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Miklós Király

Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Department of Private International Law and European Economic Law, Faculty Member

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Miklós Király is full professor and former dean of the Faculty of Law, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest. He is Head of the Department of Private International Law and European Economic Law and Director of ELTE Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence. His research focuses on the interface between harmonisation of substantive law and conflict of laws.
He was senior counsel at the Prime Minister's Office (1990-1992), member of the Board of State Property Agency (1992-1994) and adviser on EU law at the Ministry of Social and Family Affairs (1998-2001). He served as adviser of the President of the Republic of Hungary (2002-2005) and as member of the UNIDROIT Governing Council (2014-2018).
Phone: +36 1 411 6527
Address: 1053 Budapest, Egyetem tér 1-3., Hungary

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Michel Erpelding

Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory

Dariusz Szostek

University of Silesia in Katowice

Rafał Skibicki

Uniwersytet Wrocławski

Christophe Wampach

UCLouvain (University of Louvain)

Mateusz Piątkowski

University of Lodz, Poland

Santiago Oñate

Boudewijn Bouckaert

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Papers by Miklós Király

Is it an International Contract?

Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law , 2024

The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the inte... more The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the international character of a legal relationship. This is also the case with international conventions and other instruments aimed at unifying conflict of laws. However, it is not easy to determine which
factors give rise to an international situation. The legal literature has been wrestling with this question for decades. This paper compares the different documents designating the applicable law for international sales and contracts from this perspective. This comparative analysis stretches from the1955 Hague Convention to the 2015 Hague Principles to demonstrate the different approaches. The second part of the study focuses on the partly related problem of universal application. The author
concludes that the diverging solutions of domestic conflict of laws infiltrate the norms of uniform conflict of laws instruments in the first area under examination. However, the need for universal application is generally accepted in relation to conflict of laws instruments.

The Concept of International Sales in Uniform Law Instruments

European review of private law, May 1, 2024

Competing Methods and Norms in the Regulation of International Sales

SUBB Iurisprudentia nr. 4/2023, 2023

The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in t... more The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in the field of international sales law. It starts by asking whether the instruments of uniform substantive contract law can fully replace the rules of private international law, as well as if different periods be distinguished: can it be said that, at first, private international law played the decisive role in the settlement of international commercial disputes, followed by the law of traders, the Lex Mercatoria, and then by uniform norms of substantive law? Or is the relationship more sophisticated, because different gates open between the instruments of substantive law and conflict of laws? Can private international law eventually play a role in determining the application of substantive law conventions or in filling gaps in the uniform law? In the second part of the paper, several examples demonstrate that the unification of substantive law and private international law does not exclude or make each other superfluous; they live in a multifaceted relationship, besides competing as part of their long-lasting coexistence.

INTERNATIONAL SALES LAW AND ITS INTERPRETATION

Russian Law Journal , 2024

The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and ... more The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and contracts, to give an overview of the methods elaborated to interpret them. Have uniform law instruments hammered out a common solution for their interpretation? They have gradually confronted with the problem of interpretation and developed the rules governing interpretation, moving away from the definition of the content of some specific legal concepts towards abstract principles of construction, such as the international character of the instrument. The most influential in this area has been the regulatory approach of the Vienna Sales Convention. However, there are still distinctions in relation to the possible role of private international law (conflict of laws), more precisely the role of the national law designated by private international law, in filling loopholes.

The Concept of International Sales in Uniform Law Instruments - Abstract

ERPL, 2024

Deciding whether a contract of sale is an international transaction or not and according to which... more Deciding whether a contract of sale is an international transaction or not and according to which criteria is an inescapable task, not only for private international law (PIL) but also for the instruments aiming to create uniform substantive contract law. The paper reviews the different solutions from the 1930s to the development of the last decades, from the first drafts of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law ('UNIDROIT') on international sales to the Draft Common European Sales Law. Of course, the Vienna Sales Convention ('CISG'), as a successful international instrument, is also given special emphasis in this comparative and historical analysis. Although during the past century of unification, the definition of international character became clearer and simpler, much however depends on how broadly or narrowly legislators wish to define the scope of the uniform substantive law to facilitate the acceptance and ratification of an international convention. A further specific question is whether uniform law should apply to all international sales (universal application) or only to international transactions linked to Contracting States. The paper also analyses the different positions on this issue.

§ 38 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA)

Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks, 2022

Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks sc... more Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks schufen die Auflösung der staatlichen Planwirtschaft, des Rates für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe (RGW) und des Warschauer Paktes neue politische und wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen. Während der einschneidenden Veränderungen zwischen 1989 und 1991 entstand ein Vakuum an institutionalisierten Beziehungen zwischen den mittel-und osteuropäischen Ländern (MO-ELs). Die Handelsintensität sank in diesen Ländern infolgedessen dramatisch, bis sie 1992 ihren Tiefpunkt erreichte. 1 Getragen von der Hoffnung, schon in relativ kurzer Zeit an der europäischen Integration teilnehmen zu können, bestand das politische und wirtschaftliche Hauptanliegen der MO-ELs darin, eine gute Anbindung an die Europäische Union aufzubauen und zu stärken. Gleichzeitig sprachen auch gute Argumente für den Erhalt zumindest einiger Elemente der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit in diesem Teil Europas. Die Idee gegenseitiger Zusammenarbeit und die Wiederherstellung regionaler Handelsströme wurden auch von der Europäischen Gemeinschaft unterstützt. In Gang gesetzt wurde der erneute politische und wirtschaftliche Integrationsprozess im Jahr 1991 durch die Initiative des damaligen ungarischen Premierministers József Antall zur Bildung der Visegrád-Gruppe durch Polen, die Tschechoslowakei und Ungarn. Im Jahre 1992 wurde die gegenseitige wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit in Mitteleuropa durch das zwischen eben diesen Ländern geschlossene, sogenannte Krakauer Abkommen 2-offiziell Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen genannt (Central European Free Trade Agreement, im Folgenden: CEFTA 1992)-wiederbegründet. Infolge der Auflösung der ehemaligen Tschechoslowakei zum 31.12.1992 erhöhte sich die Zahl der Gründungsmitglieder kurz darauf auf nunmehr vier: Polen, die Slowakei, Tschechien und Ungarn. Die Europa-Abkommen, welche die Europäische Gemeinschaft und ihre Mitgliedstaaten mit den MOELs zu dieser Zeit abschlossen, 3 waren in ihrem Regelungsbereich vergleichsweise breiter angelegt wie auch hinsichtlich der Ziele ambitionierter gefasst als das CEFTA 1992. So regelten sie neben dem Freiverkehr von Waren auch jenen von Dienstleistungen, die Freizügigkeit von Arbeitnehmern, die Niederlassungsfreiheit, Fragen der Rechtsangleichung und sogar eine Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der Kultur. 4 Die Umsetzung der Europa-Abkommen hatte damit einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Mitteleuropa und beeinflusste folglich auch das Funktionieren und die Entwicklung der CEFTA. A. I.

From the Treaty of Rome to the Rome Declaration

Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Dec 1, 2018

Hartkamp / M. Hesselink / E. Hondius / C. Joustra / E. du Perron / M. Veldman (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Third Fully Revised and Expanded Edition, Ars Aequi Libri - Nijmegen ISBN 90 6916 494 9 (HB), Kluwer Law International ISBN 90 411 2280 X (HB), 2004, pp. xvi + 847

Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2005

Brigitta Lurger, Grundfragen der Vereinheitlichung des Vertragsrechts in der Europaischen Union, Springer, Wien / New York, 2002, pp. 599, ISBN 3-211-83774-4

Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2003

Back to the Future: Ferenc Mádl, The Law of the European Economic Community (1974)

Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Nov 1, 2021

The UNIDROIT Principles as Reference for the Uniform Interpretation of National Laws: Report on Hungarian Law

Springer eBooks, Nov 4, 2020

Farewell to Professor Attila Harmathy (1937–2022)

ELTE law journal /, 2022

Is Hungary prepared for the accession to the European Cummunity

A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Ki... more A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the European Communities as well as the Agreement on the European Economic Area and the Europe Agreement between the European Communities and its Membei States and the Hungarian Republic) * The study is part of a more comprehensive research supported by PHARE Program. (The usage of the term "European Community" is still justified in this context by Article G (1) of the Treaty on European Union).

§ 27 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA)

A. Hartkamp, M. Hesselink, E. Hondius, C. Joustra, E. Du Perron (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Second Revised and Expanded Edition, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 1998, p. 652, ISBN 90 411 10313

Uniform Law Review, Dec 1, 1998

O. Lando /H. Beale (eds.), Principles of European Contract Law, Parts I and II (Combined and Revised), prepared by the Commission of European Contract Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/London/Boston, 2000, pp. 561, ISBN 90 411 1305 3

Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2000

A framework for European private international law: current gaps and future perspectives

Some characteristics of the approximation of laws in Hungary

SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE -AND THE INTERNATIONAL UNIFICATION OF SALES LAW

AUC IURIDICA, 2/2023, 2023

Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of co... more Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of contract law to regulate the entitlement to performance in kind, but there is still no generally accepted solution. The Vienna Sales Convention, like its predecessors, resolves the question by a quasi-conflict of laws rule, essentially making the award of specific performance dependent upon the law of the forum, thereby undermining the results of unification. Other sources, such as the UNIDROIT Principles, provide autonomous rules that specify in detail the conditions under which it may be claimed. The Draft Common European Sales Law, continues to attach primary importance to the provision of performance in kind, obviously also bearing in mind the interests of consumers.

A Daily Mailtől az Inspire Artig

Is it an International Contract?

Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law , 2024

The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the inte... more The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the international character of a legal relationship. This is also the case with international conventions and other instruments aimed at unifying conflict of laws. However, it is not easy to determine which
factors give rise to an international situation. The legal literature has been wrestling with this question for decades. This paper compares the different documents designating the applicable law for international sales and contracts from this perspective. This comparative analysis stretches from the1955 Hague Convention to the 2015 Hague Principles to demonstrate the different approaches. The second part of the study focuses on the partly related problem of universal application. The author
concludes that the diverging solutions of domestic conflict of laws infiltrate the norms of uniform conflict of laws instruments in the first area under examination. However, the need for universal application is generally accepted in relation to conflict of laws instruments.

The Concept of International Sales in Uniform Law Instruments

European review of private law, May 1, 2024

Competing Methods and Norms in the Regulation of International Sales

SUBB Iurisprudentia nr. 4/2023, 2023

The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in t... more The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in the field of international sales law. It starts by asking whether the instruments of uniform substantive contract law can fully replace the rules of private international law, as well as if different periods be distinguished: can it be said that, at first, private international law played the decisive role in the settlement of international commercial disputes, followed by the law of traders, the Lex Mercatoria, and then by uniform norms of substantive law? Or is the relationship more sophisticated, because different gates open between the instruments of substantive law and conflict of laws? Can private international law eventually play a role in determining the application of substantive law conventions or in filling gaps in the uniform law? In the second part of the paper, several examples demonstrate that the unification of substantive law and private international law does not exclude or make each other superfluous; they live in a multifaceted relationship, besides competing as part of their long-lasting coexistence.

INTERNATIONAL SALES LAW AND ITS INTERPRETATION

Russian Law Journal , 2024

The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and ... more The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and contracts, to give an overview of the methods elaborated to interpret them. Have uniform law instruments hammered out a common solution for their interpretation? They have gradually confronted with the problem of interpretation and developed the rules governing interpretation, moving away from the definition of the content of some specific legal concepts towards abstract principles of construction, such as the international character of the instrument. The most influential in this area has been the regulatory approach of the Vienna Sales Convention. However, there are still distinctions in relation to the possible role of private international law (conflict of laws), more precisely the role of the national law designated by private international law, in filling loopholes.

The Concept of International Sales in Uniform Law Instruments - Abstract

ERPL, 2024

Deciding whether a contract of sale is an international transaction or not and according to which... more Deciding whether a contract of sale is an international transaction or not and according to which criteria is an inescapable task, not only for private international law (PIL) but also for the instruments aiming to create uniform substantive contract law. The paper reviews the different solutions from the 1930s to the development of the last decades, from the first drafts of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law ('UNIDROIT') on international sales to the Draft Common European Sales Law. Of course, the Vienna Sales Convention ('CISG'), as a successful international instrument, is also given special emphasis in this comparative and historical analysis. Although during the past century of unification, the definition of international character became clearer and simpler, much however depends on how broadly or narrowly legislators wish to define the scope of the uniform substantive law to facilitate the acceptance and ratification of an international convention. A further specific question is whether uniform law should apply to all international sales (universal application) or only to international transactions linked to Contracting States. The paper also analyses the different positions on this issue.

§ 38 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA)

Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks, 2022

Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks sc... more Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks schufen die Auflösung der staatlichen Planwirtschaft, des Rates für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe (RGW) und des Warschauer Paktes neue politische und wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen. Während der einschneidenden Veränderungen zwischen 1989 und 1991 entstand ein Vakuum an institutionalisierten Beziehungen zwischen den mittel-und osteuropäischen Ländern (MO-ELs). Die Handelsintensität sank in diesen Ländern infolgedessen dramatisch, bis sie 1992 ihren Tiefpunkt erreichte. 1 Getragen von der Hoffnung, schon in relativ kurzer Zeit an der europäischen Integration teilnehmen zu können, bestand das politische und wirtschaftliche Hauptanliegen der MO-ELs darin, eine gute Anbindung an die Europäische Union aufzubauen und zu stärken. Gleichzeitig sprachen auch gute Argumente für den Erhalt zumindest einiger Elemente der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit in diesem Teil Europas. Die Idee gegenseitiger Zusammenarbeit und die Wiederherstellung regionaler Handelsströme wurden auch von der Europäischen Gemeinschaft unterstützt. In Gang gesetzt wurde der erneute politische und wirtschaftliche Integrationsprozess im Jahr 1991 durch die Initiative des damaligen ungarischen Premierministers József Antall zur Bildung der Visegrád-Gruppe durch Polen, die Tschechoslowakei und Ungarn. Im Jahre 1992 wurde die gegenseitige wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit in Mitteleuropa durch das zwischen eben diesen Ländern geschlossene, sogenannte Krakauer Abkommen 2-offiziell Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen genannt (Central European Free Trade Agreement, im Folgenden: CEFTA 1992)-wiederbegründet. Infolge der Auflösung der ehemaligen Tschechoslowakei zum 31.12.1992 erhöhte sich die Zahl der Gründungsmitglieder kurz darauf auf nunmehr vier: Polen, die Slowakei, Tschechien und Ungarn. Die Europa-Abkommen, welche die Europäische Gemeinschaft und ihre Mitgliedstaaten mit den MOELs zu dieser Zeit abschlossen, 3 waren in ihrem Regelungsbereich vergleichsweise breiter angelegt wie auch hinsichtlich der Ziele ambitionierter gefasst als das CEFTA 1992. So regelten sie neben dem Freiverkehr von Waren auch jenen von Dienstleistungen, die Freizügigkeit von Arbeitnehmern, die Niederlassungsfreiheit, Fragen der Rechtsangleichung und sogar eine Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der Kultur. 4 Die Umsetzung der Europa-Abkommen hatte damit einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Mitteleuropa und beeinflusste folglich auch das Funktionieren und die Entwicklung der CEFTA. A. I.

From the Treaty of Rome to the Rome Declaration

Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Dec 1, 2018

Hartkamp / M. Hesselink / E. Hondius / C. Joustra / E. du Perron / M. Veldman (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Third Fully Revised and Expanded Edition, Ars Aequi Libri - Nijmegen ISBN 90 6916 494 9 (HB), Kluwer Law International ISBN 90 411 2280 X (HB), 2004, pp. xvi + 847

Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2005

Brigitta Lurger, Grundfragen der Vereinheitlichung des Vertragsrechts in der Europaischen Union, Springer, Wien / New York, 2002, pp. 599, ISBN 3-211-83774-4

Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2003

Back to the Future: Ferenc Mádl, The Law of the European Economic Community (1974)

Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Nov 1, 2021

The UNIDROIT Principles as Reference for the Uniform Interpretation of National Laws: Report on Hungarian Law

Springer eBooks, Nov 4, 2020

Farewell to Professor Attila Harmathy (1937–2022)

ELTE law journal /, 2022

Is Hungary prepared for the accession to the European Cummunity

A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Ki... more A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the European Communities as well as the Agreement on the European Economic Area and the Europe Agreement between the European Communities and its Membei States and the Hungarian Republic) * The study is part of a more comprehensive research supported by PHARE Program. (The usage of the term "European Community" is still justified in this context by Article G (1) of the Treaty on European Union).

§ 27 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA)

A. Hartkamp, M. Hesselink, E. Hondius, C. Joustra, E. Du Perron (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Second Revised and Expanded Edition, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 1998, p. 652, ISBN 90 411 10313

Uniform Law Review, Dec 1, 1998

O. Lando /H. Beale (eds.), Principles of European Contract Law, Parts I and II (Combined and Revised), prepared by the Commission of European Contract Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/London/Boston, 2000, pp. 561, ISBN 90 411 1305 3

Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2000

A framework for European private international law: current gaps and future perspectives

Some characteristics of the approximation of laws in Hungary

SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE -AND THE INTERNATIONAL UNIFICATION OF SALES LAW

AUC IURIDICA, 2/2023, 2023

Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of co... more Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of contract law to regulate the entitlement to performance in kind, but there is still no generally accepted solution. The Vienna Sales Convention, like its predecessors, resolves the question by a quasi-conflict of laws rule, essentially making the award of specific performance dependent upon the law of the forum, thereby undermining the results of unification. Other sources, such as the UNIDROIT Principles, provide autonomous rules that specify in detail the conditions under which it may be claimed. The Draft Common European Sales Law, continues to attach primary importance to the provision of performance in kind, obviously also bearing in mind the interests of consumers.

A Daily Mailtől az Inspire Artig

Perspectives_of_Unification_of_PIL_in_th.pdf

by Miklós Király and Réka Somssich

Miklós Király Unity and Diversity: The Cultural Effects of the Law of the European Union