimated was CES-D=5. According to the ICD-10 sensitivity and specificity were 83.3 and 90.2%, and ROC was 87%. Using DSM-IV, the values were 85, 83.2, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions. The short version of the CES-D can be used as a ...

In 2010 falls were responsible for approximately 80 % of disability stemming from unintentional injuries excluding traffic accidents in adults 50 years and over. Falls are becoming a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where populations are ageing rapidly. Nationally representative standardized data collected from adults aged 50 years and over participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation and South Africa are analysed. The aims are to identify the prevalence of, and risk factors for, past-year fall-related injury and to assess associations between fall-related injury and disability. Regression methods are used to identify risk factors and association between fall-related injury and disability. Disability was measured using the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule Version 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). The prevalence of past-year fall-related injuri...

El tema del presente reporte es la descolonización de las colonias europeas; hecho que marcó el fin de los imperios coloniales y el nacimiento de la independencia de nuevos y numerosos Estados afroasiáticos. De acuerdo con José Martínez, el proceso descolonizador se puede dividir en tres fases: las independencias de Asia, las independencias y revoluciones del mundo árabe y las independencias de África y Oceanía; que tienen como resultado el surgimiento del Tercer Mundo. (2001, p. 377) Entre 1945 y 1955, inmediatamente después de la posguerra se extienden los movimientos nacionalistas, principalmente por Asia, registrándose revoluciones e independencias casi en la totalidad de los países de Asia oriental, meridional y del suroeste, así como en el Próximo Oriente árabe; lo que culminó con la Conferencia de Bandung en 1955, que reunió por primera vez a los países afroasiáticos independientes y los ratificó como una nueva fuerza internacional. (Martínez, 2001, pp. 377-378) Durante el período de 1955 a 1975, el Tercer Mundo ya ha adquirido un carácter formal. Se propagan los movimientos nacionales y de liberación africanos, produciéndose la independencia de varios países africanos que se constituyeron como nuevos Estados independientes y se organizaron en la Organización para la Unidad Africana (O.U.A) en 1963. Y culmina el proceso independentista de los países árabes y asiáticos. (Martínez, 2001, p. 378) Finalmente, entre 1975 y 1995, se logró la independencia de los países de África austral (último bastión de la resistencia blanca), también culminaron las independencias de los países y territorios de Oceanía y del Caribe, así como de los países ex soviéticos de Asia central. (Martínez, 2001, p. 378) José Martínez menciona que todos estos procesos de descolonización tienen sus orígenes en las dos guerras mundiales, pues permitieron la gestación de diversos factores que alentaron el surgimiento y la aceleración de los movimientos independentistas en África y Asia. (2001, p. 378) En el caso de Asia, la descolonización es la expresión de un sentimiento colectivo antioccidental fomentado principalmente por la revolución Meiji de Japón en 1868, la victoria japonesa sobre Rusia en 1905 y la revolución china iniciada en 1911; es un proceso que tendrá dos caras: una va a ser la lucha nacionalista en favor de la independencia (violenta o pacífica) y otra va a consistir en la revolución nacional de carácter socialista y popular, contra las estructuras dominantes y favorecedores del poder y la dependencia colonial. Y los líderes revolucionarios jugarán un papel esencial en todo el proceso descolonizador. (Martínez, 2001, p. 380) Además, durante el proceso asiático de descolonización surgen el panislamismo, el panarabismo y el panasiatismo, movimientos que fomentan la solidaridad, la cooperación y la unión de todos los pueblos