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Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh

Central University of Punjab, Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty Member

Government College University, Lahore, Chemistry, Faculty Member

Forman Christian College University, Chemistry, Faculty Member

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Dr. Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh is working as Professor of Chemistry and Director Post Graduate Programs of Faculty of Science and Technology at University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. He has over 20 years of professional and teaching experience. He also served University of Karachi, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, GC University Lahore and Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore.

He is the Member of National Standards Committee and Chairman Technical Committees on Nanotechnology and Fine Chemicals at PSQCA, Government of Pakistan, Member of HEC Institutional Performance Evaluation Review Committee, External Subject Expert/Head of the QEC Assessment Team, Member Board of Studies, Board of Faculties, Selection Board of several Universities.

He has been duly awarded three gold medals for his outstanding academic performance in Chemistry and five gold medals including one from the Minister HED and Governor of the Punjab for his excellent performance in research and service to society. He has been awarded many international and national awards including Representative of Pakistan by UNESCO in Morocco, Young Chemist Award by IUPAC in Italy, Young Scientist Awards by TWAS in Egypt and IAP/GYA in Germany, Young Scientist Award by IAP/World Economic Forum in China, Young Researcher Award by the Council for Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, IUPAC-2015 Award for Chemists as an outstanding chemist from developing countries in S. Korea, Research Productivity Awards with Category A, B, and C, Productive Scientist of Pakistan with rank at 11th in Pakistan in Chemistry category of Young Scientists in 2017 and 2018, SATHA Innovation Award 2018 with Gold Medal.

He has published 123 papers in international/national repute journals, published/edited 26 books, issued 07 US patents/applications. He has presented 127 papers in international/national conferences as Plenary/Keynote/Invited/Oral talks including 25 countries around the globe. He has won 03 industrial projects and 13 major Research Grants from TWAS, USM, HEC, PSF, UA, NSFC in the area of nanotechnology, established first time Nano-Chemistry Lab., at GC University Lahore. He has supervised 66 M.Phil./Ph.D. and 39 BS theses. This biography is updated March 2023.
Address: Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Central Punjab
Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Johar Town
Lahore-54782, PAKISTAN.

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Books by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh

Nanofiltration Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh

Advanced Chemical Kinetics

The book on Advanced Chemical Kinetics gives insight into different aspects of chemical reactions... more The book on Advanced Chemical Kinetics gives insight into different aspects of chemical reactions both at the bulk and nanoscale level and covers topics from basic to high class. This book has been divided into three sections: (i) "Kinetics Modeling and Mechanism," (ii) "Kinetics of Nanomaterials," and (iii) "Kinetics Techniques." The first section consists of six chapters with a variety of topics like activation energy and complexity of chemical reactions; the measurement of reaction routes; mathematical modeling analysis and simulation of enzyme kinetics; mechanisms of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion for the fuels; photophysical processes and photochemical changes; the mechanism of hydroxyl radical, hydrate electron, and hydrogen atom; and acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation. The understanding of the kinetics of nanomaterials, to bridge the knowledge gap, is presented in the second section. The third section highlights an overview of experimental techniques used to study the mechanism of reactions.

Functionalized Nanomaterials

http://www.intechopen.com/books/functionalized-nanomaterials

Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh, Oct 11, 2013

Forensics (Forensic Science) is multi-disciplinary field having highly specialized analytical wor... more Forensics (Forensic Science) is multi-disciplinary field having highly specialized analytical work, which offers latest techniques and technology for investigation in determining the nature of the crime. It has shaped the world of justice, fueling crime investigations and signifying the progress of modern technology in criminal or other legal evidences. While nanotechnology allows the scientists to create, explore, and manipulate materials measured in nanometers. Nano-forensics is a completely new area of forensic science associated with the applications of nanotechnology in crimes, crime scene and terrorist activity investigations by determining the presence of explosives, biological agents and trace evidences etc. Terrorist’s activities, like drug trafficking eco-crimes, high profile crimes, robbery hit and run cases, building collapse, petroleum products adulteration are some of the latest forms of crimes. In many cases, forensic evidence is a key to obtain a conviction and often only very small quantities of forensic material are found on a suspect. Nanotechnology plays an important role in addressing current concerns by providing trace evidence analysis.

Non Ferrous Alloys

Materials are the essential part of our daily life and civilizations have been known by the mater... more Materials are the essential part of our daily life and civilizations have been known by the materials they introduced. As the science progressed, scientists used the different combinations of material to enhance their properties to cope with new challenges and requirements. Alloys are also the combination of different materials specifically of metals. In early ages Iron and their alloys were used in the manufacturing heavy machineries. Gradually elements of lighter weight replaced the ferrous material like Alloys of Mg and Al. The main focus of this book will be on Aluminum Alloys specifically on Aluminum Alloy 2024. Aluminium alloys called super alloys because of their preferable mechanical and chemical properties for wide range of applications and uses. 2024 aluminium alloy was fabricated by taking percentage weight composition of Al-Cu-Mg-Zn.Corrosion tests were performed in 0.1M NaCl, 1% aqua regia and 5% aqua regia, 1% Potassium Dichromate solution and weight change was recorded in different intervals of time. Corrosion rate was studied by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and morphological studies was accomplished by using Optical Microscopy.

Solvent Controlled Synthesis of Nano-catalysts for Pollutants

Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of tin oxide nanoparticles in the presence of is... more Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of tin oxide nanoparticles in the presence of isoamyl alcohol as solvent for surface directing agent. The effect of varying concentration of precursor and solvent was studied while other parameter like time and temperature were kept constant throughout the experiments. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope and Thermal Gravimetric analysis. Functional groups was confirmed by FTIR. Particle size was calculated by XRD analysis as well as TEM images while TGA gave information about the percentage weight loss with change in temperature. Morphology of particles was determined through SEM images. SnO2 nanoparticles were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of Methyl Green (MG), which is an abundant organic pollutant of industrial waste water. Degradation of MG under UV-Vis was also confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). It was found that nanoparticles synthesized at different dielectric constant of solvent greatly influenced the rate of degradation.

Surfactant Controlled Synthesis of Nano-catalysts for Pollutants

Tin oxide nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method using octadecylamine surfactant as a... more Tin oxide nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method using octadecylamine surfactant as a templating agent. The synthesis was carried out at different concentration of surfactant keeping all other reaction conditions constant i.e time, intensity and temperature. The particle size decreases with the increase in concentration of surfactant up to critical micelle concentration (CMC). After CMC, increase in particle size occured with the increase in concentration of surfactant and this was attributed to the formation of micelles. The nanoparticles were applied as nanocatalyst under UV and visible light for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye, which is an environmental hazardous material of industrial waste water. The graphs of pseudo first order were plotted as a function of irradiation time to quantify the degradation activity. The nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and TGA (Thermogravimeteric Analysis).

Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy

pectroscopy is the study of absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation due to the inter... more pectroscopy is the study of absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation due to the interaction between matter and energy that energy depends on the specific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. This field has proven invaluable research tool in a number of areas including chemistry, physics, biology, medicine and ecology. The spectroscopic field of research is growing day-by-day and scientists are exploring new areas in this field by introducing new techniques. The main purpose of this book is to highlight these new spectroscopic techniques like Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Low Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy, Micro- to Macro-Raman Spectroscopy, Liquid-Immersion Raman Spectroscopy, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Injection and Optical Spectroscopy, and Nano Spectroscopy. This book is divided into five sections including General Spectroscopy, Advanced Spectroscopy, Nano Spectroscopy, Organic Spectroscopy, and Physical Spectroscopy which cover topics from basic to advanced levels which will provide a good source of learning for teaching and research purposes.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical technique used for the qualitative and quantitati... more Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical technique used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the elements present in different samples like food, nanomaterials, biomaterials, forensics, and industrial wastes. The main aim of this book is to cover all major topics which are required to equip scholars with the recent advancement in this field. The book is divided into 12 chapters with an emphasis on specific topics. The first two chapters introduce the reader to the subject, it's history, basic principles, instrumentation and sample preparation. Chapter 3 deals with the elemental profiling, functions, biochemistry and potential toxicity of metals, along with comparative techniques. Chapter 4 discusses the importance of sample preparation techniques with the focus on microextraction techniques. Keeping in view the importance of nanomaterials and refractory materials, chapters 5 and 6 highlight the ways to characterize these materials by using AAS. The interference effects between elements are explained in chapter 7. The characterizations of metals in food and biological samples have been given in chapters 8-11. Chapter 12 examines carbon capture and mineral storage with the analysis of metal contents.

Environmental effects of heavy metals in soil

Environment plays a vital role in the life of all living organisms present on Earth. A healthy en... more Environment plays a vital role in the life of all living organisms present on Earth. A healthy environment is necessary for the survival of living beings. Soil is one of the most important part of our environment. It acts as a growth medium for producers so it is the base of our food chain. It also provides a best sink for all pollution causing agents. Heavy metals are the non-degradable pollution causing agents. This book provides information on heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Fe), their industrial uses, sources in soil and their toxic effects. Chapter 1 provides the information about soil and the technique used for the determination of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and well as the literature review of the previously reported results. Chapter 2 gives information on experiment. Results and discussions have been described in chapter 3. Soil samples, from surface and depth, from different sites of Lahore were collected and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentration of Fe was found highest in all soil samples while the level of Cd was found lowest. Levels of Pb, Cu and Cr were found to be highest in high traffic density areas as compared to residential areas.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides are the commonly used antibiotics, which are used in the combination with other anti... more Sulfonamides are the commonly used antibiotics, which are used in the combination with other antibiotics to enhance their effect. They are absorbed in the intestine and are widely distributed into the tissues. Sulfonamides inhibit the growth of bacteria by reverse inhibition and block the cycle of folic acid synthesis while they are effective against only those bacteria which produce folic acid intracellular. This book discusses about the synthesis of sulfonamides their characterization with modern instruments and their importance. The antibacterial activity which increases their importance has also been discussed. This book is divided into different chapters which enables the readers to understand this book easily. Chapter 1 covers the general introduction of sulfonamides and techniques used for characterization and chapter 2 explains the previous scientific work done on sulfonamides. Chapter 3 contains the experimental work while chapter 4 discusses the results obtained. Figures, tables and schemes are used to make it easier for readers.

Pesticide Residues in Wild Plants

Pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, destroying, repelling or m... more Pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating of pests. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pesticides are classified into several classes and chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide. Residue analysis of chlorpyrifos was investigated in different wild plants (Ageratum Conyzoide, Melilotus Indica, Parthenium Hysterophorus) collected from different sites of Lahore, Pakistan. Analysis was carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Ethyl acetate, acetonitrile (HPLC), methanol, dichloromethane are the solvents were used as mobile phase to achieve the best separation. The residues were not detected in 31.8% samples while 54.54% samples contained chlorpyrifos residue at or below maximum residue limits (MRL), and 13.6% samples contained chlorpyrifos residue above MRL. The highest concentration of chlorpyrifos residue (0.71 mg/kg) was found in Melilotus Indica. Study of residue analysis of chlorpyrifos in plants has the significant role to solve the environmental problems.

Micelle Assisted Kinetics of Vitamin C

Vitamin C is well known for its role in fighting off the common cold, infections, heart diseases ... more Vitamin C is well known for its role in fighting off the common cold, infections, heart diseases and cancer where it serves as an antioxidant. It acts as reducing agent that is able to keep iron ions in the more readily absorbed ferrous (Fe(II)) form, which facilitates the absorption of nonhemic iron from the gastrointestinal tract. This book provides maximum information about the kinetics and thermodynamics in a systematic manner regarding influences of different factors such as temperature and pH on the rate of oxidation of vitamin C by ferric chloride hexahydrate in the absence and the presence of surfactant. The book is presented in different chapters with very simple, easy and allusive way. In the beginning of this book, the general introduction about vitamin C and surfactant has been discussed in chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the literature review about the published information regarding the oxidation of vitamin C. Materials & methods and results & discussion have been described in chapters 3 and 4, respectively. The figures, tables and graphs have been given in order to clarify various points.

Radiotracers in Chemical Applications: Radiochemistry

Radioisotopes have found wide use in chemistry because of their distinctive qualities. The case w... more Radioisotopes have found wide use in chemistry because of their distinctive qualities. The case with which a radioisotope is detected and the precision, with which it can be measured, even in minute quantities, leads to not only its use as analytical tool of great versatility but the phenomenon like co-precipitation, solvent extraction, chromatographic and ion exchange methods, surface absorption, mechanism of inorganic and organic reactions, structural confirmations, all can be investigated. At present there are up to 200 radioisotopes used on a regular basis, and most must be produced artificially. There are several books available written by persons of international fame in this field. This presentation has emerged from the author's lectures given during various physical chemistry courses in the last many years and presented in a simple way so that the students would be better equipped for mastering any advanced level course in the field of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. This book covers the following topics: Nuclear decay, Radioisotopes, Kinetics of decay, Radioactive measurements, Statistics, Chemical effects, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Chemical applications, and Hazards.

Papers by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh

Kinetic study of redox reaction between diphenylbenzidine and arsenic(III) oxide

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2006

The redox reaction between diphenylbenzidine and arsenic(m) oxide was investigated by using UV vi... more The redox reaction between diphenylbenzidine and arsenic(m) oxide was investigated by using UV visible spectrophotometer. The effect of pH and temperature on the rate of reaction Is also being reported. The reaction was carried out between a pH range of 3.0 to 4.5 and at temperatures between 15 to 30 °C. Diphenylbenzidine was prepared through the Interaction between diphenylamine and eerium(tv) sulfate tetrahydrate with a ratio of I : 2. EITect of pH and temperature on the order of reaction with respect to each of the reactants i.e. arsenic(m) oxide, diphenylbenzidine and u• was evaluated and found to be first. The following rate law Is recommended : Rate= kt {IDPBD}r} [As20J! 1 +K[H+] where kt is the rate constant for the reaction [DPBD] + [Asz03] _... product, having the value of kt = 2.308 x 10 6 dm 3 mol" 1 s• 1 • Activation parameters (Eo, ~ and l!JI') were established. Plot of log k against liT was used to determine the value of activation energy with the help of Arrhenius equation, which was found to be 22.06 kJ mol" 1 • llS'and Ml'" were calculated by plotting In (lc/T) against inverse temperature (1/T). By the slope and intercept of Eyring equation ~ has been found to be-0.135 kJ mol" 1 K" 1 and that Mr was 18.744 kJ mol" 1 •

Mesoporous ZnAl2Si10O24 nanofertilizers enable high yield of Oryza sativa L

Scientific Reports, 2020

Controllable release of nutrients in soil can overcome the environmental problems associated with... more Controllable release of nutrients in soil can overcome the environmental problems associated with conventional fertilizer. Here we synthesized mesoporous nanocomposite of Zinc aluminosilicate (ZnAl2Si10O24) via co-precipitation method. Oryza sativa L. husk was used as source of silica for making the synthesis process green and economical. The nanocomposite was subsequently loaded with urea to achieve the demand of simultaneous and slow delivery of both zinc and urea. The structural characterization of nanocomposite was done by FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, SEM/EDX and TEM. The release of urea and zinc was investigated with UV–Vis spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively, up to 14 days. It was noted that urea holding capacity of mesoporous ZnAl2Si10O24 nanocomposite over long period of time was increased as compared to bulk aluminosilicates, due to its high surface area (193.07 m2 g−1) and small particle size of (64 nm). Urea release was found highest in first 24 h b...

Detection and Removal of Chromium Under Various Process Parameters from the Local Industrial Wastewater by Nymphaeaalba

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 2017

The recent research reports the potential of Nymphaea alba for the removal of poisonous and toxic... more The recent research reports the potential of Nymphaea alba for the removal of poisonous and toxic heavy metal like chromium from industrial waste water. Chromium is one of the toxic environmental pollutants, which is a major threat not only for aquatic life but also causes various health problems like skin rashes, ulcer, respiratory problems, kidney and liver damage, mutagenic and carcinogenic. This issue needs to be resolved on priority basis. The present research for removal of chromium is based on very simple, innovative and cost effective methodology rather than expensive techniques. The selection of Nymphaea alba (Nilofar flower) for chromium removal from the industrial effluents were based on its availability in Asian countries. The samples were collected from various industries and concentration of heavy metal was examined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of chromium was higher than the limits recommended by environmental protection agency of Pakistan. The removal of chromium was studied by Nymphaea alba in order to study the absorption of metal on biomass and there was remarkable decrease in the concentration of metal. The percentage removal efficiency of chromium was observed under different parameters like change in absorbent mass, time, temperature, pH and agitation speed using UV/Visible Spectrophotometer. The percentage removal efficiency for standard solution was 84.23% and the percentage removal efficiency for industrial effluents were 94.45%.

Hydrothermal synthesis of leucite nanoparticles using anionic surfactant: Structural evaluation and catalytic properties

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2016

Tin oxide nanoplates and nanoballs were fabricated using a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethyla... more Tin oxide nanoplates and nanoballs were fabricated using a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as an organic supramolecular template and tin(IV) chloride as an inorganic precursor via the hydrothermal and conventional heating methods. Urea, which decomposes to ammonium and hydroxide ions during hydrolysis, was used as the source of slow homogeneous precipitation of Sn 4+ with OH − to control the particle size. The influence of different reaction parameters (time, temperature, and ratio of Sn 4+ to CTABr) on particle sizes, particle distribution, and morphology was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD data showed that the size of the SnO 2 nanoparticles decreased with increasing reaction time using the conventional heating method, while no significant change was observed with the hydrothermal method. Nanoplates with average sizes of 9.36 nm and nanoballs up to 4.51 nm were prepared using different ratios of Sn +4 to CTABr at different temperatures and reaction times by the hydrothermal and conventional heating methods, respectively. Elimination of surfactant from tin-surfactant composites by calcination yielded a porous tin oxide nanostructure.

Synthesis, Characterization of Si/Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and their Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2016

In recent years, nanoscale magnetic nanoparticles mostly used in drug delivery system, enzyme imm... more In recent years, nanoscale magnetic nanoparticles mostly used in drug delivery system, enzyme immobilization, protein separation, magnetic resonance imaging for cancer diagnosis. Now a day's bio-fishing is an interesting tool in biomedical applications [1-6]. Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles treated with amino-silane as coupling agent, which have-NH2 group that can be transferred to aldehyde group, that easily connect to proteins, enzymes and drugs [7-12]. Successful incorporation of metals in metal oxide nanoparticles have been made by using hydrothermal, ultrasonication, sol gel and co-precipitation methods [13,14]. Silica coated magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel [15,16] and co-precipitation method [17,18]. The mechanism of this reaction is that Fe 2+ ions react with-OH group radicals in aqueous media, thus magnetic nanoparticles are formed. Silica-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method have large number of-OH groups on the surface of precipitates. The most important factor for the synthesis of silica-doped magnetic nanoparticles are the particle size, their distribution, super magnetic properties, hydrophilicity and hydrophobic properties [19,20]. Iron oxide nanoparticles are known for their biocompatibility and use in MRI technique. When these nanoparticles are coated with silica, their super magnetic properties are suppressed by sheltering magnetic dipole interactions and particles do not aggregate [21,22].

Micelle assisted synthesis of La2O3 nanoparticles and their applications in photodegradation of bromophenol blue

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2015

Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method using alkylbenzyl ... more Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method using alkylbenzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (Benzalkonium chloride) surfactant. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of the surfactant was determined using conductance and surface tension methods. The nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Crystallite size and geometry of La2O3 nanoparticles, established through XRD, are 40 nm and hexagonal, respectively. The optical property was calculated using solid phase UV-visible absorption spectrophotometer with band gap of 4.2 eV. Photocatalytic efficiency of La2O3 nanoparticles was studied against bromophenolblue (organic pollutant) with and without UV radiations. Percentage degradation and first order rate constant values were determined as 24.7% and 0.0942 min–1 without irradiation and that they were 50.4 % and 0.0941 min-1with irradiation, respectively.

Nanofiltration Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh

Advanced Chemical Kinetics

The book on Advanced Chemical Kinetics gives insight into different aspects of chemical reactions... more The book on Advanced Chemical Kinetics gives insight into different aspects of chemical reactions both at the bulk and nanoscale level and covers topics from basic to high class. This book has been divided into three sections: (i) "Kinetics Modeling and Mechanism," (ii) "Kinetics of Nanomaterials," and (iii) "Kinetics Techniques." The first section consists of six chapters with a variety of topics like activation energy and complexity of chemical reactions; the measurement of reaction routes; mathematical modeling analysis and simulation of enzyme kinetics; mechanisms of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion for the fuels; photophysical processes and photochemical changes; the mechanism of hydroxyl radical, hydrate electron, and hydrogen atom; and acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation. The understanding of the kinetics of nanomaterials, to bridge the knowledge gap, is presented in the second section. The third section highlights an overview of experimental techniques used to study the mechanism of reactions.

Functionalized Nanomaterials

http://www.intechopen.com/books/functionalized-nanomaterials

Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh, Oct 11, 2013

Forensics (Forensic Science) is multi-disciplinary field having highly specialized analytical wor... more Forensics (Forensic Science) is multi-disciplinary field having highly specialized analytical work, which offers latest techniques and technology for investigation in determining the nature of the crime. It has shaped the world of justice, fueling crime investigations and signifying the progress of modern technology in criminal or other legal evidences. While nanotechnology allows the scientists to create, explore, and manipulate materials measured in nanometers. Nano-forensics is a completely new area of forensic science associated with the applications of nanotechnology in crimes, crime scene and terrorist activity investigations by determining the presence of explosives, biological agents and trace evidences etc. Terrorist’s activities, like drug trafficking eco-crimes, high profile crimes, robbery hit and run cases, building collapse, petroleum products adulteration are some of the latest forms of crimes. In many cases, forensic evidence is a key to obtain a conviction and often only very small quantities of forensic material are found on a suspect. Nanotechnology plays an important role in addressing current concerns by providing trace evidence analysis.

Non Ferrous Alloys

Materials are the essential part of our daily life and civilizations have been known by the mater... more Materials are the essential part of our daily life and civilizations have been known by the materials they introduced. As the science progressed, scientists used the different combinations of material to enhance their properties to cope with new challenges and requirements. Alloys are also the combination of different materials specifically of metals. In early ages Iron and their alloys were used in the manufacturing heavy machineries. Gradually elements of lighter weight replaced the ferrous material like Alloys of Mg and Al. The main focus of this book will be on Aluminum Alloys specifically on Aluminum Alloy 2024. Aluminium alloys called super alloys because of their preferable mechanical and chemical properties for wide range of applications and uses. 2024 aluminium alloy was fabricated by taking percentage weight composition of Al-Cu-Mg-Zn.Corrosion tests were performed in 0.1M NaCl, 1% aqua regia and 5% aqua regia, 1% Potassium Dichromate solution and weight change was recorded in different intervals of time. Corrosion rate was studied by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and morphological studies was accomplished by using Optical Microscopy.

Solvent Controlled Synthesis of Nano-catalysts for Pollutants

Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of tin oxide nanoparticles in the presence of is... more Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of tin oxide nanoparticles in the presence of isoamyl alcohol as solvent for surface directing agent. The effect of varying concentration of precursor and solvent was studied while other parameter like time and temperature were kept constant throughout the experiments. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope and Thermal Gravimetric analysis. Functional groups was confirmed by FTIR. Particle size was calculated by XRD analysis as well as TEM images while TGA gave information about the percentage weight loss with change in temperature. Morphology of particles was determined through SEM images. SnO2 nanoparticles were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of Methyl Green (MG), which is an abundant organic pollutant of industrial waste water. Degradation of MG under UV-Vis was also confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). It was found that nanoparticles synthesized at different dielectric constant of solvent greatly influenced the rate of degradation.

Surfactant Controlled Synthesis of Nano-catalysts for Pollutants

Tin oxide nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method using octadecylamine surfactant as a... more Tin oxide nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method using octadecylamine surfactant as a templating agent. The synthesis was carried out at different concentration of surfactant keeping all other reaction conditions constant i.e time, intensity and temperature. The particle size decreases with the increase in concentration of surfactant up to critical micelle concentration (CMC). After CMC, increase in particle size occured with the increase in concentration of surfactant and this was attributed to the formation of micelles. The nanoparticles were applied as nanocatalyst under UV and visible light for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye, which is an environmental hazardous material of industrial waste water. The graphs of pseudo first order were plotted as a function of irradiation time to quantify the degradation activity. The nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and TGA (Thermogravimeteric Analysis).

Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy

pectroscopy is the study of absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation due to the inter... more pectroscopy is the study of absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation due to the interaction between matter and energy that energy depends on the specific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. This field has proven invaluable research tool in a number of areas including chemistry, physics, biology, medicine and ecology. The spectroscopic field of research is growing day-by-day and scientists are exploring new areas in this field by introducing new techniques. The main purpose of this book is to highlight these new spectroscopic techniques like Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Low Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy, Micro- to Macro-Raman Spectroscopy, Liquid-Immersion Raman Spectroscopy, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Injection and Optical Spectroscopy, and Nano Spectroscopy. This book is divided into five sections including General Spectroscopy, Advanced Spectroscopy, Nano Spectroscopy, Organic Spectroscopy, and Physical Spectroscopy which cover topics from basic to advanced levels which will provide a good source of learning for teaching and research purposes.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical technique used for the qualitative and quantitati... more Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical technique used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the elements present in different samples like food, nanomaterials, biomaterials, forensics, and industrial wastes. The main aim of this book is to cover all major topics which are required to equip scholars with the recent advancement in this field. The book is divided into 12 chapters with an emphasis on specific topics. The first two chapters introduce the reader to the subject, it's history, basic principles, instrumentation and sample preparation. Chapter 3 deals with the elemental profiling, functions, biochemistry and potential toxicity of metals, along with comparative techniques. Chapter 4 discusses the importance of sample preparation techniques with the focus on microextraction techniques. Keeping in view the importance of nanomaterials and refractory materials, chapters 5 and 6 highlight the ways to characterize these materials by using AAS. The interference effects between elements are explained in chapter 7. The characterizations of metals in food and biological samples have been given in chapters 8-11. Chapter 12 examines carbon capture and mineral storage with the analysis of metal contents.

Environmental effects of heavy metals in soil

Environment plays a vital role in the life of all living organisms present on Earth. A healthy en... more Environment plays a vital role in the life of all living organisms present on Earth. A healthy environment is necessary for the survival of living beings. Soil is one of the most important part of our environment. It acts as a growth medium for producers so it is the base of our food chain. It also provides a best sink for all pollution causing agents. Heavy metals are the non-degradable pollution causing agents. This book provides information on heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Fe), their industrial uses, sources in soil and their toxic effects. Chapter 1 provides the information about soil and the technique used for the determination of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and well as the literature review of the previously reported results. Chapter 2 gives information on experiment. Results and discussions have been described in chapter 3. Soil samples, from surface and depth, from different sites of Lahore were collected and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentration of Fe was found highest in all soil samples while the level of Cd was found lowest. Levels of Pb, Cu and Cr were found to be highest in high traffic density areas as compared to residential areas.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides are the commonly used antibiotics, which are used in the combination with other anti... more Sulfonamides are the commonly used antibiotics, which are used in the combination with other antibiotics to enhance their effect. They are absorbed in the intestine and are widely distributed into the tissues. Sulfonamides inhibit the growth of bacteria by reverse inhibition and block the cycle of folic acid synthesis while they are effective against only those bacteria which produce folic acid intracellular. This book discusses about the synthesis of sulfonamides their characterization with modern instruments and their importance. The antibacterial activity which increases their importance has also been discussed. This book is divided into different chapters which enables the readers to understand this book easily. Chapter 1 covers the general introduction of sulfonamides and techniques used for characterization and chapter 2 explains the previous scientific work done on sulfonamides. Chapter 3 contains the experimental work while chapter 4 discusses the results obtained. Figures, tables and schemes are used to make it easier for readers.

Pesticide Residues in Wild Plants

Pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, destroying, repelling or m... more Pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating of pests. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pesticides are classified into several classes and chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide. Residue analysis of chlorpyrifos was investigated in different wild plants (Ageratum Conyzoide, Melilotus Indica, Parthenium Hysterophorus) collected from different sites of Lahore, Pakistan. Analysis was carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Ethyl acetate, acetonitrile (HPLC), methanol, dichloromethane are the solvents were used as mobile phase to achieve the best separation. The residues were not detected in 31.8% samples while 54.54% samples contained chlorpyrifos residue at or below maximum residue limits (MRL), and 13.6% samples contained chlorpyrifos residue above MRL. The highest concentration of chlorpyrifos residue (0.71 mg/kg) was found in Melilotus Indica. Study of residue analysis of chlorpyrifos in plants has the significant role to solve the environmental problems.

Micelle Assisted Kinetics of Vitamin C

Vitamin C is well known for its role in fighting off the common cold, infections, heart diseases ... more Vitamin C is well known for its role in fighting off the common cold, infections, heart diseases and cancer where it serves as an antioxidant. It acts as reducing agent that is able to keep iron ions in the more readily absorbed ferrous (Fe(II)) form, which facilitates the absorption of nonhemic iron from the gastrointestinal tract. This book provides maximum information about the kinetics and thermodynamics in a systematic manner regarding influences of different factors such as temperature and pH on the rate of oxidation of vitamin C by ferric chloride hexahydrate in the absence and the presence of surfactant. The book is presented in different chapters with very simple, easy and allusive way. In the beginning of this book, the general introduction about vitamin C and surfactant has been discussed in chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the literature review about the published information regarding the oxidation of vitamin C. Materials & methods and results & discussion have been described in chapters 3 and 4, respectively. The figures, tables and graphs have been given in order to clarify various points.

Radiotracers in Chemical Applications: Radiochemistry

Radioisotopes have found wide use in chemistry because of their distinctive qualities. The case w... more Radioisotopes have found wide use in chemistry because of their distinctive qualities. The case with which a radioisotope is detected and the precision, with which it can be measured, even in minute quantities, leads to not only its use as analytical tool of great versatility but the phenomenon like co-precipitation, solvent extraction, chromatographic and ion exchange methods, surface absorption, mechanism of inorganic and organic reactions, structural confirmations, all can be investigated. At present there are up to 200 radioisotopes used on a regular basis, and most must be produced artificially. There are several books available written by persons of international fame in this field. This presentation has emerged from the author's lectures given during various physical chemistry courses in the last many years and presented in a simple way so that the students would be better equipped for mastering any advanced level course in the field of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. This book covers the following topics: Nuclear decay, Radioisotopes, Kinetics of decay, Radioactive measurements, Statistics, Chemical effects, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Chemical applications, and Hazards.

Kinetic study of redox reaction between diphenylbenzidine and arsenic(III) oxide

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2006

The redox reaction between diphenylbenzidine and arsenic(m) oxide was investigated by using UV vi... more The redox reaction between diphenylbenzidine and arsenic(m) oxide was investigated by using UV visible spectrophotometer. The effect of pH and temperature on the rate of reaction Is also being reported. The reaction was carried out between a pH range of 3.0 to 4.5 and at temperatures between 15 to 30 °C. Diphenylbenzidine was prepared through the Interaction between diphenylamine and eerium(tv) sulfate tetrahydrate with a ratio of I : 2. EITect of pH and temperature on the order of reaction with respect to each of the reactants i.e. arsenic(m) oxide, diphenylbenzidine and u• was evaluated and found to be first. The following rate law Is recommended : Rate= kt {IDPBD}r} [As20J! 1 +K[H+] where kt is the rate constant for the reaction [DPBD] + [Asz03] _... product, having the value of kt = 2.308 x 10 6 dm 3 mol" 1 s• 1 • Activation parameters (Eo, ~ and l!JI') were established. Plot of log k against liT was used to determine the value of activation energy with the help of Arrhenius equation, which was found to be 22.06 kJ mol" 1 • llS'and Ml'" were calculated by plotting In (lc/T) against inverse temperature (1/T). By the slope and intercept of Eyring equation ~ has been found to be-0.135 kJ mol" 1 K" 1 and that Mr was 18.744 kJ mol" 1 •

Mesoporous ZnAl2Si10O24 nanofertilizers enable high yield of Oryza sativa L

Scientific Reports, 2020

Controllable release of nutrients in soil can overcome the environmental problems associated with... more Controllable release of nutrients in soil can overcome the environmental problems associated with conventional fertilizer. Here we synthesized mesoporous nanocomposite of Zinc aluminosilicate (ZnAl2Si10O24) via co-precipitation method. Oryza sativa L. husk was used as source of silica for making the synthesis process green and economical. The nanocomposite was subsequently loaded with urea to achieve the demand of simultaneous and slow delivery of both zinc and urea. The structural characterization of nanocomposite was done by FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, SEM/EDX and TEM. The release of urea and zinc was investigated with UV–Vis spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively, up to 14 days. It was noted that urea holding capacity of mesoporous ZnAl2Si10O24 nanocomposite over long period of time was increased as compared to bulk aluminosilicates, due to its high surface area (193.07 m2 g−1) and small particle size of (64 nm). Urea release was found highest in first 24 h b...

Detection and Removal of Chromium Under Various Process Parameters from the Local Industrial Wastewater by Nymphaeaalba

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 2017

The recent research reports the potential of Nymphaea alba for the removal of poisonous and toxic... more The recent research reports the potential of Nymphaea alba for the removal of poisonous and toxic heavy metal like chromium from industrial waste water. Chromium is one of the toxic environmental pollutants, which is a major threat not only for aquatic life but also causes various health problems like skin rashes, ulcer, respiratory problems, kidney and liver damage, mutagenic and carcinogenic. This issue needs to be resolved on priority basis. The present research for removal of chromium is based on very simple, innovative and cost effective methodology rather than expensive techniques. The selection of Nymphaea alba (Nilofar flower) for chromium removal from the industrial effluents were based on its availability in Asian countries. The samples were collected from various industries and concentration of heavy metal was examined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of chromium was higher than the limits recommended by environmental protection agency of Pakistan. The removal of chromium was studied by Nymphaea alba in order to study the absorption of metal on biomass and there was remarkable decrease in the concentration of metal. The percentage removal efficiency of chromium was observed under different parameters like change in absorbent mass, time, temperature, pH and agitation speed using UV/Visible Spectrophotometer. The percentage removal efficiency for standard solution was 84.23% and the percentage removal efficiency for industrial effluents were 94.45%.

Hydrothermal synthesis of leucite nanoparticles using anionic surfactant: Structural evaluation and catalytic properties

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2016

Tin oxide nanoplates and nanoballs were fabricated using a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethyla... more Tin oxide nanoplates and nanoballs were fabricated using a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as an organic supramolecular template and tin(IV) chloride as an inorganic precursor via the hydrothermal and conventional heating methods. Urea, which decomposes to ammonium and hydroxide ions during hydrolysis, was used as the source of slow homogeneous precipitation of Sn 4+ with OH − to control the particle size. The influence of different reaction parameters (time, temperature, and ratio of Sn 4+ to CTABr) on particle sizes, particle distribution, and morphology was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD data showed that the size of the SnO 2 nanoparticles decreased with increasing reaction time using the conventional heating method, while no significant change was observed with the hydrothermal method. Nanoplates with average sizes of 9.36 nm and nanoballs up to 4.51 nm were prepared using different ratios of Sn +4 to CTABr at different temperatures and reaction times by the hydrothermal and conventional heating methods, respectively. Elimination of surfactant from tin-surfactant composites by calcination yielded a porous tin oxide nanostructure.

Synthesis, Characterization of Si/Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and their Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2016

In recent years, nanoscale magnetic nanoparticles mostly used in drug delivery system, enzyme imm... more In recent years, nanoscale magnetic nanoparticles mostly used in drug delivery system, enzyme immobilization, protein separation, magnetic resonance imaging for cancer diagnosis. Now a day's bio-fishing is an interesting tool in biomedical applications [1-6]. Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles treated with amino-silane as coupling agent, which have-NH2 group that can be transferred to aldehyde group, that easily connect to proteins, enzymes and drugs [7-12]. Successful incorporation of metals in metal oxide nanoparticles have been made by using hydrothermal, ultrasonication, sol gel and co-precipitation methods [13,14]. Silica coated magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel [15,16] and co-precipitation method [17,18]. The mechanism of this reaction is that Fe 2+ ions react with-OH group radicals in aqueous media, thus magnetic nanoparticles are formed. Silica-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method have large number of-OH groups on the surface of precipitates. The most important factor for the synthesis of silica-doped magnetic nanoparticles are the particle size, their distribution, super magnetic properties, hydrophilicity and hydrophobic properties [19,20]. Iron oxide nanoparticles are known for their biocompatibility and use in MRI technique. When these nanoparticles are coated with silica, their super magnetic properties are suppressed by sheltering magnetic dipole interactions and particles do not aggregate [21,22].

Micelle assisted synthesis of La2O3 nanoparticles and their applications in photodegradation of bromophenol blue

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2015

Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method using alkylbenzyl ... more Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method using alkylbenzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (Benzalkonium chloride) surfactant. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of the surfactant was determined using conductance and surface tension methods. The nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Crystallite size and geometry of La2O3 nanoparticles, established through XRD, are 40 nm and hexagonal, respectively. The optical property was calculated using solid phase UV-visible absorption spectrophotometer with band gap of 4.2 eV. Photocatalytic efficiency of La2O3 nanoparticles was studied against bromophenolblue (organic pollutant) with and without UV radiations. Percentage degradation and first order rate constant values were determined as 24.7% and 0.0942 min–1 without irradiation and that they were 50.4 % and 0.0941 min-1with irradiation, respectively.

Influence of gadolinium precursor on the enhanced red shift of Gd/SnO2–TiO2 nanoparticles and catalytic activity

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2015

Gd/SnO 2-TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized by using ultrasonic and hydrothermal methods. Effec... more Gd/SnO 2-TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized by using ultrasonic and hydrothermal methods. Effect of concentration of gadolinium (Gd) precursor on particle size and activity of nanoparticles was studied. It was observed that the particle size increases with the increase in concentration of gadolinium precursor. Gd/SnO 2-TiO 2 nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, TGA, FTIR and powder XRD. Band gap calculation was done by using Solid Phase Spectrophotometer to determine the optical properties of nanoparticles. The effect of concentration of Gd on band gap was investigated and red shift was observed for Gd/SnO 2-TiO 2 from 5.3 to 2.0 eV. Photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue was carried out to determine the catalytic properties of Gd/SnO 2-TiO 2. It was found that Gd/SnO 2-TiO 2 nanoparticles prepared with 0.004 M concentration of Gd precursor degraded the dye more effectively as compared to the samples prepared with 0.005 and 0.006 M concentrations of Gd.

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of a ferrous complex with an α,α′-diimine chelate ligand by ceric sulfate in aqueous acidic medium by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy

Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 2008

Kinetics of the oxidation of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)iron(II) sulfate by ceric sulfate was spectroph... more Kinetics of the oxidation of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)iron(II) sulfate by ceric sulfate was spectrophotometrically studied in an aqueous sulfuric acid medium. Different methods, including isolation, integration and half-life, were employed to determine the reaction order. The redox reaction was found to be first-order with respect to the reductant, tris(2,2′-bipyridine)iron(II) sulfate, and the oxidant, ceric sulfate. Complex kinetics was observed with an increase in the initial concentration of the oxidant. The influence of the dielectric constant, [H + ] and [SO 4 2-] on the rate was also investigated. The increase in the dielectric constant and 2 3

Ravian Forensic Society GC University Lahore

In the present study, a series of new Nalkyl-N-(piperidin-1yl)benzenesulfonamide (1a-f) and Naryl... more In the present study, a series of new Nalkyl-N-(piperidin-1yl)benzenesulfonamide (1a-f) and Naryl/alkyl substitued-2[(phenylsulfonyl)(piperidin-1yl)amino]acetamide (3a-n) derivatives were synthesized. These derivatives were prepared by reacting 1-amino piperidine with benzene sulfonyl chloride to afford parent compound N-(piperidin-1yl)benzenesulfonamide (1), followed by substitution at nitrogen with different electrophilic reagents in the presence of sodium hydride to give a series of derivatives 1a-f and 3a-n. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed based on H-NMR, IR and mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes and almost all the compounds exhibited promising activity but some of the compounds remained inactive against lipoxygenase enzymes. 2. SYNTHESIS OF BROMINATED 2PHENETIDINE DERIVATIVES AS VALUABLE INHIBITORS OF CHOLINESTERASES FOR THE TREATM...

Processing methods of bionanocomposites

Bionanocomposites, 2020

Abstract Currently, the scientific community is devoting considerable attention to developing env... more Abstract Currently, the scientific community is devoting considerable attention to developing environment-friendly polymeric materials (bionanocomposite) due to their nontoxic, nonallergenic, biodegradable, and biocompatible nature. Numerous processing technologies have been announced by researchers to overcome the shortcomings of biopolymers. In recent years, scientific researchers have been trying to develop new processing technology that can be adopted in both industrial and academic sectors. Furthermore, they have the target that the processing methods for the synthesis of bionanocomposite materials should have various advantages like safe nature, time-efficient, eco-friendly, easy to operate, sustainable, low cost with excellent mechanical and physical properties, and good environmental impact. New more advanced manufacturing methods and techniques have been introduced. The purpose of this research, development, and advancement is to produce bionanocomposites from the pilot scale to the industrial level. Simply, we can say that different bionanocomposites are prepared by various ways because the processing methods have an effect on the properties of bionanocomposites. So, our main focus is to provide an overview of the processing methods or techniques of bionanocomposites that have been widely adopted.

Influence of CdS dopant on oxygen vacancies and Ce3+ formation in CeO2–ZnO nanocomposites: structural, optical and catalytic properties

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2016

Endosulfan is the organochlorine pesticide and highly toxic to human and animal. Although its sol... more Endosulfan is the organochlorine pesticide and highly toxic to human and animal. Although its solubility is less in water but is persistent in soil. In this study, CeO 2-ZnO nanocomposites have been prepared with hydrothermal method by using N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (SB3-12) zwitterionic surfactant. Cadmium sulphide was doped on CeO 2-ZnO nanocomposites to enhance its catalytic efficiency. The structural characterization was carried out by using different techniques like FTIR, XRD, DLS, SEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Lattice contraction and decrease in oxygen vacancies was observed with increase in dopant concentration, which can be attributed to the Cd 2? substitution on CeO 2-ZnO nanocomposites. These alterations in nanocomposites ensues the increase in particle size along with the blue shift in band gap energy. The catalytic efficiency of nanocomposites against endosulfan increases when the oxygen vacancy concentration is higher (with decrease in dopant concentration).

The Impact of Innovation Climate & Job Satisfaction on Corporate Entrepreneurship

This study verified corporate entrepreneurship, innovation climate and Job satisfaction (person- ... more This study verified corporate entrepreneurship, innovation climate and Job satisfaction (person- job fit, Salary Benefit) as the research framework. Through a literature review, we examined causal relationship among these variables. The climate for innovation is demonstrated by team unity, administrative encouragement, resources, independence, as well as openness to innovation. Recent studies have showed a lack of research in conventional mechanized

Gold nanoparticles supported on titania for the reduction of p-nitrophenol

Factors influencing the mechanism of surfactant catalyzed reaction of vitamin C-ferric chloride hexahydrate system

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2013

The kinetics of vitamin C by ferric chloride hexahydrate has been investigated in the aqueous eth... more The kinetics of vitamin C by ferric chloride hexahydrate has been investigated in the aqueous eth anol solution of basic surfactant viz. octadecylamine (ODA) under pseudo first order conditions. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactant was determined by surface tension measurement. The effect of pH (2.5-4.5) and temperature (15-35°C) in the presence and absence of surfactant were investigated. Acti vation parameters, ΔE a , ΔH # , ΔS # , ΔG ≠ , for the reaction were calculated by using Arrhenius and Eyring plot. Surface excess concentration (Γ max), minimum area per surfactant molecule (A min), average area occupied by each molecule of surfactant (a), surface pressure at the CMC (Π max), Gibb's energy of micellization (), Gibb's energy of adsorption (), were calculated. It was found that the reaction in the presence of surfac tant showed faster oxidation rate than the aqueous ethanol solution. Reaction mechanism has been deduced in the presence and absence of surfactant.

Synthesis of Au/Al2O3 Nanocatalyst and its Application in the Reduction of p-Nitrophenol

Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 2011

Gold (Au) nanoparticles supported on alumina (Al 2 O 3) were prepared at several pH levels via th... more Gold (Au) nanoparticles supported on alumina (Al 2 O 3) were prepared at several pH levels via the deposition-precipitation (DP) method. The effects of pH at below and above the isoelectric point (IEP) of Al 2 O 3 as well as the pH adjustment before and after the addition of the support into the gold chloride solution were investigated. The results revealed the formation of cationic, clusters and metallic Au on alumina. The catalytic activity of these species was tested in the reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) using hydrazine as a reductant. The catalytic reaction was monitored spectrophotometerically and the highest rate constant (k) achieved based on pseudo first order kinetic model was 12.7´10-3 s-1. Structural and elemental characterizations of the supported gold nanoparticles were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-rays (EDX), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis).

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by highly efficient GdCoSnO3

Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2021

Abstract The influence of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of quaternary me... more Abstract The influence of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of quaternary metal oxide nanocomposite i.e. gadolinium (Gd) doped cobalt tin oxide (CoSnO3) have been explored. The synthesis of nanocomposite material was completed in two steps using a novel method. The synthesized nanocomposite material was subjected to various characterization techniques like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analyzer (PSA), UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy in order to investigate its thermal, structural, and optical properties. The crystallite size, particle size and optical band gap estimated via XRD, PSA and UV–Visible spectroscopy, respectively reveals an increasing trend with calcination temperature. The Gd doped CoSnO3 nanocomposite material is found to be very efficient visible light photocatalyst. The photo-degradation efficiency in the presence of sunlight in degrading methylene blue and methyl orange is more than 90%. An insight mechanism of electron/hole trapping using electronic configuration has also been explored.

Synthesis of NiO/ZnO Nanoparticles: Application for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH, 2020

NiO/ZnO nanocomposites synthesized by sol-gel method with zinc chloride and nickel nitrate hexahy... more NiO/ZnO nanocomposites synthesized by sol-gel method with zinc chloride and nickel nitrate hexahydrate in ethanol used as solvent. Material was characterized by Particle size analyzer, UV-Vis, FTIR, TGA and DSC. NiO/ZnO nanoparticles investigated as a suitable photocatalytic material for the methylene blue degradation i.e. an organic dye under visible light irradiation. The UV–vis absorption spectra of the NiO/ZnO nanoparticles shown peaks in the UV region, corresponding to the band gap of the NiO/ZnO nanoparticles. The band gap of NiO/ZnO nanoparticles is calculated 3.55 eV by Tauc’s plot method. Then UV visible data showed the methylene blue degradation with NiO/ZnO nanoparticles, behaving as active catalyst.

Recent CFC-11 Enhancements in China, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea

Novel Fe2O3-CuO-MoO3 Magnetic Nanocomposite for Photocatalysis of Methylene Blue

Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 2020

Novel approach for the synthesis of Fe2O3-CuO-MoO3 nanocomposite was established using sol-gel an... more Novel approach for the synthesis of Fe2O3-CuO-MoO3 nanocomposite was established using sol-gel and ultra-sonication setup. The conformation of the synthesized nanocomposite was done using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) techniques. The chemistry of product thermal stability and decomposition was studied using thermo gravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetery (TGA-DSC) with respect to increase in temperature. The optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy via Wood and Tauc relation. XRD data indicates the presence of orthorhombic crystal system with crystallite size of 4.45 and 38.71 nm using Scherrer equation and Williamson-Hall equations, respectively. The particle size was calculated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and found to be 12.67 nm. The catalytic ability of synthesized nanocomposite was studied against methylene blue, and ...

VOC Characteristics and Sources in Diverse Cities of Asia: Hong Kong, Seoul, Mecca and Lahore