Papers by Oumy Thiongane
Global Vaccine Logics, 2024
Medical anthropologists have long located their work at sites of illness,
sickness, and disease, ... more Medical anthropologists have long located their work at sites of illness,
sickness, and disease, where people and their kin experience physical
and highly emotional states of discomfort brought on by social, political,
biological and environmental happenings. The collected papers in this
Anthropologica thematic edition focus on how powerful global assemblages
and political economies affect vaccine development, manufacture, regulation,
and distribution in early twenty-first-century neoliberal technoscience and
post-colonial cultures. This volume expands the social science scholarship
on vaccines beyond ethnographic contributions to clinical studies of their
pharmacological protective and therapeutic implications to reveal the global
logics of vaccine making.
Lancet Global Health, 2023
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the need for better global governance of pandemic prevention, pre... more The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the need for better global governance of pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response (PPR) and has emphasised the importance of organised knowledge production and uptake. In this Health Policy, we assess the potential values and risks of establishing an Intergovernmental Panel for One Health (IPOH). Similar to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, an IPOH would facilitate knowledge uptake in policy making via a multisectoral approach, and hence support the addressing of infectious disease emergence and re-emergence at the human-animal-environment interface. The potential benefits to pandemic PPR include a clear, unified, and authoritative voice from the scientific community, support to help donors and institutions to prioritise their investments, evidence-based policies for implementation, and guidance on defragmenting the global health system. Potential risks include a scope not encompassing all pandemic origins, unclear efficacy in fostering knowledge uptake by policy makers, potentially inadequate speed in facilitating response efforts, and coordination challenges among an already dense set of stakeholders. We recommend weighing these factors when designing institutional reforms for a more effective global health system.
Research Square (Research Square), Mar 8, 2023
Epidemic Intelligence (EI) encompasses all activities related to early identi cation, veri cation... more Epidemic Intelligence (EI) encompasses all activities related to early identi cation, veri cation, analysis, assessment, and investigation of health threats. It integrates an indicator-based (IBS) component using systematically collected surveillance data, and an event-based component (EBS), using non-o cial, non-veri ed, non-structured data from multiple sources. We described current EI practices in Europe by conducting a survey of national Public Health (PH) and Animal Health (AH) agencies. We included generic questions on the structure, mandate and scope of the institute, on the existence and coordination of EI activities, followed by a section where respondents provided a description of EI activities for three diseases out of seven disease models. Out of 81 gatekeeper agencies contacted, 34 agencies (42%) from 26 different countries responded, out of which, 32 conducted EI activities. Less than half (15/32; 47%) had teams dedicated to EI activities and 56% (18/34) had Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in place. On a national level, a combination of IBS and EBS was the most common data source. Most respondents monitored the epidemiological situation in bordering countries, the rest of Europe and the world. EI systems were heterogeneous across countries and diseases. National IBS activities strongly relied on mandatory laboratory-based surveillance systems. The collection, analysis and interpretation of IBS information was performed manually for most disease models. Depending on the disease, some respondents did not have any EBS activity. Most respondents conducted signal assessment manually through expert review. Cross-sectoral collaboration was heterogeneous. More than half of the responding institutes collaborated on various levels (data sharing, communication, etc.) with neighbouring countries and/or international structures, across most disease models. Our ndings emphasise a notable engagement in EI activities across PH and AH institutes of Europe, but opportunities exist for better integration, standardisation, and automatization of these efforts. A strong reliance on traditional IBS and laboratory-based surveillance systems, emphasises the key role of in-country laboratories networks. EI activities may bene t particularly from investments in crossborder collaboration, the development of methods that can automatise signal assessment in both IBS and EBS data, as well as further investments in the collection of EBS data beyond scienti c literature and mainstream media.
Canadian Journal of Public Health, 2020
This commentary draws on sub-Saharan African health researchers' accounts of their countries' res... more This commentary draws on sub-Saharan African health researchers' accounts of their countries' responses to control the spread of COVID-19, including social and health impacts, home-grown solutions, and gaps in knowledge. Limited human and material resources for infection control and lack of understanding or appreciation by the government of the realities of vulnerable populations have contributed to failed interventions to curb transmission, and further deepened inequalities. Some governments have adapted or limited lockdowns due to the negative impacts on livelihoods and taken specific measures to minimize the impact on the most vulnerable citizens. However, these measures may not reach the majority of the poor. Yet, African countries' responses to COVID-19 have also included a range of innovations, including diversification of local businesses to produce personal protective equipment, disinfectants, test kits, etc., which may expand domestic manufacturing capabilities and deepen self-reliance. African and high-income governments, donors, non-governmental organizations, and businesses should work to strengthen existing health system capacity and back African-led business. Social scientific understandings of public perceptions, their interactions with COVID-19 control measures, and studies on promising clinical interventions are needed. However, a decolonizing response to COVID-19 must include explicit and meaningful commitments to sharing the power-the authority and resources-to study and endorse solutions. Harriet Chemusto is deceased.
BMC Medical Ethics, 2021
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Health
A recent dengue vaccine has provoked serious reservations among the scientific community. In 2016... more A recent dengue vaccine has provoked serious reservations among the scientific community. In 2016, its implementation in the Philippines seems to (...)
Santé Publique, 2021
This contribution highlights the structural characteristic of vaccine access during epidemics tha... more This contribution highlights the structural characteristic of vaccine access during epidemics that give rise to a permanent narrative of exceptionality fueled by socio-political tensions. It starts from the observation of the recurrence of seasonal menin- gitis epidemics and questions the strategies put in place by public health stakeholders. It advocates the sovereign inclusion of preparedness in epidemic responses and an action plan to strengthen pharmaceutical capacities in the South. It would also be important to re-centralize the vaccination strategy within the prevention paradigm.
Medecine Anthropology Theory, 2021
Based on an analysis of the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP), a public-private partnership (PPP) ... more Based on an analysis of the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP), a public-private partnership (PPP) set up to introduce the MenAfriVac® vaccine in African countries, this Position Piece examines the failures of an accelerated disease control programme that targeted meningitis, a highly infectious disease. I argue that the integration of MenAfriVac into the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Programme on Immunisation had the effect of reinforcing inequalities in access, in particular during epidemic emergencies. I will also show how vaccine shortages during an outbreak in Niger led to political tensions and to the emergence of a parallel and unregulated 'black market' of vaccines.
BMC Medical Ethics, 2021
Background: Little is known about volunteers from Northern research settings who participate in v... more Background: Little is known about volunteers from Northern research settings who participate in vaccine trials of highly infectious diseases with no approved treatments. This article explores the motivations of HIV immunocompro-mised study participants in Canada who volunteered in a Phase II clinical trial that evaluated the safety and immuno-genicity of an Ebola vaccine candidate. Methods: Observation at the clinical study site and semi-structured interviews employing situational and discursive analysis were conducted with clinical trial participants and staff over one year. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using critical qualitative interpretivist thematic analytical techniques. Patterns were identified, clustered and sorted to generate distinct and comprehensive themes. We then reassembled events and contexts from the study participants' stories to develop two ideal portraits based on "composite characters" based on study participants features. These provide ethnographically rich details of participants' meaningful social worlds while protecting individual identities. Results: Ten of the 14 clinical trial participants, and 3 study staff were interviewed. Participant demographics and socioeconomic profiles expressed limited contextual diversity. Half were men who have sex with men, half were former injection drug users experiencing homelessness, one was female, none were racialized minorities and there were no people from HIV endemic countries. Fully 90% had previous involvement in other clinical studies. Their stories point to particular socioeconomic situations that motivated their participation as clinical labor through trial participation. Conclusions: Our findings support Fisher's argument of "structural coercion" in clinical trial recruitment of vulnerable individuals experiencing precarious living conditions. Clinical trials should provide more detail of the structural socioeconomic conditions and healthcare needs which lie "under consent" of study participants. Going well beyond an overly convenient narrative of altruism, ethical deliberation frameworks need to sufficiently address the structural conditions of clinical trials. We offer concrete possibilities for this and acknowledge that further research and clinical data should be made available underlying study participant contexts with regards to recruitment and participation in resource poor settings, in both the South and the North.
Anthropologie & Santé. Revue Internationale francophone d'anthropologie de la santé., 2020
Ma thèse sur les épidémies de méningite au Niger a interrogé la manière dont des phénomènes saiso... more Ma thèse sur les épidémies de méningite au Niger a interrogé la manière dont des phénomènes saisonniers sont devenus un problème récurrent régi par des acteurs de l’urgence. En plus d’ethnographier les épidémies, j’ai mené un travail archivistique entre Niamey, Bobo-Dioulasso, Marseille, Genève et Manchester. De fil en aiguille, la représentation spatiale d’une ceinture de la méningite allant du Sénégal à l’Éthiopie, décrite par le général Léon Lapeyssonnie – médecin des endémies, militaire, pastorien, épidémiologiste, diplomate, concepteur de seringue et romancier – m’avait intriguée. Je suis repartie quelques fois sur la piste de cet homme, attentive à ses omissions et rivalités avec les médecins britanniques dans les connaissances épidémiologiques. Je partage ici un bout du cheminement entrepris avec ma famille quatre ans après cette thèse, une veille de Noël, sur les pistes du Burkina Faso. Cet essai photographique est une contribution à l’étude des traces, ruines et infrastructures de santé issues de la période coloniale. Il participe d’un projet d’ouvrage sur les épidémies et leurs vaccins en Afrique.
Canadian Journal of Public Health, 2020
This commentary draws on sub-Saharan African health researchers’accounts of their countries’respo... more This commentary draws on sub-Saharan African health researchers’accounts of their countries’responses to control the spread of COVID-19, including social and health impacts, home-grown solutions, and gaps in knowledge. Limited human and material resources for infection control and lack of understanding or appreciation by the government of the realities of vulnerablepopulations have contributed to failed interventions to curb transmission, and further deepened inequalities. Some governments have adapted or limited lockdowns due to the negative impacts on livelihoods and taken specific measures to minimize the impacton the most vulnerable citizens. However, these measures may not reach the majority of the poor. Yet, African countries’responses to COVID-19 have also included a range of innovations, including diversification of local businesses to produce personal protective equipment, disinfectants, test kits, etc., which may expand domestic manufacturing capabilities and deepen self-reliance. African and high-income governments, donors, non-governmental organizations, and businesses should work tostrengthen existing health system capacity and back African-led business. Social scientific understandings of public perceptions,their interactions with COVID-19 control measures, and studies on promising clinical interventions are needed. However, a decolonizing response to COVID-19 must include explicit and meaningful commitments to sharing the power—the authority andresources—to study and endorse solutions.
Anthropologie et développement, 2017
s Français English Le projet Vaccins Méningite a permis à des millions d'Africains de disposer d'... more s Français English Le projet Vaccins Méningite a permis à des millions d'Africains de disposer d'un vaccin peu coûteux, le MenAfriVac®, grâce à un transfert de technologie. Les récits de la biomédecine en ont fait une histoire à succès, un mythe sociotechnique anonyme et collectif dans lequel le MenAfriVac® revêt une efficacité magique. Les promoteurs du vaccin ont choisi la rhétorique de l'élimination de la méningite par un vaccin, occultant un contexte épidémiologique plus complexe, notamment la persistance d'épidémies, docu-mentées et dues à des sérogroupes autres que ceux ciblés par le MenAfriVac®. Cette contribution a pour objectif d'analyser la construction du succès autour du vaccin et les paradoxes qui poussent à être prudent face aux initiatives de santé mondiale plébiscitant une solution universelle et expéditive par la technologie. Nous verrons que la solution par le vaccin repose sur des repré-sentations clés de ce qu'est un succès. Ensuite, la contribution souligne que le MenAfriVac® est révélateur d'un type de « solution globale » privilégiant un émiettement des priorités et une visée à court terme de la santé publique. In biomedical narratives, the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP) enabled the technology transfer for the development and implementation of MenAfriVac® vaccine at an affordable price for African countries. The presentation of MVP as a success story, however, may be more sociotechnical myth than fact. MenAfriVac® is far from being a " silver bullet ". While Lueurs et leurres de la santé globale
International Journal Of Infectious Diseases
Author : Lydiane Agier, Nadège Martiny, Oumy Thiongane, Judith E. Mueller, Juliette Paireau, Elea... more Author : Lydiane Agier, Nadège Martiny, Oumy Thiongane, Judith E. Mueller, Juliette Paireau, Eleanor R. Watkins2, Tom J. Irving, Thibaut Koutangni, Hélène Broutin
Objectives
: Neisseria meningitidis is the major cause of meningitis seasonal epidemics in the African meningitis belt. In the changing context of serogroup A incidence reduction and serogroups W and C and Streptococcus pneumoniae incidence increase, a better understanding of the determinants driving the disease transmission dynamics remains crucial to improve bacterial meningitis control.
Design and methods
: We searched the literature to provide a multi-disciplinary overview of the determinants of meningitis transmission dynamics in the African meningitis belt.
Results
: Seasonal hyperendemicity is likely predominantly caused by increased invasion rates, sporadic localized epidemics by increased transmission rates and larger pluri-annual epidemic waves by changing population immunity. Carriage likely involves competition for colonization and cross-immunity. The duration of immunity likely depends on the acquisition type. Major risk factors include dust and low humidity, and presumably human contacts rates and co-infections; social studies highlighted environmental and dietary factors, with supernatural explanations.
Conclusions
: Efforts should focus on implementing multi-countries, longitudinal seroprevalence and epidemiological studies, validating immune markers of protection and improving surveillance, including more systematic molecular characterizations of the bacteria. Integrating climate and social factors into disease control strategies represents a high priority for optimizing the public health response and anticipating the geographic evolution of the African meningitis belt.
Anthropologie et Santé, May 2012
Short Notes by Oumy Thiongane
The Conversation, 2021
La notion d'hésitation vaccinale structure aujourd'hui l'imaginaire de l'échec de la santé publiq... more La notion d'hésitation vaccinale structure aujourd'hui l'imaginaire de l'échec de la santé publique. Elle s'est même muée en un moteur des politiques de santé publique dans le domaine de la vaccination, sans que soient questionnés les enjeux politiques qui la sous-tendent. En focalisant l'attention sur des questions de confiance, d'anxiété, la notion d'hésitation vaccinale opère une dépolitisation de la vaccination, détournant l'attention sur des enjeux stratégiques. Ce constat est particulièrement vrai en Afrique, où l'on ne peut pas importer de facto les comportements occidentaux face à la vaccination. Le continent a une histoire à la fois distincte et spécifique avec les épidémies et les enjeux y sont largement différents.
La vie des idées , 2018
Un récent vaccin contre la dengue suscite d'importantes réserves de la part de la communauté scie... more Un récent vaccin contre la dengue suscite d'importantes réserves de la part de la communauté scientifique. Sa diffusion en 2016 aux Philippines semble répondre autant à des enjeux de santé publique qu'à des intérêts diplomatiques et commerciaux. De quoi alimenter encore la défiance vaccinale ? En octobre 2015, le colloque annuel de médecine tropicale du service de santé des armées de Marseille, à l'occasion des XIXes Actualités du Pharo, a dédié son thème à la vaccination dans les pays du Sud. Au troisième jour de conférence, dans l'hôpital de la Timone, plusieurs chercheurs ont été surpris par la présentation orale du Directeur de programme du vaccin contre la dengue à Sanofi Pasteur. Celui-ci présentait les 6 types de vaccins en développement contre la pathologie. En exposant les limites du Dengvaxia®, le candidat mis au point par Sanofi le plus avancé, qui devait obtenir deux mois plus tard sa licence en Asie du Sud-Est, s'est-il aperçu de la stupéfaction d'une partie de l'auditoire ? Un immunologiste à la retraite ayant travaillé dans l'un des plus grands groupes pharmaceutiques français se tourna vers ma collègue et s'exclama, surpris : « jamais je n'autoriserai un tel vaccin ! » La stratégie d'introduction du Dengvaxia® en Asie et en Amérique latine et de ciblage des enfants à partir de 9 ans était incompréhensible, face aux handicaps que semblait présenter ce vaccin. La dengue fait partie de la liste des maladies tropicales négligées arrêtée par l'OMS et ses partenaires. L'organisation estime qu'entre 50 et 100 millions d'infections surviennent annuellement 1. C'est un problème de santé publique notamment en Asie et en Amérique du Sud, à l'origine de 3 à 4 millions d'infections et de 9000 décès par an (WHO 2016). Les systèmes de surveillance de la dengue en Afrique sont encore récents et, dans certains pays 1 3,2 millions de cas ont été notifiés à l'OMS en 2015. Il y a deux types de chiffres disponibles pour la dengue, ceux issus des notifications des régions OMS, et ceux issus des modèles mathématiques, qui sont trois fois supérieurs.
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Papers by Oumy Thiongane
sickness, and disease, where people and their kin experience physical
and highly emotional states of discomfort brought on by social, political,
biological and environmental happenings. The collected papers in this
Anthropologica thematic edition focus on how powerful global assemblages
and political economies affect vaccine development, manufacture, regulation,
and distribution in early twenty-first-century neoliberal technoscience and
post-colonial cultures. This volume expands the social science scholarship
on vaccines beyond ethnographic contributions to clinical studies of their
pharmacological protective and therapeutic implications to reveal the global
logics of vaccine making.
Objectives
: Neisseria meningitidis is the major cause of meningitis seasonal epidemics in the African meningitis belt. In the changing context of serogroup A incidence reduction and serogroups W and C and Streptococcus pneumoniae incidence increase, a better understanding of the determinants driving the disease transmission dynamics remains crucial to improve bacterial meningitis control.
Design and methods
: We searched the literature to provide a multi-disciplinary overview of the determinants of meningitis transmission dynamics in the African meningitis belt.
Results
: Seasonal hyperendemicity is likely predominantly caused by increased invasion rates, sporadic localized epidemics by increased transmission rates and larger pluri-annual epidemic waves by changing population immunity. Carriage likely involves competition for colonization and cross-immunity. The duration of immunity likely depends on the acquisition type. Major risk factors include dust and low humidity, and presumably human contacts rates and co-infections; social studies highlighted environmental and dietary factors, with supernatural explanations.
Conclusions
: Efforts should focus on implementing multi-countries, longitudinal seroprevalence and epidemiological studies, validating immune markers of protection and improving surveillance, including more systematic molecular characterizations of the bacteria. Integrating climate and social factors into disease control strategies represents a high priority for optimizing the public health response and anticipating the geographic evolution of the African meningitis belt.
Short Notes by Oumy Thiongane
sickness, and disease, where people and their kin experience physical
and highly emotional states of discomfort brought on by social, political,
biological and environmental happenings. The collected papers in this
Anthropologica thematic edition focus on how powerful global assemblages
and political economies affect vaccine development, manufacture, regulation,
and distribution in early twenty-first-century neoliberal technoscience and
post-colonial cultures. This volume expands the social science scholarship
on vaccines beyond ethnographic contributions to clinical studies of their
pharmacological protective and therapeutic implications to reveal the global
logics of vaccine making.
Objectives
: Neisseria meningitidis is the major cause of meningitis seasonal epidemics in the African meningitis belt. In the changing context of serogroup A incidence reduction and serogroups W and C and Streptococcus pneumoniae incidence increase, a better understanding of the determinants driving the disease transmission dynamics remains crucial to improve bacterial meningitis control.
Design and methods
: We searched the literature to provide a multi-disciplinary overview of the determinants of meningitis transmission dynamics in the African meningitis belt.
Results
: Seasonal hyperendemicity is likely predominantly caused by increased invasion rates, sporadic localized epidemics by increased transmission rates and larger pluri-annual epidemic waves by changing population immunity. Carriage likely involves competition for colonization and cross-immunity. The duration of immunity likely depends on the acquisition type. Major risk factors include dust and low humidity, and presumably human contacts rates and co-infections; social studies highlighted environmental and dietary factors, with supernatural explanations.
Conclusions
: Efforts should focus on implementing multi-countries, longitudinal seroprevalence and epidemiological studies, validating immune markers of protection and improving surveillance, including more systematic molecular characterizations of the bacteria. Integrating climate and social factors into disease control strategies represents a high priority for optimizing the public health response and anticipating the geographic evolution of the African meningitis belt.
Le processus de globalisation de la santé et l’émergence des partenariats publics privés vont renforcer les dispositifs d’urgence, faisant de la vaccination une mise à l’épreuve continuelle de l’état nigérien. A l’échelle locale, le contrôle des épidémies en cours s’élabore à l’intersection entre conceptions culturelles de la maladie et du malheur et stratégies d’acteurs de la santé confrontés à la pénurie et aux problèmes structurels du système de santé.
Depuis près de quarante ans, ces épidémies sont jugulées par une réponse par la vaccination antiméningococcique, centrale dans la lutte contre la méningite à méningocoque. Au delà des problèmes politiques et économiques soulevés par une approche centrée sur la vaccination, le vaccin en tant que technique biomédicale est importante à réinterroger auprès des populations. En effet, au delà des connaissances populaires sur les maladies contre lesquelles les vaccins ont été élaborées, comment le vaccin est perçu dans les pays ?
Cette intervention propose d’axer l’analyse sur les perceptions liées à la méningite au Bénin, Niger et Sénégal et de voir quelles sont les connaissances liées au vaccin et quelle interpellation permet elle de soulever en direction des politiques de santé publique centrées sur la vaccination.
Les données qui seront présentées proviennent d’études de terrain entre 2009 et 2011 au Niger et d’analyses préliminaires au Bénin et au Sénégal où les études sont en cours.
La POS AntLut a pour objectif global d’identifier, de décrire et d’analyser les facteurs socio-culturels interférant, positivement ou négativement, avec le déploiement, l’usage et l’efficacité des stratégies nationales de lutte contre le paludisme. Elle a permis d’enquêter dans chaque zone d’études auprès de trois catégories d’acteurs sociaux : les populations, les soignants et les institutionnels. Elle repose sur des méthodes qualitatives empruntées à l’anthropologie : analyse situationnelle des sites, entretiens individuels semi-structurés, observations, capture d’images, recherche documentaire avec un traitement et une analyse reposant sur la transcription intégrale et le tri thématique des données.
Quelques résultats saillants relatifs aux entités nosologiques populaires en lien possible avec le paludisme, aux pratiques de soins ou de prévention seront présentés, en particulier ceux qui concernent les moustiquaires, la pulvérisation intradomiciliaire, les cheminements de soins, le diagnostic ou les traitements.
La conclusion sera l’occasion de souligner ce que la POS AntLut permet d’évaluer que les autres POS n’abordent pas ou peu, en particulier certains aspects de la lutte intégrée contre le paludisme. Sans prétendre pouvoir analyser en profondeur tous les problèmes identifiés par une évaluation rapide éloignée des procédures de recherche classiques en anthropologie, la POS AntLut permet cependant de pointer certains dysfonctionnements, et en conséquence de recommander une attention accrue, voire une exploration plus poussée, autour de ces questions.
-co developp innovative epidemic intelligence (EI) tools together with human and veterinary public health agencies to improve the prevention, early detection, and monitoring of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases.
The increased policing and tightening of African, European and American borders, represent the confluence of security, development and citizenship. Yet, restrictive policies do not prevent migration; it only redirects it. Prohibitive measures alter the ways in which migrants or refugees adapt, how they find niches in host societies, retain relations to their families at ‘home’; all affecting their sense of belonging and identity.
The conference focuses on the relation between migration and development as well as aid and humanitarian intervention and their connections to citizenship and social change. We wish to shed light on how these new patterns of migration produce new practices and conceptions of citizenship, what this means for migrant groups and host communities, and how it impacts public policies in origin, host and transit countries.
https://polaf.hypotheses.org/category/covid
Initiative commune de Politique africaine et de l’APAD, la rubrique « Le Covid-19 et ses après » est née d’une proposition de Fanny Chabrol (Ceped, IRD), Pierre-Marie David (Université de Montréal), Moritz Hunsmann (Iris, CNRS) et d’Oumy Thiongane (Université de Dalhousie et APAD). Cette rubrique accueille des contributions suivant une diversité de formats et favorisant la spontanéité. Nous vous invitons à nous proposer des billets d’analyse (environ 1000-2000 mots), en n’hésitant pas à citer des sources et références disponibles en ligne sous forme d’hyperliens. Nous sommes également ouverts à des réflexions plus ponctuelles qui pourraient être suscitées par exemple par la confrontation à des images ou vidéos (issues de l’actualité ou au contraire passées), à des scénarios possibles, à des objets et scènes de la vie quotidienne sur le continent à l’heure actuelle, ou à des mots ou traductions possibles ou impossibles. L’objectif est de créer un espace évolutif, fait d’échos formels et informels venus des sciences sociales. Sans chercher l’exhaustivité et loin de toute arrogance explicatrice, nous espérons que la multiplication de contributions diverses permettra de décrire, discuter et éventuellement contribuer à construire différents « sens » au cœur de l’épidémie et de ses “après” multiples.
Pour aller plus loin: https://polaf.hypotheses.org/4998