Papers by Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe
Springer eBooks, Jul 7, 2014
This chapter presents an investigation of the origin and possible archaeological and ethnoarchaeo... more This chapter presents an investigation of the origin and possible archaeological and ethnoarchaeological significance of the saroiak used in the Basque Country to organize territory. The first references to them date from the Middle Ages, but there are other facts that suggest they are older, even prehistoric.
Zephyrvs, 2016
Baratze' or Pyrenean funerary stone circles, also known as Pyrenean cromlech, are funerary cremat... more Baratze' or Pyrenean funerary stone circles, also known as Pyrenean cromlech, are funerary cremation monuments constructed between the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Roman period. These monuments consist of small circles, which consist of isolated standing stone blocks that enclose a central funerary deposit. The densest geographical distribution of Pyrenean funerary stone circles is located east of the Leizaran river and the lower basin of the Oria river up to approximately Andorra. Pyrenean cromlechs are located across mountain chains and occasionally share space with other funerary monuments constructed between the Middle Neolithic period and the Bronze Age-dolmens and cists-, whereas in other locations, cromlechs appear to be established in previously unoccupied mountain zones in an approximately continuous fashion by groups of farmers. The discovery of some Pyrenean circles in Ondarre and Beaskin (Sierra de Aralar), away from the nuclear zone and in a space continuously exploited since the Neolithic period, as indicated by the presence of other funerary monuments-dolmens and cists-, generates new questions regarding their distribution and the reasons for distinct densities of these rituals in some areas of the nuclear zone. Therefore, we propose different explanatory hypotheses, adapted to the distinct circumstances, as lithology, history, etc.
Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia, 2019
This article is about three structures that we discovered and excavated in Beaskinarte (Aralar mo... more This article is about three structures that we discovered and excavated in Beaskinarte (Aralar mountain range, Gipuzkoa). One of them is a cremation tomb with a stele, before which there was a bone deposit. The nearest places to the stele were altered, probably due to attempts during the Middle Ages to check if it was a haustarri –shieling marking stone. Cremated bones (approximately 100 gr) were deposited on a small loculus excavated in the bedrock. Next to the deposit there were found fragment of four ceramic vessels, out of context, two of which present only one fragment. One of the vessels is apparently without any decoration and the other three are decorated (with grooved motives, with triangular excised themes; and with a cordon decorated with fingernail impressions). The recovered charcoals fragments were dated to Late Bronze Age (BP 2770±30). This new cremation tomb is a sign of the possible complexity of the funerary practices of these mountain areas, up to now represented ...
1. SARRERA Azken hiru hamarkadotan lan asko plazaratu dira toponimia arloan Euskal Herrian, alder... more 1. SARRERA Azken hiru hamarkadotan lan asko plazaratu dira toponimia arloan Euskal Herrian, alderik alde, bazterrik bazter, helburu, eremu, sakontasun eta argitaratze-modu ezberdinak dituztenak. Ikerketa toponimikoen ugaritzea eragin duten arrazoiak ere askotarikoak dira. Batetik, mendi-liburu eta mapen eskaria hazi egin da. Bestetik, udalerrietan toponimia bertako kultur ondarearen parte garrantzitsu dela konturatzen hasi dira. Horrez gainera, herri-administrazioetan abian jarritako euskararen normalizazio prozesua edota toponimiak hizkuntzalaritzatik at (historian adibidez) irabazitako entzutea aipa daitezke, besteak beste. Tamalez, gure kartografia izateko aukera dagoen honetan, Euskal Herrian, administrazio, elkarte edo norbanakoek egindako mapetan, oraindik ere, toponimia arautugabea irakurtzen da askotan. Testuinguru horretan, aurkezten dugun tesiak lau helburu nagusi ditu. Lehenbizikoa toponimia arloan lanean ari behar dutenei baliagarri gerta dakizkiekeen argibideak ematea d...
Zephyrvs, 2016
Baratze' or Pyrenean funerary stone circles, also known as Pyrenean cromlech, are funerary cremat... more Baratze' or Pyrenean funerary stone circles, also known as Pyrenean cromlech, are funerary cremation monuments constructed between the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Roman period. These monuments consist of small circles, which consist of isolated standing stone blocks that enclose a central funerary deposit. The densest geographical distribution of Pyrenean funerary stone circles is located east of the Leizaran river and the lower basin of the Oria river up to approximately Andorra. Pyrenean cromlechs are located across mountain chains and occasionally share space with other funerary monuments constructed between the Middle Neolithic period and the Bronze Age-dolmens and cists-, whereas in other locations, cromlechs appear to be established in previously unoccupied mountain zones in an approximately continuous fashion by groups of farmers. The discovery of some Pyrenean circles in Ondarre and Beaskin (Sierra de Aralar), away from the nuclear zone and in a space continuously exploited since the Neolithic period, as indicated by the presence of other funerary monuments-dolmens and cists-, generates new questions regarding their distribution and the reasons for distinct densities of these rituals in some areas of the nuclear zone. Therefore, we propose different explanatory hypotheses, adapted to the distinct circumstances, as lithology, history, etc.
Fontes Linguae Vasconum, 2020
T here are few place names which end in -(iz)amo in the Basque Country. In general terms, those t... more T here are few place names which end in -(iz)amo in the Basque Country. In general terms, those that bear -(iz)ama come up in the same area covered by the former, and they are not spread uniformly either. In addition, toponyms ending in -(iz)amo occur more rarely and further to the west than those ending in -(iz)ama. Both constitute, in any case, a fairly evident toponymic gloss.
Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo, 2018
The aim of this work, a tribute to Joakin Gorrotxategi, is to analyze the distribution, significa... more The aim of this work, a tribute to Joakin Gorrotxategi, is to analyze the distribution, significance and origin of some sel [enclosure] place names based on anthroponyms from ancient times and on latin suffixes in the hope that it may contribute to our understanding of settlement in the Basque Country. My starting point for this work is an article written by Gorrotxategi himself in 1993: «La aportación de la lingüística a la reconstrucción del poblamiento en el País Vasco» (The Contribution of Linguistics to Settlement in the Basque Country).
Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia, 2018
Fontes Linguae Vasconum Studia Et Documenta, 2012
Some notes on the geographical entity ol(h)a the aim of this work is to reflect on the scope, mea... more Some notes on the geographical entity ol(h)a the aim of this work is to reflect on the scope, meaning and origin of the geographical entity ol(h)a in the light of onomastics, since we consider that this discipline can contribute to the study of history of Basque. As evidence, we include some remarks to Lakarra Andrinua’s hypothesis Gasc. hoelha (*hola) > Basque. ol(h)a. We also intend to determine the characteristics that make up these pastoral structures, as well as their relationship with meadows, by means of onomastics.
Fontes Linguae Vasconum, 2021
Some recent studies claim that a pre-Latin Indo-European (Celtic) language was predominant in Gip... more Some recent studies claim that a pre-Latin Indo-European (Celtic) language was predominant in Gipuzkoa during antiquity. However, the pertinent information available is scant and often questionable. Here we examine the data that can be drawn from Roman-era epigraphy as well as geographers’ and historians’ books in a unified fashion and compare these data with medieval and Modern Age Basque onomastics. The purpose is to shed light on the linguistic situation of Gipuzkoan antiquity from a geographic as well as historical perspective. In the same vein, we attempt to verify whether linguistic and archeological data point in the same direction, in order to determine the existence of one or several cultural areas.
Toponymie des monts francs de l'Urumea: quelques notes Le sujet de l'article est la thèse de doct... more Toponymie des monts francs de l'Urumea: quelques notes Le sujet de l'article est la thèse de doctorart Urumeako zilegiamendietako toponimia. Le territoire étudié dans ce travail de recherche se situe au nord-est de Guipuzcoa. Il est formé de communes de Donostia, Hernani et Urnieta et fait 38 km 2. Cet espace,q ui continue en quelque sorte d'être bascophone, offre la possibilité d'utiliser des informations écrites du XIIe siècles à nos jours, ce qui n'est pas habituel, au moins en Guipuscoa. À défaut de plus d'espace, dans cet écrit, l'auteur commente quatre thèmes: les objectifs du travail, son domaine, les sources, et quelques conclusions extraites de l'analyse de la toponymie recueillie.
EnglishThe aim of this work, a tribute to Joakin Gorrotxategi, is to analyze the distribution, si... more EnglishThe aim of this work, a tribute to Joakin Gorrotxategi, is to analyze the distribution, significance and origin of some sel [enclosure] place names based on anthroponyms from ancient times and on latin suffixes in the hope that it may contribute to our understanding of settlement in the Basque Country. My starting point for this work is an article written by Gorrotxategi himself in 1993: «La aportacion de la linguistica a la reconstruccion del poblamiento en el Pais Vasco» (The Contribution of Linguistics to Settlement in the Basque Country). EuskaraJoakin Gorrotxategiren ekarpena eskertzeko saio honen asmoa Antzinateko antroponimoak eta latinetiko atzizkiak oinarritzat dituzten saroi-izenen banaketa, zentzua eta etorkia aztertzea da, Euskal Herriko populatzearen berreraiketan lagun dezakeelakoan aztertu ere. Horretarako, abiapuntua Eibarko irakaslearen 1993ko artikulu bat da: «La aportacion de la linguistica a la reconstruccion del poblamiento en el Pais Vasco» argitalpena.
Fontes Linguae Vasconum, 2019
Hona dakargun saioaren helburua saroi entitate geografikoaren banaketaz, esanahiaz nahiz etorkiaz... more Hona dakargun saioaren helburua saroi entitate geografikoaren banaketaz, esanahiaz nahiz etorkiaz baliagarri gerta daitezkeen argibideak ematea da, euskal toponimian kausitzen diren elementuen izaera finkatzen laguntzea alegia, bide batez, euskararen arlo fonikoaren, morfologiaren edota lexikoaren historia ikertzeko erabilgarriak izan daitezkeen datuak bilduz eta sailkatuz. Saroiak itxuratzen dituzten ezaugarriak, edota haien bilakaera, onomastikaren eskutik zenbateraino ezagut daitezkeen ere ikusi nahi dugu, saroien jatorriak argitzeke baitirau.
Barandiaranen artxiboan dagoen dokumentu osoak jatorriz zituen marrazki eta atal kopuru bera. Era... more Barandiaranen artxiboan dagoen dokumentu osoak jatorriz zituen marrazki eta atal kopuru bera. Erabateko argibidea, ordea, Barandiaranen egunkarian dago 3. Hitzez hitz dakargu pasartea: (1972) AGORRA. 1º Eguna. Goizeko seietan il dek Arin (Juan) bere jaiotetxean. Jainkoak berekin izango dik. Beti nire adiskide ona izan oan. Ataun'go baztarrak eta beren oraingo eta leenagoko berriak ezagutzen zeetuan eta gai oiezaz lan asko argitarazi zeetuan. Ataun'go erriak zor aundia dik berarekin. Paperak neri utzi zeatzak «Anuario de Eusko Folklore» izeneko aldizkarian agerrerazi al balitezke: nere ustez, paper oietan bazeudek gaiak argitaratzekolain direnak, naiz-ta denak ez izan garrantzi aundikoak. 2. Bai «Material toponímico» bildumaren hogeita bosgarren paper-zorroak bai barruan dagoen krokisak «Aralar» izenburua dute, Barandiaranek eskuz idatzitakoa. Toponimia corpusaren izenburuan, ordea, ez du hori ipintzen, «Cuenca occidental de Aralar guipuzkoano» baizik. Izenburu hori argibide esanguratsua da, lanak ez duelako, 1940ko krokisak bezala, Enirio-Aralarko mankomunitatearen lurralde osoa hartzen, bi heren baizik, Larrunarri-Alotza-Ganbo-Irumugarrieta mendiek osaturiko lerrotik hegosartaldera dagoen eremua zehazkiro. Zernahi ere den, 1940ko krokisean baino toponimia gehiago dakar (eremu berean), hura baino naroagoa da. «Material toponimico» lanaren 25. paper-zorroan dagoen lehenbiziko orrialdearen xehetasuna.
Munibe, Antropologia-Arkeologia, 2018
En este artículo se presentan tres crómlechs excavados en la Sierra de Aralar. Ondarre I tiene un... more En este artículo se presentan tres crómlechs excavados en la Sierra de Aralar. Ondarre I tiene un diámetro de siete metros y está conformado por 35 testigos. El túmulo de tierra tiene 45 cm de altura. En su zona central había 4 losetas de caliza, y una pequeña cubeta con huesos incinerados, pertenecientes a dos individuos y abundantes carbones. A seis metros de distancia está Ondarre II, que tiene un diámetro de 4,5 metros y conserva sólo 15 de los testigos. En el sondeo se han localizado pequeñas manchas de carbón en el centro y algún sílex. El crómlech de Ondarre III tenía un diámetro de unos 9 metros, pero está muy incompleto, ya que conserva sólo cuatro testigos. Junto a sus bases y en la zona central se hallaron carbones. Uno de ellos fue reutilizado como haustarri (hito ganadero), según un documento del siglo XIX. Las fechas radiocarbónicas los sitúan en el Bronce Final.
Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia, 2016
Se presenta el primer crómlech tumular excavado en la Sierra de Aralar. Tiene un diámetro de 7 me... more Se presenta el primer crómlech tumular excavado en la Sierra de Aralar. Tiene un diámetro de 7 metros y estuvo constituido por al menos 35 testigos, la mayoría de caliza. El túmulo, construido con tierra, tendría una altura de unos 40 cm. En su zona central se encontraron 4 fragmentos de losetas de caliza muy alteradas y bajo una de ellas, en una pequeña cubeta, se halló un depósito de huesos incinerados, pertenecientes a dos individuos jóvenes. A su alrededor eran numerosos los fragmentos de carbón (2.902 identificados), entre los que dominan el fresno (60,1%) y el haya (37,5%), pero estando representados también el avellano, arce, aliso, etc. Las dataciones (2830±30 y 2740±30 BP) lo sitúan en el Bronce Final. Este descubrimiento permite extender el área de los baratze o círculos pirenaicos más hacia occidente, así como plantear el problema de la identificación de estos megalitos en determinados contextos geológicos (calizas, areniscas, etc.). LABURPENA Aralar mendizerran indusitako lehenengo baratze edo harrespil tumularra aurkezten dugu. Zazpi metroko diametroa du, eta gutxienez 35 lekuko edo zutarri izan zituen, gehienak kare-haitzezkoak. Lurrez eraikitako 40 cm-ko tumulua du. Bere erdialdean oso endekatuta dauden 4 harlauzatxoen zatiak daude eta hauetako baten azpian, bi gizabanako gazteei dagozkien giza-hezur erraustuen gordailu bat zegoen zulotxo batean. Bere inguruan egur-ikatz zati ugari zegoen. Datazioek Azken Brontze Aroan kokatzen dute. Aurkikuntza honek baratzen edo Pirinioko zirkuluen eremua mendebalderantz zabaldu du, eta bestalde hainbat testuinguru geologikoetan (kareharri, hareharri, etab.) megalito hauen identifikazioaren arazoa mahaira atera.
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Papers by Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe