Almaanya

Republik Federaal bu Almaanya
Bundesrepublik Deutschland


(Flag)	(Coat of Arms)

Almaanya e dow laabi laamu ko leydi Almaañ (FRG),[f] ko leydi e nder Yuroopu hakkundeejo. Nde woni ko hakkunde maayo Baltik e maayo worgo to bannge worgo e Alpes to fuɗnaange. Dowlaaji 16 gonɗi heen ɗii ina njogii yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 84 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e nder wertallo 357 569 km2 (138 058 miil2), ɗum noon ko leydi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Dental Yuroopu. Nde heddi ko to bannge worgo leydi Danemark, to bannge fuɗnaange leydi Poloñ e leydi Cekiya, to bannge funnaange ndi heddi ko leydi Farayse e leydi Luksemburg e leydi Belsik e leydi Pays-Bas. Laamorde leydi ndi e wuro ɓurngo heewde yimɓe ko Berlin e nokku kaalis mum mawɗo ko Frankfurt ; nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder wuro ko Ruhr.

Koɗki e ko woni hannde Almaañ fuɗɗii ko e Paleolitik les, tawi leƴƴi keewɗi ina njooɗii heen gila e jamaanu Neolitik haa jooni, ko ɓuri heewde ko Selt en. Leƴƴi Almaañ keewɗi ina njooɗii e woyla leydi Almaañ hannde gila e jamaanu ɓooyɗo. Diiwaan ina wiyee Germania winndaama ko adii hitaande 100. E hitaande 962, Laamu Almaañ waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Laamu Room ceniingu. E nder teeminannde 16ɓiire, diiwanuuji worgo Almaañ ngonti nokkuuji mbayliigu Protestan en. Caggal konuuji Napoleyoŋ e fusde laamu Roma ceniingu e hitaande 1806, fedde Almaañ sosaa e hitaande 1815.

Hawtirde Almaañ e nder leydi-leydi hannde fuɗɗii ko ñalnde 18 lewru bowte hitaande 1866 e nanondiral hakkunde Almaañ worgo ngam sosde fedde Almaañ worgo nde Prussia ardii, caggal ɗuum wayliima e hitaande 1871 wonti laamu Almaañ. Caggal wolde adunaare adannde e wolde Almaañ 1918-1919, laamu nguu waylitii wonti leydi Weimar. Nazi en keɓti laamu e hitaande 1933, addani ɗum en sosde laamu nguu, wolde adunaare ɗimmere, e warngooji. Caggal nde wolde adunaare ɗimmere joofi to Yuroopu e sahaa njiimaandi Almaañ, e hitaande 1949, Almaañ fof yuɓɓinaama e nder politikaaji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi, ɗi njiimaandi mum en famɗi: Republique Federaal Almaañ, ɓurɗo anndireede Almaañ Hirnaange, e Republique Demokratik Almaañ , anndiraa Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi Berlin ina jokki e darnde mum de jure Doole Nay. Republique Fedde Almaañ ko tergal sosngal Dental Faggudu Yuroopu e Dental Yuroopu, Republiik Demokaratik Almaañ ko leydi kominist e nder Bloc Fuɗnaange, tergal e nanondiral Warsaw. Caggal nde laamu kominist ardinoo to Fuɗnaange Almaañ yani, kawral Almaañ waɗi leyɗeele Almaañ fuɗnaange ɓooyɗe ɗee naati e Republiik Fedde Almaañ ñalnde 3 Oktoobar 1990.

Almaañ siforaama no leydi mawndi, jogiindi faggudu tiiɗndu ; ko kañum jogii faggudu ɓurndu mawnude e nder Yuroopu. Ko kañum woni doole winndereeje to bannge njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal, ko kañum woni tataɓo e nder winndere ndee, ko kañum woni leydi tataɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e njulaagu e naatgol. Ko leydi ƴellitiindi ndi rokkata kisal renndo, njuɓɓudi cellal winndereyankoori, e jaŋde toownde tawa njoɓataa. Almaañ ko tergal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Goomu Yuroopu, OTAN e OCDE, kadi ko tergal sosngal Dental Yuroopu, G7 e G20. Ko kañum woni tataɓal ɓurngal mawnude e nokkuuji taariindi winndereeji UNESCO (54).

Etimoloji

Kalimawol Engele Almaañ ummii ko e ɗemngal Latin Germania, ngal fuɗɗii huutoreede ko caggal nde Julius Caesar ƴetti ngal ngam leƴƴi fuɗnaange Rhine.[13] Helmere Almaañ Deutschland, ko leydi diutisciu (‘leyɗeele Almaañ’), ummorii ko e deutsch (ƴeew Hollande), iwdi mum ko Almaañ ɓooyɗo toowɗo diutisc ‘yimɓe’ (e diot walla diota ‘yimɓe’), ko adii fof ko seerndude ɗemngal yimɓe heewɓe e Latin e iwdi mum Romance. Ɗuum noon ummorii ko e ɗemngal Proto-Jerman *þiudiskaz ‘yimɓe’ (ƴeew kadi sifaa Latin Theodiscus), ummoriiɗo e *þeudō, iwdi e ɗemngal Proto-Indo-Yuroopu *tewtéh2- ‘yimɓe’, ɗo helmere Teutons ndee kadi ummorii .[14]

Tariya

Ko adii daartol

Maamiraaɓe ko adii aadee, Danuvius guggenmosi, wonnooɓe e leydi Almaañ ko ina ɓura duuɓi miliyoŋaaji 11 jooni, ina teskaa ina njeyaa e artuɓe yahde e koyɗe ɗiɗi.[15] Neɗɗaŋke ɓooyɗo ina wonnoo e leydi Almaañ ko famɗi fof duuɓi 600 000 jooni.[16] Fossil neɗɗo gadano mo wonaa jamaanu (Neanderthal) yiytaa ko e falnde Neander.[17] Ko noon kadi, seedeeji ñalɗi aadee hannde ina tawee e Jura Swabian, ina heen 42 000 hitaande ko ɗiin ngoni kuutorɗe ɓurɗe ɓooyde e jimɗi ɗi meeɗaa yiyeede,[18] Lion Man mo duuɓi 40 000,[19] e 41 000 hitaande -Venus ɓooyɗo mo Hohle Fels. Disko asamaan Nebra, sosaa e yonta njamndi Yuroopu, ina sikkaa ko nokku Almaañ.[22]

Leƴƴi Almaañ, keeri Room e laamu Frank

Leƴƴi Almaañ ina cikka ko gila e jamaanu njamndi Nordik, e fuɗɗoode jamaanu njamndi, walla pinal Jastorf.[23][24] Gila fuɗnaange Skandinaavi e fuɗnaange Almaañ, ɓe njaajni haa fuɗnaange, fuɗnaange, e hirnaange, ɓe njokkondiri e leƴƴi Celtic, Iran, Baltic, e Slavic.[25]

E laamu Augustus, Laamu Room fuɗɗii naatde e leyɗeele ɗe leƴƴi Almaañnaaɓe hoɗi, ɗum sosi diiwaan Room mo duuɓi mum juuti, biyeteeɗo Germania, hakkunde maayo Rhine e Elbe. E hitaande 9 caggal Iisaa, Arminius fooli konu Roomnaaɓe tati e nder wolde ladde Teutoburg.[26] Ko ɗum waɗi hare ndee, haɗi Roomnaaɓe yiɗde heɓtude leydi Almaañ, ɗum noon ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daartol Yuroopu.[27] E hitaande 100 caggal iisa, nde Tacitus winndi Almaañ, leƴƴi Almaañ koɗii e maayo Rhine e Danube (Limes Germanicus), ina njogi ko ɓuri heewde e Almaañ hannde oo. Kono Baden-Württemberg, fuɗnaange Bavaria, fuɗnaange Hesse e hirnaange Rhinland, naatiino e diiwanuuji Room.[28][29][30]

Hedde hitaande 260, leƴƴi Almaañ naati e leyɗeele ɗe Roomnaaɓe njiimi.[31] Caggal nde Hun en naati e hitaande 375, e ustaare Rome gila 395, leƴƴi Almaañnaaɓe ɓeydi woɗɗude fuɗnaange-rewo : Frank en cosi Laamu Frank en, ɓe ndartini fuɗnaange ngam jiimde Sakson e Bavaria, e nokkuuji ko woni hannde fuɗnaange Almaañ ko hoɗi Leƴƴi Slavic en hirnaange.[28]

Fuɗnaange Farayse e Laamu Room ceniingu

Karl mawɗo sosi laamu Karoling e hitaande 800 ; nde feccii ko e hitaande 843.[32] Laamu lomto fuɗnaange Farayse fuɗnaange ina yaaji gila e maayo Rhine to bannge hirnaange haa e maayo Elbe to fuɗnaange e gila e maayo worgo haa e Alpes.[32] Caggal ɗuum, Laamu Room ceniingu yalti e maggal. Laamɓe Ottonian (919-1024) ndartini laamuuji mawɗi keewɗi.[33] E hitaande 996, Gregoire V wonti Pape Almaañ gadano, toɗɗaaɗo e ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Otto III, mo o waɗti laamɗo Room ceniiɗo caggal ɗuum seeɗa. Laamu Room ceniido hoosi woyla Itaali e Burgundy les laamiiɓe Salian (1024-1125), koo ngam laamɓe ɓen majjini laamu ngam luural Investiture.[34]

E laamu laamɓe Hohenstaufen (1138-1254), laamɓe Almaañ ina cemmbina koɗki Almaañ to bannge worgo e fuɗnaange (Ostsiedlung).[35] Terɗe fedde Hanseatic League, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko gure Almaañ fuɗnaange, ƴellitii e yaajnude njulaagu.[36] Yimɓe ɓee ustii gila e heege mawngo e hitaande 1315, rewi heen ko maayde ɓaleere e hitaande 1348–1350.[37] Golden Bull yaltuɗo e hitaande 1356 hokki doosɗe laamu nguu, kadi kolliri suɓngo laamɗo oo e suɓngooji laamɓe jeeɗiɗi.[38]

Johannes Gutenberg naatnii Yuroopu binndol ngol ina yahra e duuɓi 18, ɗum noon ko ɗum addani ganndal demokaraasi.[39] E hitaande 1517, Martin Luther ummini mbayliigu Protestan en, firo mum Biibal fuɗɗii ƴellitde ɗemngal ngal ; Jam Augsburg 1555 muñii diine "Linjiila" (Luther), kono kadi yamiri wonde diine laamɗo oo ko diine yimɓe mum (cuius regio, eius religio).[40] Gila e wolde Cologne haa e wolde duuɓi capanɗe tati (1618–1648), hareeji diineeji mbonni leyɗeele Almaañ, ustii yimɓe no feewi.[41][42]

Jam Westphalia timmini hare diina hakkunde Estates Imperial;[41] laamɓe maɓɓe ɓurɓe haalde ɗemngal Almaañ mbaawii suɓaade diine Katolik, Lutheran, walla Calvinism ngam wonde diine maɓɓe laawɗuɗo.[43] Sifaa sariyaaji puɗɗiiɗi e mbayliigu laamu (ko ina wona 1495–1555) rokki ndimaagu nokkuuji keewɗi e ñaamdu laamu ɓurndu semmbe.[44] Galle Habsbourg ina joginoo laamu laamɗo gila 1438 haa maayde Charles VI e hitaande 1740. Caggal wolde lomto Otiris e nanondiral Aix-la-Chapelle, ɓiɗɗo Charles VI biyeteeɗo Maria Theresa laamiima no laamɗo debbo nii nde gorko mum, François, laamii Miin, wonti laamɗo.[45][46]

Gila 1740, dualism hakkunde laamu Habsburg Otiris e Laamu Prusse ɓuri taariindi Almaañ. E hitaande 1772, 1793, e 1795, Prusse e Otiris, kam e Laamaandi Riisi, nanondiri e feccere Poloñ.[47][48] E nder yonta hareeji Farayse, e jamaanu Napoleyoŋ e batu cakkitiingu nguu e nder Diine Laamɗo, ko ɓuri heewde e Gure Laamɗoyaŋkooje Limɗe ɗee, ko leyɗeele laamɓe njiimi ɗum en ; terɗe eklesiyaaji ɗee sekulaarisaama, njippinaama. E hitaande 1806, Imperium fusi; Farayse, Riisi, Prusse, e Habsburg (Otiris) ina kaɓa ngam heɓde njiimaandi e nder leyɗeele Almaañ e nder wolde Napoleyoŋ.[49]

Konfederaasiyoŋ e Laamaandi Almaañ

Caggal nde Napoleyoŋ yani, Kongres Vienne sosi Konfederaasiyoŋ Almaañ, woni fedde loownde, nde 39 dowla jom en jawdi en. Toɗɗagol laamɗo leydi Otiris ngam wonde hooreejo leydi duumotooɗo, ina hollita salagol Kongres e ɓeydagol semmbe Prusse. Luural nder politik restoraasiyoŋ waɗii heen geɗal ummoraade e dille liberal, rewi heen ko peeje kese ngam ustude doole leydi Otiris biyeteeɗo Klemens von Metternich.[50][51] Zollverein, dental tariif, ɓeydi ngootaagu faggudu.[52] E nder lewru dille rewolison e nder Yuroopu, annduɓe e yimɓe heewɓe puɗɗii rewolison 1848 e nder dowlaaji Almaañ, ɗum addani naamnal Almaañ. Laamɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick William IV mo Prusse rokkaama tiitoonde laamɗo, kono o woppii laamu ; o salii kuɗol ngol e doosgal leydi ndi o ƴetti, ko ɗum huunde nde dillere ndee jokki.[53]

Laamɗo Wiliyam I toɗɗii Otto von Bismarck yo won jaagorde hooreejo leydi Prusse e hitaande 1862. Bismarck dañii nafoore e joofnirde wolde mum e Danemark e hitaande 1864 ; nafoore Prusse keɓtinaande caggal ɗuum e wolde Otiris-Prusse e hitaande 1866 addani mo sosde Fedde Almaañ worgo nde yaltini Otiris. Caggal nde Farayse fooli e wolde Farayse e Prusse, laamɓe Almaañ bayyini sosde Laamaandi Almaañ e hitaande 1871. Prusse woni leydi ɓurndi heewde doole e nder laamu kesu nguu ; laamɗo Prusse laamii ko Kaiser mum, Berlin wonti laamorgo mum.[54][55]

E jamaanu Gründerzeit caggal dental Almaañ, politik caggal leydi Bismarck, hono kanselor Almaañ, heɓtini darnde Almaañ e nder leydi mawndi, e waɗde jokkondire e rewrude e hare.[55] Kono, e laamu Wilhelm II, Almaañ ƴetti laawol imperiyaalisma, ɗum addani ɗum luural e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[56] Fedde ɗiɗmere sosaa e laamu leyɗeele keewɗe hono Otiris-Hongiri ; kawtal tatiwal 1882 ina jeyaa heen leydi Itali. Angalteer, Farayse e Riisi kadi mbaɗii nanondiral ngam reende Habsburg e naatgol nafooje Riisi e nder Balkan en walla naatgol Almaañ e Farayse.[57] E nder batu Berlin e hitaande 1884, Almaañ ƴetti koloniiji keewɗi ina jeyaa heen Almaañ Afrik Fuɗnaange, Almaañ Afrik Fuɗnaange-rewo, Togoland, e Kamerun.[58] Caggal mum, Almaañ ɓeydii yaajtinde laamu mum koloñaal haa arti e jeyi mum e nder Pasifik e Siin.[59] Laamu koloñaal to Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde oo), tuggi 1904 haa 1907, waɗii halkaare leƴƴi Herero e Namaqua nokkuuji ɗii ngam ñaawde ummital;[60][61] ko ɗum woni warngooji gadani e teeminannde 20ɓiire. [61]

Warngo laamɗo leydi Otiris ñalnde 28 lewru nduu hitaande 1914, addani Otiris-Hongiri daliilu ngam haɓde e Serbi e fuɗɗoraade wolde adunaare adannde kaɓɓugo. E nder wolde Almaañ (Noowammbar 1918), Wilhelm II e laamɓe laamɓe ɓee ndokki laamu mum en, Almaañ bayyinaa ko leydi fedde. Ardorde Almaañ hesere ndee siifondiri nanondiral Versailles e hitaande 1919, jaɓi foolde leyɗeele dentuɗe ɗee. Almaañnaaɓe njiyri nanondiral ngal ko huunde hersiniinde, nde daartiyankooɓe njiyri ɗum ko no huunde tiiɗnde e ummital Adolf Hitler.[63] Almaañ majjii fotde 13% e leydi mum Yuroopu, o woppi denndaangal jawdi makko koloñaal e nder Afrik e Pasifik.[64]

Ndenndaandi Weimar e Almaañ Nazi

Ñalnde 11 lewru bowte hitaande 1919, hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Friedrich Ebert, siifondiri e doosɗe leydi Weimar ɗe demokaraasi.[65] E nder hare laamu caggal ɗuum, kominist en keɓti laamu to Bavaria, kono geɗe konservatiif en nokkuuji goɗɗi etinooma liɓde Republique e nder Kapp Putsch. Hareeji laabi e nder nokkuuji gollorɗi mawɗi, konu Belsik e Farayse keɓti Ruhr, e yonta hiperinflation rewi heen. Feere ƴellitgol ñamaale e sosde kaalis keso e hitaande 1924, ɗum addani duuɓi capanɗe jeegom (20) kaŋŋe, yonta kesam-hesaagu naalankaagal e nguurndam pinal rimɗuɗam.[66][67][68]

Depression mawɗo winndereejo yani e Almaañ e hitaande 1929. Laamu kanselor Heinrich Brüning jokki politik ustude kaalis e deflation ko ɗum addani ŋakkeende golle fotde 30% e hitaande 1932.[69] Lannda Nazi en e gardagol Adolf Hitler wonti lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Reichstag caggal wooteeji keewɗi e hitaande 1932 e Hindenburg toɗɗii Hitler hooreejo leydi Almaañ ñalnde 30 lewru Yarkomaa 1933.[70] Caggal yiite Reichstag, yamiroore itti hakkeeji siwil ɓurɗi teeŋtude, kaso Nazi en gadano udditaa.[71][72] Ñalnde 23 marse 1933, sariya baawɗo rokkude Hitler doole sariya ɗe ngalaa keerol, o doolni doosgal leydi,[73] , ɗum woni fuɗɗoode Almaañ Nazi laamu makko sosi dowla totalitaire centralisé, o yalti e Société des Nations, o ɓeydi heen no feewi kaɓirɗe leydi ndii.[74] Porogaram mo laamu nguu walli ngam hesɗitinde faggudu, ko ɓuri heewde e golle renndo, ɓurɗo lollude heen ko Autobahn.[75]

E hitaande 1935, laamu nguu yalti e nanondiral Versailles, o waɗti sariyaaji Nuremberg ɗi njiylotonoo ko yahuud en e leƴƴi pamari goɗɗi.[76] Almaañ kadi heɓti leydi Saarland e hitaande 1935,[77] artiri konu leydi Rheinland e hitaande 1936, heɓti Otiris e hitaande 1938, heɓti Sudetenland e hitaande 1938 e nanondiral Munich, e nder luural nanondiral ngal heɓti Cekoslowaki e hitaande Marse19]. Kristallnacht (Jemma Gilaas ɓuuɓɗo) yi’i ɓuuɓri juulirɗe, halkaare njulaagu yahuud en, e nanngugol yimɓe yahuud en heewɓe.[79]

E lewru ut 1939, laamu Hitler kaaldi e nanondiral Molotov-Ribbentrop ngal fecci Fuɗnaange Yuroopu e nokkuuji doole Almaañ e Sowiyet.[80] Ñalnde 1 suwee 1939, Almaañ yani e leydi Poloñ, fuɗɗii wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere to Yuroopu;[81] Angalteer e Farayse bayyini wolde Almaañ ñalnde 3 suwee.[82] E ndunngu 1940, Almaañ heɓti Danemark e Norwees, Pays-Bas, Belsik, Luxembourg e Farayse, addani laamu Farayse siynude nanondiral darnugol konu. Angalteer riiwti njanguuji weeyo Almaañ e wolde Angalteer e hitaande ndee tan. E hitaande 1941, konu Almaañ yani e Yugoslawi, Geres e Dental Sowiyet. E hitaande 1942, Almaañ e wondiiɓe mum ina njogii ko ɓuri heewde e duunde Yuroopu e Afrik worgo, kono caggal nde Sowiyet en keɓi nafoore e wolde Stalingrad, nde leyɗeele dentuɗe ɗee keɓti Afrik worgo e njiimaandi Itali e hitaande 1943, konu Almaañ heɓi foolde konu keewnde. E hitaande 1944, Sowiyet en ndartini Yuroopu fuɗnaange ; sehilaaɓe hirnaange njippii e Farayse, naati Almaañ hay so tawii Almaañ ina jokki e hare mum en. Caggal nde Hitler wari hoore mum e wolde Berlin, Almaañ siifondirii kaayitaaji mum ñalnde 8 mee 1945, ɗum joofni wolde adunaare ɗimmere to Yuroopu[81][83] e Almaañ Nazi. Caggal nde wolde ndee joofi, ardiiɓe Nazi en wuurɓe ɓee ñaawaama sabu bonanndeeji wolde to ñaawirɗe Nuremberg.[84][85]

E nder ko anndiraa caggal ɗuum Holocaust, laamu Almaañ tooñii yimɓe tokosɓe, haa arti noon e waɗde ɗum en e nder kasoo e nder Yuroopu kala. Laamu nguu warii e nder njuɓɓudi miliyoŋaaji 6 yahuud en, ko famɗi fof 130 000 Romanaaɓe, 275 000 ŋakkiraaɓe, ujunnaaje ujunnaaje Seedeeji Yeehova, ujunnaaje ujunnaaje jom en hakkillaaji en, e teemedde ujunnaaje luutndiiɓe politik e diine.[86] Politik Nazi en e nder leyɗeele ɗe Almaañ joginoo, waɗii maayde ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2,7 Poloñ,[87] miliyoŋaaji 1,3 Ukraninaaɓe, miliyoŋaaji 1 Belarusnaaɓe e miliyoŋaaji 3,5 Sowiyet en nanngaaɓe e konu.[88][84] Konu Almaañ ina limtee e miliyoŋaaji 5,3 neɗɗo,[89] e ko ina tolnoo e 900 000 siwil Almaañ maayi heen.[90] Hedde miliyoŋaaji 12 leñol Almaañ riiwaama e Fuɗnaange Yuroopu, Almaañ majjii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e leydi mum ko adii wolde.