Keywords: Drug delivery system; nano-medicine; metallic nano-material; polymeric nanomaterial, polymeric structures. Herein, the drug delivery systems (DDS) based on nanomedicine proofed high potential and wide applicability that have distinct features related to Nano-sized. Enhancement of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics after oral administration via utility of natural/synthetic biodegradable polymeric nanomaterials. Improving biocompatibility, safety, enhanced permeability, better retention time, lower toxicity and efficient transportation of drugs to desired tissues or cells. These nanomaterials based on different types including metallic and polymeric Nano-medicine that can hydride with each other to gain new and unique features increase the efficiency of drug delivery and decrease patient compliance.

Herein, we present a new validated potentiometric method for fluoxetine (FLX) drug monitoring. The method is based on the integration of molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) beads as sensory elements with modified screen-printed solid contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). A multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was used as a nanomaterial for the ion-to-electron transduction process. The prepared MIP beads depend on the use of acrylamide (AAm) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylic acid (EGDMA) as a functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. The sensor revealed a stable response with a Nernstian slope of 58.9 ± 0.2 mV/decade and a detection limit of 2.1 × 10−6 mol/L in 10 mmol/L acetate buffer of pH 4.5. The presented miniaturized sensors revealed good selectivity towards FLX over many organic and inorganic cations, as well as some additives encountered in the pharmaceutical preparations. Repeatability, reproducibility and stability have been studied to evaluate the analytical fea...

A simple, efficient and reliable analytical method was developed and used for the determination of the fluvoxamine drug (FLV) in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. The method is based on the cost-effective screen-printed platform for the potential transduction of the drug. Host-tailored molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) was integrated with the potentiometric platform as a recognition receptor, in which FLV, acrylamide (AAm), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and acetonitrile were used as a template, functional monomer, cross-linker, and solvent, respectively. MIP particles were dispersed in plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and the membrane was drop-casted on carbon screen-printed electrode. The MIP, in addition to non-imprinted polymers (NIP), was characterized and the binding experiment revealed high affinity and adsorption capacity of MIP towards FLV. The proposed sensor displayed near-Nernstian cationic slope of 55.0 ± 0.8 mV/decade (r2 = 0.999) with ...

Along of widespread application of anti-cancer drug Gefitinib (GEF), it appears in human body fluids as well as clinical wastewater. Consequently, a reliable and easy-to-adapt detection technique is of essential importance to quantify the drug in different media. The extraction and quantitative detection of anti-cancer drug Gefinitib (GEF) is demonstrated based on a straightforward and efficient magnetic nanoparticle-assisted preconcentration route from water and human plasma samples. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) have been prepared with an average particle size of 15 nm and utilized as extractible adsorbents for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of GEF in aqueous media. The method is based on MSPE and preconcentration of GEF followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV). The yield of GEF extraction under the optimum MSPE conditions were 94% and 87% for water and plasma samples, respectively. The chromatographic separation wa...

Peanut shells-derived activated carbons (ACPNS) with different chemical characteristics, appropriate for the removal of methomyl pesticide in aqueous solutions are prepared. The steam activated carbon is obtained from the carbonized peanut shells in the presence of nitrogen in the temperature range from 973 to 1173K. The carbonized peanut shells are, further, chemically activated using NaOH and ZnCl2. The structure of the ACPNS was characterized by N2 adsorption at 77K, scan electron microscopy and FTIR. B.E.T methods are used to deduce the effective surface areas. The parameters (such as initial pH, temperature, etc) affecting the adsorption capacity of peanut shells-derived activated carbons toward methomyl removal from aqueous solutions are investigated using batch experiments. The study of kinetic models including pseudo first order and pseudo second-order are carried out. Adsorption isotherms are investigated. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm ...

Novel cost-effective screen-printed potentiometric platforms for simple, fast, and accurate assessment of Fluoxetine (FLX) were designed and characterized. The potentiometric platforms integrate both the FLX sensor and the reference Ag/AgCl electrode. The sensors were based on the use of 4′-nitrobenzo-15-crown-5 (ionophore I), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (ionophore II), and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD) (ionophore III) as neutral carriers within a plasticized PVC matrix. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as a lipophilic ion-to-electron transducing material and sodium tetrakis [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (NaTFPB) was used as an anionic excluder. The presented platforms revealed near-Nernstian potentiometric response with slopes of 56.2 ± 0.8, 56.3 ± 1.7 and 64.4 ± 0.2 mV/decade and detection limits of 5.2 × 10−6, 4.7 × 10−6 and 2.0 × 10−7 M in 10 mM Tris buffer solution, pH 7 for sensors based on ionophore I, II, and III, respectively. All measurements were carried out in 10 mM tris buffer solution at pH 7.0. The interfacial capacitance before and after insertion of the MWCNTs layer was evaluated for the presented sensors using the reverse-current chronopotentiometry. The sensors were introduced for successful determination of FLX drug in different pharmaceutical dosage forms. The results were compared with those obtained by the standard HPLC method. Recovery values were calculated after spiking fixed concentrations of FLX in different serum samples. The presented platforms can be potentially manufacturable at large scales and provide a portable, rapid, disposable, and cost-effective analytical tool for measuring FLX.

A simple and sensitive voltammetric method was developed and validated for the recognition of the veterinary drug nitroxynil (NTX). The method is based on studying its voltammetric behavior at a carbon paste electrode. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was successfully applied in this study. The anodic peak current obtained was a linear function of NTX concentration in Britton Robinson buffer of pH 3 over the range of 3.9 × 10-6-1.0 × 10 −4 M with lower detection and quantitation limits of 3.1 × 10-7 and 9.4 × 10-7 M, respectively. The proposed method was first applied to the assessment of the drug in commercial vials. The method was further used to monitor the residual amounts of the drug in bovine meat, kidney, fat, and milk samples. The results obtained were favourably compared with those given by reference method. The interference likely to be introduced by co-administered drugs was evaluated. The electrode reaction was elucidated, and electron transfer kinetics were studied. Veterinary therapies and feed supplements are extensively utilized in animal farming to overcome and treat diseases, protect animals' health, and promote their growth. Many of these compounds, including antiparasitic, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoal drugs, are administered to avoid economic losses caused by diseases in animal husbandry processes and progress in many countries, raise individual animals, and raise individual animals' herd performance 1. Nitroxynil (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzenonitrile, NTX, Fig. 1) is an anthelmintic veterinary drug commonly used in the prophylaxis and dealing withhepatic distomatosis. It controls fascioliasis,the cause of Fasciola hepatica in cattle and sheep, and exhibits antiparasitic effects 2,3. Compared with other fasciolicides, NTX displays higher activity against immature and adult liver flukes 4,5. Drug residues in food products have deep concern because they may be a reason for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals or engage in the growth of antibioticreluctant pathogenic bacterial strains 6,7. Nitroxynil minimum regulatory limits (MRLs) were established according to European Commission Regulations (ECR) No. 997/1999 for the validation of analytical methods in bovine and ovine muscles, fat, liver, and kidney to be 400, 200, 20, and 400 μg/kg, respectively 8. Therefore, monitoring MRL concentrations of NTX in different food samples is highly recommended. The reported methods and techniques for determining residual levels of NTX in food samples include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 9-11 , gas chromatography 12-14 , Spectrofluorometry 15 , immunobiosensor 16 , immunochromatographic strip 17 polarography 18-22 , and voltammetry 23,24. Most of the reported analytical methods have shortcomings in quantifying residual limits of NTX or need high-cost techniques. Chromatographic methods have long been utilized for this destination; their operational process needs skilled operators or high-cost instrumentation 25. Also, polarographic methods were restrained by the disadvantages of utilizing mercury electrode, which is environmentally toxic, while the others have utilized costly electrodes. Thus, developing a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive method is highly needed for quantifying NTX in its pharmaceutical forms and food samples. In this regard, and to achieve this purpose, square wave voltammetry (SWV) was adopted for the determination of NTX in food samples based on the use of carbon paste electrode (CPE). Carbon electrodes, particularly carbon paste electrodes, are extensively used in electrochemical investigations because of their low background current, extensive potential windows, chemical inertness, low cost, fast response, and more environmentally friendly techniques 26-29. Also, they provide suitability for recognizing several organic

Novel cost-effective screen-printed potentiometric platforms for simple, fast, and accurate assessment of Fluoxetine (FLX) were designed and characterized. The potentiometric platforms integrate both the FLX sensor and the reference Ag/AgCl electrode. The sensors were based on the use of 4′-nitrobenzo-15-crown-5 (ionophore I), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (ionophore II), and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD) (ionophore III) as neutral carriers within a plasticized PVC matrix. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as a lipophilic ion-to-electron transducing material and sodium tetrakis [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (NaTFPB) was used as an anionic excluder. The presented platforms revealed near-Nernstian potentiometric response with slopes of 56.2 ± 0.8, 56.3 ± 1.7 and 64.4 ± 0.2 mV/decade and detection limits of 5.2 × 10−6, 4.7 × 10−6 and 2.0 × 10−7 M in 10 mM Tris buffer solution, pH 7 for sensors based on ionophore I, II, and III, respectively. All measurements w...

Venlafaxine (VEN) is an antidepressant drug, but its delivery progress combined with a dependence on pathways and the incidence of toxicities that have infrequently led to FDA endorsement. This work focuses on developing novel electrospun polymeric nanofibers (NFs) for buccal delivery of VEN to avoid the hepatic metabolism, enzymatic degradation in the GIT, and develop an effective control of drug release. The optimized NFs were obtained by blending polylactic acid (PLA) and poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and were characterized for morphology, drug-loading, FTIR, XRD, DSC, and in vitro drug release. Ex vivo permeability of the blend NFs was assessed using chicken pouch mucosa compared to VEN suspension followed by histopathological examination. Further, the cytotoxic effect was evaluated in three different cell lines using WST-1 assay. SEM morphologies refer to defect-free uniform NFs of PLA, PCL, and PLA/PCL mats. These fibers had a diameter ranging from 200–500 nm. The physico-therma...

A simple and sensitive voltammetric method was developed and validated for the recognition of the veterinary drug nitroxynil (NTX). The method is based on studying its voltammetric behavior at a carbon paste electrode. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was successfully applied in this study. The anodic peak current obtained was a linear function of NTX concentration in Britton Robinson buffer of pH 3 over the range of 3.9 × 10–6–1.0 × 10−4 M with lower detection and quantitation limits of 3.1 × 10–7and 9.4 × 10–7 M, respectively. The proposed method was first applied to the assessment of the drug in commercial vials. The method was further used to monitor the residual amounts of the drug in bovine meat, kidney, fat, and milk samples. The results obtained were favourably compared with those given by reference method. The interference likely to be introduced by co-administered drugs was evaluated. The electrode reaction was elucidated, and electron transfer kinetics were studied.

Two simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric (method Ι) and spectrophotometric (method ΙΙ) methods have been developed for the determination of some chloride containing toothpastes and panthenol-containing cosmetic preparations respectively. Method Ι is based on quantitative fluorescence quenching of (terbium-salicylate-hexamine ternary complex) by fluoride which could be measured at λ em /λ ex of 547 nm/322 nm. The ΔF-concentration plot was rectilinear over the concentration range of 0.5-20 µg/ml. Method ΙΙ depends reaction of panthenol with nitrobenzoxadiazole chloride (NBD-Cl) and measuring the absorbance of the resultant product at 480 nm. The absorbance-concentration plot was rectilinear over the concentration range of 2-20 µg/ml.

A new, specific and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of two diuretic drugs; metolazone (MET) and spironolactone (SPL). Good chromatographic separation was achieved within 5.0 min on 150 mm  4.6 mm i.d., 5 mm particle size Spherisorb-ODS 2 C18 column. A mobile phase containing a mixture of methanol and 0.02 M phosphate buffer (70 : 30) v/v at pH 3.0 was used. The analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL min À1 with UV detection at 235 nm. Xipamide (XPM) was used as an internal standard (IS). The proposed method was rectilinear over the ranges of 0.05-1.0 mg mL À1 and 0.5-10.0 mg mL À1 with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.009, 0.04 ng mL À1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.03, 0.11 mg mL À1 for MET and SPL, respectively. The suggested method was successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of the studied drugs in their laboratory prepared mixtures, single tablets and coformulated tablets. The method was further extended to the determination of both drugs in spiked human urine. The mean percentage recoveries of MET and SPL in spiked human urine were 99.33 AE 2.37 and 99.72 AE 3.27, respectively. The proposed method was also applied for the determination of the studied drugs in the presence of some co-administered or co-formulated drugs without any interference. Statistical evaluation and comparison of the data obtained by the proposed and comparison methods revealed no significant difference between the two methods regarding accuracy and precision.

A highly sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of ciclopirox olamine in raw material and in dosage forms. The proposed method is based on the formation of a ternary complex with Tb(III) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. It was found that this complex manifests intense fluorescence at lambda(em) 489 and 545 nm with excitation at 295 nm. Different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity of the complex were carefully studied and incorporated into the procedure. Under the described conditions, the method is applicable over the concentration range 30-150 and 10-70 ng mL(-1) with minimum detectability of 6.7 and 0.9 ng mL(-1) at lambda(em) 489 and 545 nm, respectively. The mean percentage recovery at lambda(em) 489 and lambda(em) 545 nm ranged between 98.7 and 100.2 for the pure substance, solution, and cream. Relative error of 0.1-0.4% and RDS of up to 0.9% were estimated at lambda(em) 489 and 545 nm....

Two simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric (method Ι) and spectrophotometric (method ΙΙ) methods have been developed for the determination of some chloride containing toothpastes and panthenol-containing cosmetic preparations respectively. Method Ι is based on quantitative fluorescence quenching of (terbium-salicylate-hexamine ternary complex) by fluoride which could be measured at λem/λex of 547nm/322nm. The ∆Fconcentration plot was rectilinear over the concentration range of 0.5-20 μg/ml. Method ΙΙ depends reaction of panthenol with nitrobenzoxadiazole chloride (NBD-Cl) and measuring the absorbance of the resultant product at 480nm. The absorbanceconcentration plot was rectilinear over the concentration range of 2-20 μg/ml

A micellar HPLC method was developed for analysis of the antiosteoporosis drug risedronate. The analysis was carried out using a 250 4.6 mm id, 5 m particle size C18 Waters Symmetry column. The mobile phase consisted of 0.02 M sodium dodecyl sulfate + 0.3 triethylamine + 10 n-propanol, prepared in 0.02 M orthophosphoric acid. The pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to pH 6.0, and it was pumped at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min with UV detection at 262 nm. The method showed good linearity in the range of 280 g/mL, with an LOD of 0.40 g/mL (1.31 106 M) and an LOQ of 1.21 g/mL. The suggested method was successfully applied for the analysis of risedronate in raw material and a tablet formulation, with average recoveries of 99.91 1.30 and 101.52 0.30, respectively. The stability-indicating capability of the proposed method was proved using forced degradation. By changing the pH of the mobile phase to 4.0, the oxidative degradation product could be separated from risedronate.

Micellar high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and firstderivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry were used to simultaneously determine fluconazole (FLZ) and tinidazole (TNZ) in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. The derivative procedure is based on the linear relationship between the drug concentration and the first derivative amplitudes at 220 and 288 nm for FLZ and TNZ, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 1.5-9.0 mg/mL for FLZ and 10.0-60.0 mg/mL for TNZ. Furthermore, an HPLC procedure with ultraviolet detection at 210 nm was developed. For the HPLC procedure, good chromatographic separation was achieved using an ODS C18 column (250 3 4.6 mm i.d.). The mobile phase containing 0.15M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 0.3% triethylamine and 12% n-propanol in 0.02M orthophosphoric acid at pH 5.5 was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Indapamide was used as an internal standard. The method showed good linearity over the concentration ranges of 1.5-30.0 and 10.0-200.0 mg/mL, with limits of detection of 0.36 and 2.70 mg/mL and limits of quantification of 1.1 and 8.2 mg/mL for FLZ and TNZ, respectively. The suggested methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of the drugs in their laboratory prepared mixture, co-formulated tablet and single dosage forms. Moreover the second method was also extended to the determination of the drugs in biological fluids.