This paper focuses on the post-lexical tonal properties in Thadou and Mizo, the two Kuki Chin languages spoken in NorthEast India, and tries to typologize them based on the interaction of phonetic and phonological modules in the grammar of these languages. The paper investigates the different downtrending phenomenon like the declination, downdrift and downstep and accounts how the pitch is realized differently in each of these languages. The study reveals that the gradient implementation of certain phenomena in the phonetic component may be severely constrained by the nature of the lexical and post-lexical phonological component in a language. The results of this investigation thus reveal two varied types of post-lexical tones among the Kuki-Chin group of languages.

Abstract:
This article assesses Francis Whyte Ellis's (1777-1819) “Note to the Introduction“ to Alexander Duncan Campbell's (1789-1857) Grammar of the Teloogoo Language (1816) in the context of the history of comparative linguistics in India. The idea of a 'South Indian family of languages', later named 'Dravidian' by Robert Caldwell in 1856, was first proposed by Ellis in 1816, and so a case could be made to claim for him the beginnings of a comparative methodology in the study of Dravidian languages. Until now, in the history of comparative Dravidian linguistics Caldwell (1814-1891) has been celebrated as the pioneer in this field. The present study attempts to establish Ellis's rightful place in this history by critically evaluating his contribution. The careful examination of the data presented by Ellis indeed suggests that he should be regarded as the discoverer of the Dravidian family of languages well before Caldwell.

German
In diesem Beitrag geht es um Francis Whyte Ellis (1777-1819) und seine “Note to the Introduction” zur Grammar of the Teloogoo Language (1816) von Alexander Duncan Campbell (1789-1857)] sowie deren Beziehung zur Geschichte der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft in Indien. Die Idee einer 'Südindischen Sprachfamilie', 1856 von Robert Caldwell 'Dravidisch' genannt, war 1816 bereits von Ellis vorgeschlagen worden, dessen Studien daher mit Recht als Anfang der vergleichenden dravidischen Sprachwissenschaft angesehen werden können. Bislang wurde allerdings Caldwell (1814-1891) als ihr Begründer genannt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung unternimmt den Versuch, Ellis wohlverdienten Platz in dieser Geschichte durch eine genaue Sichtung seines wissenschaftlichen Beitrages darzulegen. Eine Analyse seiner Schriften legt es in der Tat nahe, ihn und nicht Caldwell als den Entdecker der dravidischen Sprachfamilie anzusehen.

French
Dans cet article on évalue la “Note introductoire” qu'a écrite Francis Whyte Ellis (1777-1819) pour l'ouvrage d'Alexander Ducan Campbell (1789-1857), Grammar of the Teloogoo Language (1816): évaluation qui prend pour cadre l'histoire de la grammaire comparée en Inde. C'est Ellis qui, le premier, a proposé l'idée d'une 'famille linguistique de l'Inde méridionale', que Caldwell appellera plus tard 'Dravidienne' (en 1856): on pourrait donc soutenir qu'Ellis serait le véritable initiateur d'une méthode comparée appliquée aux langues dravidiennes. Jusqu'à présent c'est Caldwell (1814-1891) qui, dans l'histoire de la linguistique comparée des langues dravidennes, a eu le statut de fondateur de ce domaine. Cette étude cherche à rendre à Ellis sa juste place dans cette histoire au moyen d'une évaluation critique de ce qu'il a produit. En examinant de près les données offertes par Ellis, il semble bien qu'il faille voir en lui celui qui, bien avant Caldwell, a découvert la famille des langues dravidiennes.

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Telugu and Malayalam are distinct languages belong to two separate            sub-branches of Dravidian family of languages. In spite of the historical and geographical distance, there exists a number of considerably relevant commonness among Telugu and Malayalam. In this paper it is argued that this commonness is resulted by the contact of these languages with Sanskrit. This contact is further conceptualized as Sanskrit superstratum and Sanskrit cosmopolitism. The former is variably affected Telugu and Malayalam since 11th BC (?) and 9th AD respectively to each. Consequently, this contact made an uneven result in Telugu and Malayalam even with large amount commonness. The later, Sanskrit cosmopolitism facilitated the emergence of grammatical tradition in these two languages. Based on the discussion the paper concludes that Sanskrit superstratum and Sanskrit cosmopolitanism considerably neutralized the divergence of Telugu and Malayalam. Therefore, neutralization of divergence of languages by Sanskrit is proposed as one of a convergence feature in Indian linguistic area.

Based on the principles of distributive justice an economic agenda is proposed in this paper for the development of Malayalam. The emerging debate about the economics of language and the crisis of Kerala Model of Development (henceforth: KMD) is the context of the discussion. The basic premise of the agenda is developed by three steps. Firstly, a historical review is made based on the development Malayalam in relation to KMD. A positive correlation is proved between KMD and the development of Malayalam. Egalitarian land reform, mass literacy, public library movements, and literary public sphere are the four components contributed for the development of Malayalam. A Kerala Model of Language Development (KMLD) is conceptualized based on these components. Secondly, the KMLD is contextualized within the crisis of KMD in general and the impact of globalization on Malayalam in particular. A critical review of the crisis of each component of KMLD is made based on the economic perspectives of language. None of the components in KMLD today shows positive correlation with Malayalam except the literary public sphere. It indicates that KMLD is in an economic crisis and Malayalam is not rewarded by the economy. Therefore, in economic terms and based on the theory of distributive linguistic justice an economic agenda is put forwarded for the future development of KMLD. Primarily, increase of public investment for the development of Malayalam is proposed as a practical step. Based on same the philosophy of environmental impact taxation, language taxation to the beneficiaries of language choice and shift is presented as the practical solution for the mobilization or resource for investment.

Unit 1: Language Technology: Definitions of language technology, charecterstics of speech and limitations, use of time and space in speech, tool, technique and technology, human species specificity of language technology, writing and modern linguistics.