Michael Neale

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Mark D Griffiths

Nottingham Trent University

Daria Kuss

Nottingham Trent University

Prof.Amjad Al-Nasser

Yarmouk University

Michael Neale

Virginia Commonwealth University

Eszter Banffy

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Andres Antillano

Universidad Central de Venezuela

Srinivasa Rao Gadde

The University of Dodoma, Tanzania

Kenneth Pecoraro

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Alberto N Ramos Jr

Universidade Federal do Ceará

Esther Andangsari

BINUS University

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Papers by Michael Neale

OpenMx - Advanced Structural Equation Modeling

OpenMx: An Open Source Extended Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Psychometrika, Jan 6, 2011

OpenMx is free, full-featured, open source, structural equation modeling (SEM) software. OpenMx r... more OpenMx is free, full-featured, open source, structural equation modeling (SEM) software. OpenMx runs within the R statistical programming environment on Windows, Mac OS-X, and Linux computers. The rationale for developing OpenMx is discussed along with the philosophy behind the user interface. The OpenMx data structures are introduced-these novel structures define the user interface framework and provide new opportunities for model specification. Two short example scripts for the specification and fitting of a confirmatory factor model are next presented. We end with an abbreviated list of modeling applications available in OpenMx 1.0 and a discussion of directions for future development. Structural Equation Modeling: Context and Motivation Structural equation modeling has a long history dating back to the development of path analysis by Sewall Wright (Wright, 1921). Path analysis is an algorithmic tool for deriving a set of predicted covariances between variables which may be connected with either regression (asymmetric, directional) or correlation (symmetric, non-directional) paths. The advent of high speed computers and high level programming languages in the 1960's, together with advances in statistical methodology (Jöreskog, 1967) led to the development of software for fitting models to observed covariance matrices by maximum likelihood. This procedure is now commonly known as structural equation modeling (SEM). Several extensions of this methodology have increased its scope: modeling of means as well as covariances (Sörbom, 1974); specifying certain paths as observed variables (known as definition variables in Mx) (

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Models of comorbidity for multifactorial disorders

American journal of human genetics, 1995

We develop several formal models for comorbidity between multifactorial disorders. Based on the w... more We develop several formal models for comorbidity between multifactorial disorders. Based on the work of D. N. Klein and L. P. Riso, the models include (i) alternate forms, where the two disorders have the same underlying continuum of liability; (ii) random multiformity, in which affection status on one disorder abruptly increases risk for the second; (iii) extreme multiformity, where only extreme cases have an abruptly increased risk for the second disorder; (iv) three independent disorders, in which excess comorbid cases are due to a separate, third disorder; (v) correlated liabilities, where the risk factors for the two disorders correlate; and (vi) direct causal models, where the liability for one disorder is a cause of the other disorder. These models are used to make quantitative predictions about the relative proportions of pairs of relatives who are classified according to whether each relative has neither disorder, disorder A but not B, disorder B but not A, or both A and B....

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Differential Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Genetic and Environmental Risk for Emotional Eating in Women

Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2016

Recent data show shifts in genetic and environmental influences on emotional eating across the me... more Recent data show shifts in genetic and environmental influences on emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with significant shared environmental influences during pre-ovulation, and primarily genetic effects during post-ovulation. Factors driving differential effects are unknown, although increased estradiol during pre-ovulation and increased progesterone during post-ovulation are thought to play a role. We indirectly investigated this possibility by examining whether overall levels of estradiol and progesterone differentially impact genetic and environmental risk for emotional eating in adult female twins (N = 571) drawn from the MSU Twin Registry. Emotional eating, estradiol levels, and progesterone levels were assessed daily and then averaged to create aggregate measures for analysis. As predicted, shared environmental influences were significantly greater in twins with high estradiol levels, whereas additive genetic effects increased substantially across low versus high pro...

$Research paper thumbnail of Heritability of white matter microstructure in late middle age: A twin study of tract-based fractional anisotropy and absolute diffusivity indices$

Heritability of white matter microstructure in late middle age: A twin study of tract-based fractional anisotropy and absolute diffusivity indices

Human brain mapping, Jan 29, 2016

There is evidence that differences among individuals in white matter microstructure, as measured ... more There is evidence that differences among individuals in white matter microstructure, as measured with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), are under genetic control. However, little is known about the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects on different diffusivity indices among late middle-aged adults. Here, we examined the magnitude of genetic influences for fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial (RD) diffusivities in male twins aged 56-66 years old. Using an atlas-based registration approach to delineate individual white matter tracts, we investigated mean DTI-based indices within the corpus callosum, 12 bilateral tracts and all these regions of interest combined. All four diffusivity indices had high heritability at the global level (72%-80%). The magnitude of genetic effects in individual tracts varied from 0% to 82% for FA, 0% to 81% for MD, 8% to 77% for AD, and 0% to 80% for RD with most of the tracts showing significant heritability ...

A Genetic Epidemiological Mega Analysis of Smoking Initiation in Adolescents

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Jan 2, 2016

Previous studies in adolescents were not adequately powered to accurately disentangle genetic and... more Previous studies in adolescents were not adequately powered to accurately disentangle genetic and environmental influences on smoking initiation (SI) across adolescence. Mega-analysis of pooled genetically informative data on SI was performed, with structural equation modeling, to test equality of prevalence and correlations across cultural backgrounds, and to estimate the significance and effect size of genetic and environmental effects according to the classical twin study, in adolescent male and female twins from same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs (N = 19 313 pairs) between ages 10 and 19, with 76 358 longitudinal assessments between 1983 and 2007, from 11 population-based twin samples from the United States, Europe, and Australia. Although prevalences differed between samples, twin correlations did not, suggesting similar etiology of SI across developed countries. The estimate of additive genetic contributions to liability of SI increased from approximately 15% to 45% from age...

White matter disease in midlife is heritable, related to hypertension, and shares some genetic influence with systolic blood pressure

NeuroImage. Clinical, 2016

White matter disease in the brain increases with age and cardiovascular disease, emerging in midl... more White matter disease in the brain increases with age and cardiovascular disease, emerging in midlife, and these associations may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. We examined the frequency, distribution, and heritability of abnormal white matter and its association with hypertension in 395 middle-aged male twins (61.9 ± 2.6 years) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging, 67% of whom were hypertensive. A multi-channel segmentation approach estimated abnormal regions within the white matter. Using multivariable regression models, we characterized the frequency distribution of abnormal white matter in midlife and investigated associations with hypertension and Apolipoprotein E-ε4 status and the impact of duration and control of hypertension. Then, using the classical twin design, we estimated abnormal white matter heritability and the extent of shared genetic overlap with blood pressure. Abnormal white matter was predominantly located in periventricular and deep...

Genetic and environmental associations between body dissatisfaction, weight preoccupation, and binge eating: Evidence for a common factor with differential loadings across symptom type

International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2016

Prior twin studies provide support for a single &amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;common factor&amp;a... more Prior twin studies provide support for a single &amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;common factor&amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; that contributes genetic and environmental risk to a range of disordered eating symptoms. However, the common factor may be indexed less well by binge eating (BE) than other symptoms of eating disorders [i.e., body dissatisfaction (BD) and weight preoccupation (WP)]. We sought to explore the presence of a common factor and test whether loadings differed across three key symptoms (i.e., BE, BD, WP). Disordered eating was assessed via self-report in 631 female twin pairs from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. We detected a common disordered eating factor that was influenced primarily by additive genetic and nonshared environmental influences. However, we observed different loadings on this common factor by symptom type, as factor loadings for BD and WP were stronger than that for BE. Moreover, the residual environmental and/or genetic variances (i.e., those that are independent of the common factor) were larger in BE than those of BD or WP. Although all three symptoms share a common set of genetic and environmental influences, risk for BE may involve additional genetic, biological, and environmental factors that are not shared with other symptoms of eating pathology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016).

An investigation of weight suppression in a population-based sample of female twins

Int J Eating Disorder, 2010

Objective-Weight suppression (WS), maintaining a body weight below one's maximum adult weight, is... more

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Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families

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Snieder et al. Genetic Epidemiology 16:426--446 (1999) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Genet. Epidemiol. 16: 426--446, 1999. 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: heritability; twins; insul... more Genet. Epidemiol. 16: 426--446, 1999. 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: heritability; twins; insulin resistance; truncated data; assay batch effects; reciprocalcausation model* Correspondence to: Dr. Harold Snieder, Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, UK SE1 7EH. E-mail: h. snieder@ umds. ac. ukReceived 5 December 1997; Revised 29 July 1998; Accepted 2 October 1998Contract grant sponsor: Netherlands Heart Foundation; Contract grant number: 90.313. ...

Substance Use and Depression Symptomatology: Measurement Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) among Non-Users and Frequent-Users of Alcohol, Nicotine and Cannabis

PloS one, 2016

Depression is a highly heterogeneous condition, and identifying how symptoms present in various g... more Depression is a highly heterogeneous condition, and identifying how symptoms present in various groups may greatly increase our understanding of its etiology. Importantly, Major Depressive Disorder is strongly linked with Substance Use Disorders, which may ameliorate or exacerbate specific depression symptoms. It is therefore quite plausible that depression may present with different symptom profiles depending on an individual's substance use status. Given these observations, it is important to examine the underlying construct of depression in groups of substance users compared to non-users. In this study we use a non-clinical sample to examine the measurement structure of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in non-users and frequent-users of various substances. Specifically, measurement invariance was examined across those who do vs. do not use alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis. Results indicate strict factorial invariance across non-users and frequent-users of alcohol and can...

Minor Allele Frequency Changes the Nature of Genotype by Environment Interactions

Behavior genetics, Jan 22, 2016

In the classical twin study, phenotypic variation is often partitioned into additive genetic (A),... more In the classical twin study, phenotypic variation is often partitioned into additive genetic (A), common (C) and specific environment (E) components. From genetical theory, the outcome of genotype by environment interaction is expected to inflate A when the interacting factor is shared (i.e., C) between the members of a twin pair. We show that estimates of both A and C can be inflated. When the shared interacting factor changes the size of the difference between homozygotes' means, the expected sibling or DZ twin correlation is .5 if and only if the minor allele frequency (MAF) is .5; otherwise the expected DZ correlation is greater than this value, consistent (and confounded) with some additional effect of C. This result is considered in the light of the distribution of minor allele frequencies for polygenic traits. Also discussed is whether such interactions take place at the locus level or affect an aggregated biological structure or system. Interactions with structures or en...

Behavior genetics: Principles and applications ? and ? (Eds): Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J. (1984). xii + 498 pages. £26.50

Behav Res Ther, 1985

Erratum to: Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Relationships Between Brain Structure and Average Lifetime Cigarette Use

Behavior genetics, Jan 26, 2016

Smoking and caffeine consumption: a genetic analysis of their association

Addiction biology, Jan 30, 2016

Smoking and caffeine consumption show a strong positive correlation, but the mechanism underlying... more Smoking and caffeine consumption show a strong positive correlation, but the mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Explanations include shared genetic/environmental factors or causal effects. This study employed three methods to investigate the association between smoking and caffeine. First, bivariate genetic models were applied to data of 10 368 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register in order to estimate genetic and environmental correlations between smoking and caffeine use. Second, from the summary statistics of meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies on smoking and caffeine, the genetic correlation was calculated by LD-score regression. Third, causal effects were tested using Mendelian randomization analysis in 6605 Netherlands Twin Register participants and 5714 women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Through twin modelling, a genetic correlation of r0.47 and an environmental correlation of r0.30 were estimated between current smo...

The Differential Heritabilityof Regular Tobacco Use Based on Method of Administration

Twin Res Hum Genet, 2005

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A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence

Psychological Medicine, Mar 1, 1999

Background. The development of drug dependence requires prior initiation. What is the relationshi... more

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in Genetic Covariance Modeling of a Codominant QTL

Perceived support and adjustement to stress in a general population sample of female twins

Psychological Medicine, 1994

OpenMx - Advanced Structural Equation Modeling

OpenMx: An Open Source Extended Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Psychometrika, Jan 6, 2011

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Models of comorbidity for multifactorial disorders

American journal of human genetics, 1995

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Differential Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Genetic and Environmental Risk for Emotional Eating in Women

Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2016

$Research paper thumbnail of Heritability of white matter microstructure in late middle age: A twin study of tract-based fractional anisotropy and absolute diffusivity indices$

Heritability of white matter microstructure in late middle age: A twin study of tract-based fractional anisotropy and absolute diffusivity indices

Human brain mapping, Jan 29, 2016