Books by Kian Pishkar Assistant Professor
Rahnama Tehran Iran , 2024
teaching of the general English to FLE students with new contents and subjects
I.A.U. Tehran South branch , 2024
Since children are the basic foundation of any society, their literature is the most reliable and... more Since children are the basic foundation of any society, their literature is the most reliable and accessible way to understand the cultural and social condition of a nation. Considering this fact, the present study examines Neil Gaiman's Coraline based on Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass and what Alice found there to show how Gaiman describes the changes that have appeared on a cultural scale. Draws a picture. To achieve its goal, this project is divided into two main streams of general and thematic study. In the section devoted to the study of the genre, Alice books are first examined as two typical examples of fantasy literature with the help of a combination of theories proposed by Eric Rabkin, Rosemary Jackson, Colin Manlove and Tzutan Todorov. Next, Coraline is discussed, focusing on theories of magical realism, that is, theories that Wendy Bayfares promulgated to show the novel's main distinction from its 19th-century predecessor due to its shift in narrative form, from fantasy to magical realism. Then, the themes that Coraline shares with the Alice books are explored to highlight their convergence and divergence in terms of cultural context and the role of the family in contemporary children's fiction. The significance of the shift from the imaginary wonderland - fantasy - to the real world of Coraline Jones' horror - magical realism - can be recognized when the Gothic elements in the text of Gaiman's novel are examined. This study ultimately suggests that Coraline's scary atmosphere becomes more palpable to child readers by being placed in a magical realist context rather than fantasy. Better exposure to difficult situations helps children to understand the importance of their attitude towards life.
TEFL Journal, 2024
The reality of today’s classrooms is that students have varied abilities
and needs. The diverse p... more The reality of today’s classrooms is that students have varied abilities
and needs. The diverse population of learners includes students who
are high performing in reading as well as those who struggle with
reading. This research concerns struggling readers. The goal of
teachers is to identify struggling readers and discover ways to address
the reading needs of those students. Pinnell (2006) stated that teachers
have a common goal: to make literacy a true part of the lives of all
students.There are many interventions to help struggling readers.
Reading Recovery (RR) is a short-term reading intervention program
designed to help the children develop effective strategies for reading
and reach average levels for their particular peer group (Fountas &
Pinnell, 1996). Research has confirmed the positive impact of RR on
readers who struggle (Allington, 2005; Clay, 1993; McKee, 2006;
Schwartz, 2005). In particular, Allington (2005) outlined five
principles of scientific reading instruction: (a) classroom organization;
(b) matching pupils to texts; (c) access to interesting texts, choice, and
collaboration; (d) writing and reading; and (e) expert tutoring.
Research has shown that RR addresses four of these five principles.
Since the importance of spirituality and post modernism is a globalized one this study tries to s... more Since the importance of spirituality and post modernism is a globalized one this study tries to show position of female characters in Wilson's masterpieces the Piano Lesson and The Fences. One of America's most powerful and original dramatists, August Wilson offered an alternative history of the twentieth century, as seen from the perspective of black Americans. He celebrated the lives of those seemingly pushed to the margins of national life, but who were simultaneously protagonists of their own drama and evidence of a vital and compelling community. Decade by decade, he told the story of a people with a distinctive history who forged their own future, aware of their roots in another time and place, but doing something more than just survive. Wilson deliberately addressed black America, but in doing so he discovered an international audience. Alongside chapters addressing Wilson's life and career, and the wider context of his plays, this Companion dedicates individual chapters to each play in his ten-play cycle, ordered chronologically and thereby demonstrating Wilson's notion of an unfolding history of the twentieth century.
S. King's (1947) books have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, and comic books. Apocaly... more S. King's (1947) books have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, and comic books. Apocalyptic literature is a genre of prophetical writing that developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millennialist early Christians. "Apocalypse" is a Greek word meaning "revelation", "an unveiling or unfolding of things not previously known and which could not be known apart from the unveiling". As a genre, apocalyptic literature details the authors' visions of the end times as revealed by an angel or other heavenly messenger. The apocalyptic literature of Judaism and Christianity embraces a considerable period, from the centuries following the Babylonian exile down to the close of the Middle Ages. Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as advanced science and technology, spaceflight, time travel, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas" "Science fiction" is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes.
One of America's most powerful and original dramatists, August Wilson offered an alternative hist... more One of America's most powerful and original dramatists, August Wilson offered an alternative history of the twentieth century, as seen from the perspective of black Americans. He celebrated the lives of those seemingly pushed to the margins of national life, but who were simultaneously protagonists of their own drama and evidence of a vital and compelling community. Decade by decade, he told the story of a people with a distinctive history who forged their own future, aware of their roots in another time and place, but doing something more than just survive. Wilson deliberately addressed black America, but in doing so he discovered an international audience.
Stephen Edwin King (1947) is the author of, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books hav... more Stephen Edwin King (1947) is the author of, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television series, and comic books. Apocalyptic literature is a genre of prophetical writing that developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millennialist early Christians. "Apocalypse" is a Greek word meaning "revelation", "an unveiling or unfolding of things not previously known and which could not be known apart from the unveiling". As a genre, apocalyptic literature details the authors' visions of the end times as revealed by an angel or other heavenly messenger. Science fiction (often shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as advanced science and technology, spaceflight, time travel, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas" "Science fiction" is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes.
آثار حماسی شناسنامه و هویت هر کشوری هستند و به جرات می توان گفت کشور بدون آثار حماسی سرزمینی است ... more آثار حماسی شناسنامه و هویت هر کشوری هستند و به جرات می توان گفت کشور بدون آثار حماسی سرزمینی است بی هویت.دو اثر حماسی عظیم در ادبیات جهان عبارتند از شاهنامه حکیم فردوسی که بارها و بارها در باره آن نگاشته اند و خواهند نگاشت و دیگری بهشت گمشده جان میلتون انگلیسی ، که گرچه به هیچ عنوان هم شان و هم طراز شاهنامه فردوسی نیست و نخواهد بود اما جایگاهی در عرصه ادبیات جهانی دارد. در این بین شاهنامه و بهشت گمشده دارای مشخصات و ویزگی های مشترکی هستند که به نظر میرسد تا کنون از بررسی آنها بصورت تطبیقی غفلت شده و جای دارد که مورد بررسی قرار بگیرد و آن تشابه نسبی شخصیت های خوب و بد (نیک سرستان و بد سرشتان) آن آثار عظیم و فاخر می باشند. گرچه تفاوت های بسیاری از نظر نگارش،درون مایه ها ، بن مایه ها ،زمینه و سلوک شخصیت ها در این دو اثر حماسی کاملا مشهود می باشند ، اما با این وجود بررسی نقطه مشترک هردو نویسنده حماسی که تاکید بر جدایی شخصیت های نیک سرشت و بد سرشت و تاثیر آنها بر زندگی جهانیان است کاملا مشهود و بارز می باشد و این مقاله در صدد است تا این مطلب را از زوایه ای دیگر بررسی نماید.
Frederic Jameson one of the greatest philosophers with so many ideas about postmodern society, de... more Frederic Jameson one of the greatest philosophers with so many ideas about postmodern society, determinism and social situations has a great influence on the modern and postmodern literary criticism which have mingled and mixed with social, psychological, and economic views. The theme of determinism and existence of antihero are not separable from socialistic, Marxist ,postmodern literary criticism since these elements are the main structures of modern and postmodern literatures which their heroes are adoptable with Aristotelian views about traditional and cliché heroes such as Oedipus ,Ulysses and others. The characters of T. Dreiser’s masterpieces (An American Tragedy and Sister Carrie) can be analyzed for showing that these characters in modern literature do not follow Aristotelian patterns and frameworks about traditional and cliché heroes and they are dominated and social, psychological, economical and ethical restrictions and can be called gods’ modern puppets
The main thrust of the study was to explore the relationship between learning styles and learning... more The main thrust of the study was to explore the relationship between learning styles and learning idioms among Iranian ELT students with a gender-based focus. To this end, 63 ELT BA students majoring English Translation (ET) were selected as the participants of the study out of 70 through the proficiency test, i.e. Edwards' (2007) Solutions Placement Test: Elementary to Intermediate. The 63 participants took the Kolb's (2006) Learning Style Inventory questionnaire, and the Idioms Test. the test and questionnaire answered by the participants were scored, the data were extracted and put into the SPSS22. Using the descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and t-test, the data were analyzed. The results of the study indicated that the Abstract Conceptualization (AC), followed by the Active Experimentation (AE) is the most dominant learning styles among the participants. In terms of the descriptive statistics, the both genders were found to have similar performances on the both idiom test and the Kolb's (2006) Learning Style Inventory questionnaire with partial differences. The results of the correlation demonstrated the positive, significant and high correlation between the Kolb's (2006) learning style and idiom learning. Likewise, the study proved the highest correlation between the experiential learning style (Concrete Experience (CE) and the idiom learning. meanwhile, the study showed non-significant correlation either between gender and idiom learning or between gender and learning styles.
The diverse population of learners includes students who are high performing in reading as well a... more The diverse population of learners includes students who are high performing in reading as well as those who struggle with reading. This research concerns struggling readers. The goal of teachers is to identify struggling readers and discover ways to address the reading needs of those students. Pinnell (2006) stated that teachers have a common goal: to make literacy a true part of the lives of all students. There are many interventions to help struggling readers. Reading Recovery (RR) is a short-term reading intervention program designed to help the children develop effective strategies for reading and reach average levels for their particular peer group (Fountas & Pinnell, 1996). Research has confirmed the positive impact of RR on readers who struggle (Allington, 2005; Clay, 1993; McKee, 2006; Schwartz, 2005). In particular, Allington (2005) outlined five principles of scientific reading instruction: (a) classroom organization; (b) matching pupils to texts; (c) access to interesting texts, choice, and collaboration; (d) writing and reading; and (e) expert tutoring. Research has shown that RR addresses four of these five principles.
a great book to teach English language for EFL students it contains rules of grammar,text for ... more a great book to teach English language for EFL students it contains rules of grammar,text for reading and....
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Books by Kian Pishkar Assistant Professor
and needs. The diverse population of learners includes students who
are high performing in reading as well as those who struggle with
reading. This research concerns struggling readers. The goal of
teachers is to identify struggling readers and discover ways to address
the reading needs of those students. Pinnell (2006) stated that teachers
have a common goal: to make literacy a true part of the lives of all
students.There are many interventions to help struggling readers.
Reading Recovery (RR) is a short-term reading intervention program
designed to help the children develop effective strategies for reading
and reach average levels for their particular peer group (Fountas &
Pinnell, 1996). Research has confirmed the positive impact of RR on
readers who struggle (Allington, 2005; Clay, 1993; McKee, 2006;
Schwartz, 2005). In particular, Allington (2005) outlined five
principles of scientific reading instruction: (a) classroom organization;
(b) matching pupils to texts; (c) access to interesting texts, choice, and
collaboration; (d) writing and reading; and (e) expert tutoring.
Research has shown that RR addresses four of these five principles.
and needs. The diverse population of learners includes students who
are high performing in reading as well as those who struggle with
reading. This research concerns struggling readers. The goal of
teachers is to identify struggling readers and discover ways to address
the reading needs of those students. Pinnell (2006) stated that teachers
have a common goal: to make literacy a true part of the lives of all
students.There are many interventions to help struggling readers.
Reading Recovery (RR) is a short-term reading intervention program
designed to help the children develop effective strategies for reading
and reach average levels for their particular peer group (Fountas &
Pinnell, 1996). Research has confirmed the positive impact of RR on
readers who struggle (Allington, 2005; Clay, 1993; McKee, 2006;
Schwartz, 2005). In particular, Allington (2005) outlined five
principles of scientific reading instruction: (a) classroom organization;
(b) matching pupils to texts; (c) access to interesting texts, choice, and
collaboration; (d) writing and reading; and (e) expert tutoring.
Research has shown that RR addresses four of these five principles.
the case of Islam? If we classify “scriptures” under the wider rubric of cultural
artifacts that are textual in nature, including originally oral utterances that became
inscribed into written form, we may say that “scriptures” are a subcategory of textual
artifacts that are highly saturated with power and meaning. They are texts (oral and
written) that are imbued with sacred authority such that they function as templates
and charters of a society’s cultural norms. God, a supernatural power, divine being,
or ancestral spirit is usually the presumed author or originator of texts called
“scriptures.” This claim to ultimacy is both self-referential (staked out within
“scriptures”) and socially sanctioned (accorded to “scriptures” by religious
specialists and believers). The avowals of absolute authority that are found in
“scriptures” are thus taken to be self-evident and axiomatic by those within a
scripture’s charismatic field of influence. Islamic scholars have been involved in all
of the theoretical issues raised across the academy by the explorations of critical
theory. Going back further, the history of the study and research on signs and
semiotic on the Holy Scriptures suggests that the Holy Quran study was at the
forefront of the development of logical and historical methods of scholarly
interpretation. While historical and scientific studies undertaken by the Holy Quran
studies surely challenged earlier understandings of faith in the holy book,
comparison does something else. Comparison challenges uniqueness; it subsumes
this book of books within a crowded category as one among many. Semiotics can be
applied to film, theater and a host of other areas that involve or are concerned with
communication and conveying of information. Some semioticians suggest that
everything can be analyzed semiotically; they see semiotics as the king of the
interpretive sciences, the key that unlocks the meanings of all things.
performing in reading as well as those who struggle with reading. This
research concerns struggling readers. The goal of teachers is to
identify struggling readers and discover ways to address the reading
needs of those students. Pinnell (2006) stated that teachers have a
common goal: to make literacy a true part of the lives of all students.
There are many interventions to help struggling readers. Reading
Recovery (RR) is a short-term reading intervention program designed
to help the children develop effective strategies for reading and
reach average levels for their particular peer group (Fountas &
Pinnell, 1996). Research has confirmed the positive impact of RR on
readers who struggle (Allington, 2005; Clay, 1993; McKee, 2006;
Schwartz, 2005).In particular, Allington (2005) outlined five principles
of scientific reading instruction: (a) classroom organization; (b)
matching pupils to texts; (c) access to interesting texts, choice, and
collaboration; (d) writing and reading; and (e) expert tutoring.
Research has shown that RR addresses four of these five principles.
role of (direct vs. indirect) written corrective feedback (WCF) in
enhancing writing accuracy of Intermediate learners of Navid English
Institute in Shiraz. This study is quantitative and experimental survey
and then accuracy in the used two functions of English article system
(referential indefinite ‘a’, ‘an’ and referential definite ‘the’) was
measured during eight weeks by means of pre-test and post-test sixty
students that include (20 control group,20 experimental group,20
experimental group) participated in the study which sought to
investigated whether what kind of teacher written corrective feedback
will be the most effective in writing accuracy then participants
received teacher WCF on ten essay under three treatment conditions:
Group (1)control group did not receive WCF on specific grammar
errors; group (2) received direct WCF; group (3) received indirect
WCF. Then at the end of the term, it investigated which type of written
corrective feedback will be the most effective in writing accuracy of
definite and indefinite article and does accuracy of two functions of the
English article vary during eight weeks as results of WCF or not.
When a teacher teaches the reading technique in fact he or she can teaches some skills such as
(writing, speaking, vocabulary items, grammar, and spelling and other language aspects) at the
same time. So it is very important to students and teachers because the students can expand their
world knowledge by it.L2 learners cans comprehending or understanding the meaning of the text
by reading a text. Also the learners must to comprehend what they read and then summarize it, so
the teacher must enabling the learners to become more proficient readers in comprehend the text.
Some teachers use the short story to enhance students' reading proficiency. The short story is
exciting to students. Therefore, it makes students sensitive to the hidden and implied meaning. It
is suitable techniqueto help students to enhance their reading comprehension skill. It is more
effectively because of the motivational benefit in the stories. According to the Richard and Schmidt
(2006), intensive reading is related to further progress in language learning under the teacher’s
guidance. It provides a basis for explaining difficulties of structure and for extending knowledge
of vocabulary and idiom.It has had a great impact on language teaching and learning. By short
storiesthe teacher makes interest in students and helps them to enhance their vocabulary domain,
critical thinking also by it their writing is better. Birlik and Salli-Coper (2007) pointed out that
short story are used as literacy genre in the foreign language classrooms, with all levels of language
proficiency, all age groups and in many classroom activities (p. 93).Also, they explained how a
short story can be adapted in a university level intermediate EFL class for three different language
focuses: grammar, writing and speaking. The present study investigates the effects of oral
summarizing of short stories on reading comprehension of Elementary EFL students.
Jungian criticism, with its suggestions for individuation and self-realization in individuals, has been an important source for scholars in the field of applied healing literature. However, Jung's traditional approach to literature has been criticized in recent years, especially for its apparent universal assumptions and insensitivity to context-specific issues in literature.
copy. For similar reasons, neo-Jungian critics have recently explored the possibility of reconciling Jungian concepts with more contextual literary theories.
summary and brief review of discussion is given. The main discussion is discussed
in the Statement of the Problem. The Research Questions include three fundamental
questions regarding the main discussion of this thesis. In the next part, the
2
methodology presents how this thesis is done and which sources are used. The
Review of Literature presents the other existent researches on the main discussion
of this thesis. The Significance of Study finally expresses the aims and concerns of
this research and in fact the importance of what is discussed in this thesis.
Taken for granted, real space in fiction has its own espistemological, ontological,
anthropological, and etiological components in its setting. Now, in Cyborgian Space
all the aforementioned is metamorphosized. So, what are the characteristics of the
Cyborgian Fiction through the focalization of the abovementioned paradigms? The
root of all the aforementioned concepts is in postmodernism and posthumanism. In
cyborgian world there are not any binary oppositions and dualisms in the literary,
cultural, social and political dimensions and systems; therefore, all the borderlines
are disturbed and transgressed dear dr. As a matter of fact that the cyborg is a creature
of social reality or creature of fictional reality. The fictional character or subject is
fragmented and partial because it is, in the one hand, partly human and partly or semi
animal; on the other hand, it is partly human and partly technological machine. In
fact, we do not have any essentialism and conceptualism of human nature, human
subjectivity and human identity in the cyborgian world. In history and Western
knowledge, the human fiction is epistemologized, metamorphosized, fabricated and
theorized hybridity of human and organism due to the cyborgian, transgenetic
theories because we were and are cyborgs. We are onthological and biopolitical in
posthumanism. It gives us our politics and bioidentity. As a whole, the aim of
cyborgian technology is to increase the capacity of human beings, and to make him
more humanized; however, the condition of human identity and subjectivity is in
transition unfortunately
So, it is necessary to help students to master this vital skill. By reading, the teachers can teach
some skills such as (writing, speaking, vocabulary items, grammar, and spelling and other
language aspects) at the same time. So by these features of reading, the students can expand
their world knowledge, also the students can grow their interests, and finding solutions to their
own problems. The main purpose of the present study was to discover the effect of oral
summarizing of short stories on reading comprehension of elementary EFL learners. Fifty male
and female students participated in this study. After the proficiency test, they were randomly
selected as the participants of this study and were assigned into experimental and control
groups. A set of reading comprehension items selected from IELTS1 was used as pre-test. Oral
summarizing of short stories was used as the treatment in the experimental group and the routine
instruction was applied in the control group. After 16 sessions, both groups were given an
identical post-test; the items were taken from IELTS1.T-test was employed for statistical
analysis. The result indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and
control group performance. It meant that oral summarizing of short stories had a positive effect
on reading comprehension of elementary EFL learners.
Key Words: Oral summarizing, Short Stories, reading comprehension, Literatur
elements are a kind of challenge for translators. According to Venuti
(1995), translation of texts from one culture into another usually requires
more than a simple choice of translation procedures, namely domestication
and foreignization. In any translation project, the initial decision between
which procedures to adopt, either a domesticating or a foreignizing one
may affect the whole translation process. The present research is a
qualitative study of the translation of CSIs in Science-fiction from English
into Persian. The goal of this study is to explore how translators
domesticates or foreignizes, in different cultural domains, by different
means, to different extents, with different degrees of consistency in
translation of English version of French author (Jules Vern) in to Persian
in Science Fiction Literature. For this purpose, twelve chapter of two
English version of Jules Vern books were selected, base on some theories
proposed by Espindola and Vasconcellos (2006), and Molina and Albir’s
models of translation (2002:509), by contrasting each ST-TL pair as the
unit of translation, one hundred and ninety two instances of CSIs extracted
and classified in to 10 of procedures of Domestication and Foriegnization
Translation Strategies that proposed by Molina and Albir. According to
result of study, foriegnization strategy is the superior strategy in translating
English in to Persian of Culture-Specific items in Science Fiction
Literature, although by putting aside calque procedure, it can be seen slight
different between domestication and foriegnization strategies
Key words: Foriegnization, Domestication, Translation Strategy, CulturalSpecific Items, Science Fiction
Abbas Azad University EFL Students' Autonomy
versus Actual Level of Autonomy
Mirror stage, Object, desire and narcissism are concepts of Lacan theory, which is used in this thesis to analyze Cal/Collipe’s discovery stages and its process. Middlesex novel deals with gender ambiguity, and protagonist’s quest is associated with psychological and physical changes.
As a queer, the protagonist assesses and reveals inequalities, discriminations, problems which queers are dealing with in second and third wave of feminism and highlights the role of patriarchy in maintaining the oppression of women and LGBTQI communities. Thus feminism experiences are so obvious through the novel. They can show the reader how an intersex could have feminist concerns even when his gender role identified as a male.
Key words:
Middlesex, self-quest, Lacan theory, intersex, feminism, queer
Key words
Quest, Identity: Black Female Heroine, African-American, Postmodern Literature
Keywords: Antihero, Determinism, Jameson, Dreiser, American Tragedy, Sister Carrie.
His first book was a collection of short stories named ‘First Love, Last Rites’ which was published in 1975. The book was highly acclaimed winning the Somerset Maugham Award in 1976. His second published work was also a short story collection called ‘In Between the Sheets’ and it was published in 1978. Two of his early novels called ‘The Cement Garden’ and ‘The Comfort of Strangers’ were published in 1978 and 1981 respectively and gave him his nickname ‘Ian Macabre’. After these novels he wrote ‘The Child in Time’ (1987) and ‘The Innocent’ (1990) and ‘Black Dogs’ (1992). ‘The Child in Time’ won the 1987 ‘Whitebread Novel Award’. His works also include two children’s books titled ‘Rose Blanche’ (1985) and ‘The Daydreamer’ (1994).
In 2013, McEwan sharply criticised Stephen Hawking for boycotting a conference in Israel as well as the boycott campaign in general, stating that there are many countries "whose governments we might loathe or disapprove of" but "Israel–Palestine has become sort of tribal and a touchstone for a certain portion of the intellectual classes. I say this in the context of thinking it is profoundly wrong of the Israeli government not to be pursuing more actively and positively and creatively a solution with the Palestinians. That's why I think one wants to go to these places to make the point. Turning away will not produce any result."
In 2013 as part of a wide-ranging interview with Channel 4 News, McEwan reflected upon the furore that surrounded his remarks on Islamism in 2008, stating "I remember getting a lot of stick five or six years ago saying something disobliging about jihadists. There were voices, particularly on the left, that thought anyone who criticised Islamism was really criticising Islam and therefore racist. Well, those voices have gone quiet because the local atrocities committed by Islamists whether in Pakistan or Mali is so self-evidently vile."[54] In the same interview, McEwan remarked that he felt that protestors of the 2003 Iraq War were "vindicated" by what happened subsequently; argued that the chief legacy of the Iraq War was that "[...] sometimes there are things we could do [before that war] which we no longer can" in foreign affairs; stated that at one point prior to the 2003 invasion he had hoped to be able to seek an audience with Tony Blair to persuade him not to go ahead with the war; and as someone who voted for the Liberal Democrats in the 2010 UK general election, that the current coalition government of the United Kingdom should end, stating "Let's either have a Tory government or let Ed Miliband try something different," to try and turn around a country of "great inequity". McEwan is traditionally a Labour supporter and said he had his "fingers crossed" that Miliband would become Prime Minister.
Key words: Verbal Irony, Comics, Pragmatics, Confederacy of Dunces, Translator's Strategy
Keywords: Modern man, S. Bellow, Existentialism, Dangling Man, Herzog.