Papers by Nadezhda A Dubova
Vestnik Arheologii, Antropologii i Etnografii , 2022
Анализируются новые краниологические материалы из раскопок некрополя городища древнего Пенджикент... more Анализируются новые краниологические материалы из раскопок некрополя городища древнего Пенджикента, произведенных в начале XXI в. Численное увеличение серии принципиально не изменило ее характеристики, данной В.В. Гинзбургом: это суббрахикранные европеоиды, типологически близкие к «расе Среднеазиатского междуречья». Внутригрупповой статистический анализ подтвердил наличие в группе минимум двух морфологических вариантов, различающихся в первую очередь по величине черепного указателя
[“Turkmen Ethnography” Series. Is. 2 , 2022
The monograph of the famous specialist in ethnography of the Turkmen people Sergei Mi-khailovich ... more The monograph of the famous specialist in ethnography of the Turkmen people Sergei Mi-khailovich Demidov is dedicated to one of the founders of the Turkmen Soviet ethnography, who played an important role in the formation and development of the historical science in Turkmenistan – Georgy Ivanovich Karpov ((1890–1947). Despite the presence of a small nu-mber of publications about this such an in-depth study of his life and contribution to science, is being published for the first time.
In Russian
“Turkmen Ethnography” Series. Vol. 1, 2020
The monograph of the famous ethnographer on Turkmen people, Sergei Mikhailovich Demidov, is devot... more The monograph of the famous ethnographer on Turkmen people, Sergei Mikhailovich Demidov, is devoted to one of the aspects of the Turkmen religious ideas — the place and role of real and fantastic animals and plants in them. In addition to scientifi c goals, the author set the task of drawing attention to this topic not only of specialists, but also of a wide circle of readers interested in the past of Turkmenistan.
Therefore, the work is of a popular scientifi c nature. This large-scale work, in which the author dwells on almost a hundred representatives of the fl ora and fauna of Turk-menistan, is being published for the fi rst time.
in Russian
The World of the Oxus Civilization, 2020
This collection of essays presents a synthesis of current research on the Oxus Civilization, whic... more This collection of essays presents a synthesis of current research on the Oxus Civilization, which rose and developed at the turn of the 3rd to 2nd millennia BC in Central Asia. First discovered in the 1970s, the Oxus Civilization, or the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), has engendered many different interpretations, which are explored in this volume by an international group of archaeologists and researchers. Contributors cover all aspects of this fascinating Bronze Age culture: architecture; material culture; grave goods; religion; migrations; and trade and interactions with neighboring civilizations, from Mesopotamia to the Indus, and the Gulf to the northern steppes. Chapters also examine the Oxus Civilization's roots in previous local cultures, explore its environmental and chronological context, as well as the available sources, and look into the reasons for its decline. The World of the Oxus Civilization offers a broad and fascinating examination of this society, and provides an invaluable updated resource for anyone working on the culture, history, and archaeology of this region and on the multiple interactions at work at that time in the ancient Near East.
Ethnosociology. Searches and achievements , 2022
A few words about the life and its vivid episodes of the son of Gagauzia - outstanding ethnograph... more A few words about the life and its vivid episodes of the son of Gagauzia - outstanding ethnographer, one of the founders of ethnosociology in the USSR, co-author of the Law of the Russian Federation on National-Cultural Autonomy, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova Republic, Mikhail Nikolayevich Guboglo
Ethnosociology. Searches and achievements / Eds. L.V. Ostepenko, I.A. Subbotina, 2022
The results of mass surveys of residents of four cities of Central Russia are given: Belev of Tu... more The results of mass surveys of residents of four cities of Central Russia are given: Belev of Tula, Staritsa of Tver, Poshekhonye and Danilov of the Yaroslavl regions. Only a small range of issues is touched upon, which characterize in the most general terms the degree of satisfaction of residents with certain aspects of their lives. This is an assessment of personal financial situation and the degree of satisfaction with it, an assessment of environmental conditions, the work of medical, educational institutions, trade enterprises in the city, the activities of administrations and the police. Residents of all cities see the biggest problem in the provision of medical services. There is a certain relationship between the population of the city, its remoteness from the main railway and highways and the number of problems that its residents feel. As shown by the experience of "enlarging" rural settlements that took place in different territories of the USSR, in addition to simplifying the supply of small settlements, it simultaneously brought a number of problems associated with the depopulation of large areas. This, it seems, can hardly be recognized as a far-sighted decision, especially in the historical center of Russia.
One of the most interesting features of the Gonur Depe Bronze Age site in Turkmenistan is more th... more One of the most interesting features of the Gonur Depe Bronze Age site in Turkmenistan is more than 70 real animal burial and places with partial remains of their skeletons. The most frequent burials are of rams/goats (37 burials with the remains of 58 individuals) and also dogs (33 burials, 57 individuals). Special tombs for the animals buried as humans with funeral gifts comprise a little more that half of all the burials. Bull's, camels' and donkeys' burials also present.
Евразия в энеолите — раннем средневековье (инновации, контакты, трансляции идей и технологий):, 2022
The report presents preliminary results of analyses of an unusual seal from the Gonur 20, Grave 7... more The report presents preliminary results of analyses of an unusual seal from the Gonur 20, Grave 78 (South-Eastern
Turkmenistan). The burial has an AMS-date (charcoal) of 1875–1626 calBC. The obtained results suggest that
the seal was made of speiss. The technology of speiss production is known on the Bronze Age sites of Northern Iran
(Tepe Hissar, Arisman).
ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES), 2020
Древние и средневековые культуры Центральной Азии (становление, развитие и взаимодействие урбаниз... more Древние и средневековые культуры Центральной Азии (становление, развитие и взаимодействие урбанизированных и скотоводческих обществ): Материалы Международной конференции, посвя щен ной 100-летию со дня рождения д. и. н. А. М. Мандельштама и 90-летию со дня рождения д. и. н.
Antiquity of Turkmenistan. Scientific research and restoration of minuments / Древности Туркменистана. Научные исследования и реставрация памятников, 2022
The activity of the Russian-Turkmen Margiana Archaeological Expedition at the Bronze Age site Go... more The activity of the Russian-Turkmen Margiana Archaeological Expedition at the Bronze Age site Gonur Depe and the surrounding settlements located in the Bayramali etrap of the Mary velayat are briefy described. The expedition is working within the framework of the Agreement between the N. N. Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) and the Ministry of Culture
of Turkmenistan. Modern understanding of the chronology and stratigraphy of the monument, a description of the main achievements concerning the architecture of several complexes of the site, the characteristics of the culture as well as anthropological features of the inhabitants of the country and the economy of the population is given. The conservation and restoration process conducted during last years is characterized. The latest publications are mentioned
Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой
There are already 115 radiocarbon dates for Gonur Depe and two of its satellite settlements. The ... more There are already 115 radiocarbon dates for Gonur Depe and two of its satellite settlements. The dating obtained in different territories is discussed in comparative terms, which makes it possible to consider the relative time of their settlement.
ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES), 2020
Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
Types of more than 5000 funeral construction (4408 tombs with remains) and their distribution aro... more Types of more than 5000 funeral construction (4408 tombs with remains) and their distribution around the territory of Gonur Depe Bronze Age site of Turkmenistan are described. Shafts (53,4%), ordinary (30,5%) and huge (0,15 %) pits, cists (6,1%), chambers (1,7%), sepultures (0,2%), burials in jars (2,1%) and in ovens (0,2%), one dakhma and five fractional burials were found.
Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой
The problems of constructing the internal chronology of the proto-urban center of the Ancient Mar... more The problems of constructing the internal chronology of the proto-urban center of the Ancient Margiana Gonur-Depe are discussed. Since the site includes a number of architectural and construction complexes that were built at different times and functioned over different periods of time, it is necessary to find out how they relate to each other in terms of time of existence. Since the site is single-layered, the stratigraphic method cannot be used. The comparison of ceramic or object complexes also does not give the desired effect. On this basis, the necessity of using radiocarbon dates to create the basis for the internal chronology of Gonur is justified.
During the Spring 2015 excavation season at the famous Bronze Age site of Gonur Depe in Turkmenis... more During the Spring 2015 excavation season at the famous Bronze Age site of Gonur Depe in Turkmenistan (2300–1600 BC) a metal detector was used. The maximum depth of the cultural level able to be scanned was only 20cm, thus only the upper layers of the dumps of previously ground and walls could be analysed. The metal detector indicated a high level of metal present in the unrestored wall of the ritual double hearth in the ‘royal’ tomb 3235. The clearing of this space revealed a silver funnel-strainer, a typical vessel for the preparation of Soma-Haoma (see: Sarianidi 1993; Sarianidi 1998; Sarianidi 2010) which was incorporated within the mudbrick of the oven’s roof. Verification of the other walls of the royal tombs did not provide anything. Nothing like this has previously been found at Gonur Depe or any other Margiana sites and it may be interpreted as evidence of construction, funeral or purifying rituals.
The specific mosaic decoration, which combine two techniques (painting and inlays) and use insert... more The specific mosaic decoration, which combine two techniques (painting and inlays) and use inserts made of specially prepared minerals orginated from Gonur Depe including its elite graves are discussing as well as other kinds of mosaics like game boards and decoration of containers. The process of studying the technique of making unique objects of the Bronze Age of Turkmenistan dating from 2300-1500 BC. is also described. Some iconographic comparisons are presented.
Uploads
Papers by Nadezhda A Dubova
In Russian
Therefore, the work is of a popular scientifi c nature. This large-scale work, in which the author dwells on almost a hundred representatives of the fl ora and fauna of Turk-menistan, is being published for the fi rst time.
in Russian
Turkmenistan). The burial has an AMS-date (charcoal) of 1875–1626 calBC. The obtained results suggest that
the seal was made of speiss. The technology of speiss production is known on the Bronze Age sites of Northern Iran
(Tepe Hissar, Arisman).
of Turkmenistan. Modern understanding of the chronology and stratigraphy of the monument, a description of the main achievements concerning the architecture of several complexes of the site, the characteristics of the culture as well as anthropological features of the inhabitants of the country and the economy of the population is given. The conservation and restoration process conducted during last years is characterized. The latest publications are mentioned
In Russian
Therefore, the work is of a popular scientifi c nature. This large-scale work, in which the author dwells on almost a hundred representatives of the fl ora and fauna of Turk-menistan, is being published for the fi rst time.
in Russian
Turkmenistan). The burial has an AMS-date (charcoal) of 1875–1626 calBC. The obtained results suggest that
the seal was made of speiss. The technology of speiss production is known on the Bronze Age sites of Northern Iran
(Tepe Hissar, Arisman).
of Turkmenistan. Modern understanding of the chronology and stratigraphy of the monument, a description of the main achievements concerning the architecture of several complexes of the site, the characteristics of the culture as well as anthropological features of the inhabitants of the country and the economy of the population is given. The conservation and restoration process conducted during last years is characterized. The latest publications are mentioned
княжеские (возможно, царские) захоронения, содержавшие уникальные предметы погребального инвентаря, включая 20 тыс. золотых предметов. Их публикация и исследование составляют большую часть книги. Для историков, археологов, искусствоведов.
The monograph is the first scientific publication of Tillya Tepe site in Northern Afghanistan. It has been established that a temple of fire was there at the end of the II millennium BC. The material culture of the people who built this temple is still little known. The excavations allow to suppose their connections with areas of Southwestern Iran. Necropolis, arranged on the ruins of the temple in Kushan period (I c. BC) kept the prince (perhaps royal) burials contained unique funeral gifts, including 20 thousnads gold ones. Their publication and research make up a large part of the book. For historians, archaeologists, art historians.
Можно считать доказанным, что царство Маргуш было основано индоиранскими племенами, религией которых являлось то самое «иранское язычество», в среде которого родилась первая мировая религия — зороастризм. Почти 200 лет многие специалисты мира безуспешно искали родину зороастризма во многих районах Передней Азии. Но она оказалась в сердце Центральной Азии, вероятнее всего — в Бактрии и Маргиане.
Дополнительные доказательства тому дали широкомасштабные раскопки последних лет городского некрополя Гонур (одного из крупнейших в системе всей Передней Азии конца III — II тыс. до н.э.), площадь которого составляла около 10 гектар и где уже сейчас раскопано более 2500 древних могил. Результатам этих открытий и посвящена настоящая книга. Погребальные приношения и личные украшения похороненных здесь людей поражают своим великолепием. Художественная бронза и торевтика, керамическое, камнерезное и костерезное дело и тончайшая мозаика, ювелирное искусство, глиптика и сфрагистика — все указывает на то, что изобразительное искусство страны Маргуш практически ни в чем не уступало древнему искусству передовых центров тогдашнего мира. Древневосточное царство Маргуш не только представляло собой пятый центр мировой цивилизации, своего рода «Маленькую Месопотамию», но его существование в определенной степени свидетельствует в пользу того, что центр культурной жизни во II тыс, до н.э. частично перемещается из Месопотамии в Центральную Азию.
The phenomenon of excavated and previously totally unknown Margush kingdom of the Ancient East, found in one of the greatest deserts of the world — in the Kara-Kum (contemporary Turkmenistan), has been not fully understood so far. Luxury of its palaces and temples, highest level of development of handicrafts and arts — the latter includes glyptics and sphragistics, stone-cuttings and bone-carvings, artistic bronze and jewelry, pieces of small plastic arts, mosaics — have been already described and analyzed in published works of V. Sarianidi: «Margiana and Proto-Zoroastrianism», The Athens, 1998; «Mify drevney Baktrii i Margiany na pechatyakh i amuletakh» (Myths of Ancient Bactria and Margiana, Depicted on Seals and Amulets), Moscow, 1998.
One can consider it has been proved by now that the Margush kingdom was founded by Indo-Iranian tribes whose religion was «Iranian paganism». The latter gave birth to the first world religion — Zoroastrianism. For nearly 200 years many specialists in the world were searching for Zoroastrianism's motherland in many areas of Near Asia but with no success. And this birthplace happened to be located at the heart of Central Asia, most probably — in Bactria and Margiana.
Additional proofs for this conclusion were provided by large scale excavations of the latest years at the urban necropolis Gonur — one of the largest in the Near Asia at the end of the III and at the II millennia B.C. Area of Gonur is some 10 hectares, and more then 2500 ancient burials have been already excavated there. The present book is devoted to results of these findings. Funeral gifts and personal decorations of the buried strike with their magnificence. Artistic bronze and toreutics, production of ceramics, stone-cuttings and bone-carvings, fine mosaics, jewelry, glyptics and sphragistics — all these achievements show that the fine arts of the Margush country were actually not inferior to ancient arts of the advanced centers of the world in those times. Margush kingdom of the Ancient East was not only the fifth center of the world civilization, i.e. a kind of «Little Mesopotamia». But its existence to some extent suggests that the center of the cultural developments was partially moving from Mesopotamia to Central Asia at the II millennium B.C.
The civil war in Afghanistan gave unparalleled impetus to the rapacious excavations of the burial mounds and graves of Ancient Bactria, once situated on the territory of modern-day Afghanistan. All kinds of funeral offerings -mostly seals and amulets decorated with intricate narrative images - have appeared on the counters of antiques stores throughout the world. The one thing that saved these items, excavated by amateur archeologists, from disappearing altogether, was the fact that some of them ended up in large private collections and museums. It was only thanks to the kindness of true antique connoisseurs like Ron Garner, Andrew Hale and Jonathan Rosen, that the author was able to compile a summary description of these seals and amulets, in an attempt to save this precious material from disappearing forever. The subjects depicted on the seals and amulets reflect the myths of the Bactrians, giving us a unique opportunity to look into the intellectual world of a people who did not leave behind any written records.
Definite parallels can be drawn between most of the images depicted on the seals and amulets, and the Syro-Hittite glyptics of the Bronze Age, leaving no question as to the historical succession of the two.
The author was able to date the Bactrian seals and amulets with a certain degree of accuracy thanks to his discoveries of identical or very similar articles during scientifically-controlled excavations in neighboring Margiana (on the territory of what is now Turkmenistan). This study examines over 1,800 seals and amulets, 95 percent of which are being published for the first time. Having been put together in a single volume, they indisputably attest to the existence of a separate Bactro-Margianian school of glyptics and sphragistics.
Представлены результаты краниометрического исследования серии «эфталитского» времени из могильника Шахидон в Южном Таджикистане (1 мужской и 4 женских черепа). Межгрупповой канонический дискриминантный анализ продемонстрировал наибольшее сходство женских черепов из Шахидона с сериями «эфталитов» из Кюкальды, а также тюркских кочевников. Последнее можно интерпретировать как отражение процесса смешения местного населения с появившимися в регионе в середине I тыс. н.э. тюркскими племенами.
Краткая информация об антропологических материалах, полученных благодаря проведению археологической разведки (рук. работ Т.Г. Филимонова) в долине р. Сурхоб, Таджикистан. Могильник Шахидон (V-VIII вв.) представлен 13 фрагментированными костяками (4 мужских, 6 женских, 2 детских и 1 эмбрион); Старый Балджуван костными останками черепов 1 ребенка и 1 женщины; а Ок-Булок - 2 мужчин, 1 женщины и 1 ребенка 7-9 лет. Последние два могильника датируются XVIII-XIX вв.
Craniometric, osteometric and dental parameters of the paleopopulation of the Bronze Age site of Turkmenistan Gonur Depe (2300-1500 BC) is characterized. Data on early (necropolis of Gonur) and late (burials on the ruins of the palace-temple complex) populations of the settlement, as well as the synchronous groups of the region are compared.
We found that there is an epochal increase of the body length in the territory of India from the time of the survey to nowadays. Both increase in the distal parts of the limbs and a simultaneous reduction in the body length and mass from north to south of the Indian subcontinent are most probably connected with clearly zonal climate and with different racial composition of the populations. The «middle» castes have bigger body weight compared to «high» and «low» castes. In all geographic zones, «untouchables’» proportions and body weight are similar to those of the members of the «high» castes, and this fact may be associated with their common origin. The similarities and differences in body weight between the groups are most likely to be socially determined. Population of the region with active crossbreeding - the central urbanized states (Federal Territory of Delhi and Maharashtra) - has a high variability and specific combinations of body proportions. Proportions of the body are less influenced by caste barriers than by the group origin or geographical zoning. Regional differences for pre-Aryan populations (tribal groups) are much smaller.
can be connected with some dietary change in the later Gonur population. A high percentage of cribra orbitalia in the children’s subgroup suggests some negative biosocial factors (in conjunction with an increase in childhood mortality in comparison with the sample from the necropolis). Trauma, with the exception of a few cases, was most likely of accidental origin. However, cranial trauma was more often present in males. The prevalence of various joint diseases that are more often observed in agricultural populations is relatively high.
Кожин П.М., Дубова Н.А. Маргиана в среднеазиатской археологии // Труды Маргианской археологической экспедиции. Том 6. Памяти Виктора Ивановича Сарианиди / Ред. Н.А. Дубова (гл. ред.), Е.В. Антонова, П.М. Кожин, М.Ф. Косарев, Р.Г. Мурадов, Р.М. Сатаев,А.А. Тишкин. – М.: Старый сад, 2016. С. 58–79
series and friends of the Margiana expedition – Pavel M. Kozhin, Michael F. Kosarev and Olivier Lecomte. A number
of previously unknown works by Pavel M. Kozhin is publishing. Information on excavations in 2015–2019 is provided
at Gonur and in museums of Turkmenistan, an architectural analysis of a number of structures of Gonur is given and
the features of the technology of pottery making as well as bioarchaeological data are described. The results of the
study of burial grounds in Eastern Iran and on the territory of the Pendjikent region of Tajikistan are published as well
as information about the distribution of different forms of swords on the territory of the Ancient East and the valley of
the river Indus. A section about the pride of Turkmenistan — Akhal-Teke horses ends the book. The issue is intended for archaeologists, anthropologists and historians of architecture.
Данный выпуск Трудов впервые открывает раздел, посвященный памяти двух больших ученых, много сделавших для изучения разных аспектов истории Туркменистана – этнографа В.Н. Басилова и геоморфолога А.А. Ляпина. Основные разделы сборника, как и более ранние, посвящены описанию текущих археологических работ 2011-2012 и частично 2013 гг. на территории дворцово-храмового комплекса конца III – II тыс. до н.э. Гонур Депе (Туркменистан). Здесь присутствуют исследования керамических комплексов, палеоантропологических, археозоологических, палеоботанических материалов, архитектуры памятника, описание работ по музеефикации ряда объектов. Рассматриваются характеристики ландшафта в районе памятника. Описываются особенности золотых изделий и бронзовых сплавов Гонур Депе. Продолжается публикация исследований уникальных мозаик из царских гробниц Гонура. Сборник дополняет статья по одонтологии туркмен юга России.
Сборник посвящен описанию археологических работ 2008-2011 гг. на территории дворцово-храмового комплекса конца III – II тыс. до н.э. Гонур Депе (Туркменистан). В него включены исследования керамических комплексов, палеоантропологического, археозоологического, палеоботанического материалов и петрофонда памятника. В связи с важным открытием, сделанным во время последних сезонов раскопок, - находкой значительного числа специальных погребений собак на царском некрополе, в сборнике публикуются переводы авестийских текстов, посвященных этим животным. Затрагиваются вопросы изучения палеопатологии, реконструкция лица по черепу, описывается случай кефалотафии на Гонуре, а также находка мужского нагрудного украшения сходного с современными туморами. Специальное внимание уделяется подробному изучению уникальных мозаик из царских гробниц Гонура. Сборник дополняют этнолого-исторические исследования, в том числе описание истории узелкового ткачества.
Сборник посвящен описанию археологических работ 2005-2007 гг. на территории дворцово-храмового комплекса конца III – II тыс. до н.э. Гонур Депе (Туркменистан). В него включены исследования керамических комплексов, радиоуглеродных датировок, артефактов, характеризующих развитие палеометаллургии на Гонуре, а также результатам изучения археозоологического, палеоботанического и палеоантропологического материала с этого памятника. Затрагиваются вопросы изучения палеопатологии, методы реконструкции лица по черепу и итоги спектральных исследований металла с синхронных памятников южных районов Средней Азии. Кроме того, предложен метод датирования ранних туркменских ковров.
В сборнике на основании археологических и лингвистических данных обсуждаются проблема прародины индоевропейцев, пути и направления миграций эпохи бронзы, публикуются новейшие результаты изучения архивных материалов, раскопок и антропологических исследований на территории Евразии. Специальное внимание уделяется вопросам охраны и реставрации памятников истории и культуры.
Khanina O. V. Multilingual practices in the lower Yenisei area: a sociolinguistic study of the past.
Amelina M. K. “The big shift to Tundra Nenets”: reconstruction of the sociolinguistic situation in Tukhard tundra (Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky district) according to language biographies.
Dobrushina N. R., Zakirova A. N. Avar as a lingua franca: a study in and around Karata.
Pleshak P. S., Khomchenkova I. A. Code switching as a contrastive context in Hill Mari.
Pupynina M. Yu., Koryakov Yu. B. Geography of multilingualism of peoples of Kolyma-Alazeia tundra in the late 19th to the early 20th centuries.
Khanina O. V., Shluinsky A. B. Future reference forms in Enets.
Kumaeva M. V. Figures of speech and expressive means of language of the Mansi folklore.
ANTHROPOLOGY
Dampilova L. S. Functions of mythological character in present-day household ceremony.
Grinko I. A. Museum anthropology and museum management.
Kazakov A. A., Kazakova O. M. Settlement Novozykovo 3 (Complex of Early Middle Ages).
Kimeeva T. I., Nasonov A. A., Glushkova P. V. Religious syncretism in the Trans-Tom indigenous people in interdisciplinary context.
Kufterin V. V., Dubova N. A. To the demography of Tajiks of Karategin: paleodemographic analysis of XVIII – XX cc. sample from Sicharog cemetery
Petrov I. G. Magic rites, superstitions and beliefs, associated with recruits wires of the Chuvashs in Volga-Ural region: the middle of the XIX – beginning of the XX century.
Skryabina N. P., Pechetova N. Y., Nikaeva T. M., Tarabykina M. V. Local anthroponymic system in the conditions of bilingualism.