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Ersel Aydinli

Bilkent University, International Relations, Faculty Member

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SUNY: Buffalo State College

Eszter Hargittai

University of Zurich, Switzerland

Benjamin Isakhan

Deakin University

Richard Bellamy

University College London

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Ioannis Andreadis

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

University of the Basque Country, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

Stellan Vinthagen

University of Massachusetts Amherst

Alper H . Yagci

Bogazici University

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Papers by Ersel Aydinli

Target state responses to external support of rebel groups: Revealing the impact of support level and interstate strategic interaction

by Latife Kınay Kılıç, Ersel Aydinli, and Efe Tokdemir

How do target states react to third-party sponsorship of rebel groups? In this article, we provid... more How do target states react to third-party sponsorship of rebel groups? In this article, we provide a typology of responses from target states based on their severity and comprehensiveness level. We argue that the external support level and existing strategic interaction between targets and sponsors are crucial to explain the variation in target responses toward state sponsors since they affect the target states’ level of perceived threat. We test our theoretical claims using an original dataset featuring target responses between 1991 and 2010. Our findings show that strategic rivalry is the most crucial factor in increasing the severity and comprehensiveness of responses. Higher levels of support for rebel groups increase only coercive responses and do not impact comprehensiveness, whereas formal alliances decrease the adoption of mixed responses. Our study contributes to the literature on the external support of rebels and conflict management with implications for predicting target states’ responses to sponsorship.

Applied linguistics and language education research in Turkey: 2016–2022

Language Teaching

This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in ... more This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in Turkey-based applied linguistics and language education research between 2016–2022. The current review presents similarities to the previous reviews (Alptekin & Tatar, 2011; Aydınlı & Ortaçtepe, 2018) in terms of trends and practices that indicate a vibrant research scene and a community of practice in Turkey within language education and applied linguistics research. While certain research areas such as instructional technologies remain widely popular among Turkey-based scholars, there has been growing interest in multiculturalism, social justice language education, critical pedagogy, and culturally responsive teaching. It was also clear in our analysis that the demands by the Higher Education Council for academic promotion exacerbated some of the already-existing challenges also noted in the previous reviews. Some of the concerns include pre- and post-test study designs that focus on p...

Applied linguistics and language education research in Turkey: 2016–2022

Language Teaching, Jun 29, 2023

This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in ... more This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in Turkey-based applied linguistics and language education research between 2016–2022. The current review presents similarities to the previous reviews (Alptekin &amp; Tatar, 2011; Aydınlı &amp; Ortaçtepe, 2018) in terms of trends and practices that indicate a vibrant research scene and a community of practice in Turkey within language education and applied linguistics research. While certain research areas such as instructional technologies remain widely popular among Turkey-based scholars, there has been growing interest in multiculturalism, social justice language education, critical pedagogy, and culturally responsive teaching. It was also clear in our analysis that the demands by the Higher Education Council for academic promotion exacerbated some of the already-existing challenges also noted in the previous reviews. Some of the concerns include pre- and post-test study designs that focus on practical concerns and outcomes rather than on processes that would lead to conceptual or theoretical development; and lack of engagement with broader (inter)disciplinary debates. We hope that this review will help establish conversations among fellow scholars in terms of future directions that applied linguistics and language education research in Turkey can take in order to contribute to the larger discussions in the field.

Statist-transnationalism for a security cooperation regime

Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University), 2010

Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area o... more Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area of police cooperation as a way of understanding the challenges to broader cooperation in intelligence practices as well as the potential for its success. While Chapter 6 looked at the factors underlying successful police cooperation efforts, this chapter focuses on one aspect of police cooperation-police liaisons-and explores their role in building up a cooperative transnational response to security issues, in particular, terrorism. The chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of initiatives that have been and continue to be made in the area of security cooperation; a discussion broadly structured on the basis of the discussion provided in Chapter 1 of different realms of security relations (state-centric and multi-centric) as well as along a traditional dividing of actors into two broad types: liberal and realist. Exploring the resulting categories and the initiatives that can be grouped accordingly, reveals that the most progressive and arguably effective developments in combating transnational threats have been occurring in the realist state and multi-centric domains.

The Jihadists after 9/11

The Jihadists pre- 9/11

Introduction globalization, security, and the Nation State

We live in a time of enormous contradictions, of dualities that are moving people and societies i... more We live in a time of enormous contradictions, of dualities that are moving people and societies in opposite directions. Some paradigms are coming undone and yet others are as fixed as ever. Changes and transformations are pervasive and yet constancies persist. Globalizing processes are accelerating and yet localizing processes remain powerful. Many nations and states are weakening and yet others are undiminished in their competence. Wealth is expanding and yet poverty is omnipresent.New technologies are adding to the pleasures and comforts of daily life and yet insecurities are ubiquitous. Regions are unifying and yet others are mired in conflict and war. People are becoming ever more skillful and yet they are marked by a sense of losing control over their lives. The world's prime superpower is flexing its muscles and yet it is forced to seek assistance from the United Nations. Tensions and ambiguities are prime consequences of these contradictions, and some of the main ones constitute the focus of the following chapters.We collectively seek to comprehend the changing paradigms that are altering the structures of world politics and adding new issues to the global agenda. More specifically, we are concerned with the impact of globalization on the conduct of international affairs, on the capacities of states, and on the security of both peoples and their collectivities. The various authors do not share similar perspectives on such matters, but the differences among them make for lively writing and provocative ideas that are bound to be clarifying for the reader. More specifically, differences can be discerned over whether the course of events are overtaking nations and their states and leading to some of their competencies being superseded by activist nongovernmental organizations and local authorities. Some of the contributors argue that world affairs continue to be a state-dominated system, but others highlight ways in which the system has been undermined by the dynamics that have unfolded since the end of the Cold War and that, in effect, have led to a bifurcation of global structures into state-centric and multicentric worlds. One focus in this regard is the impact of global terrorism on the so-called security dilemma of states. None of the authors denies that the advent of terrorism on a global scale constitutes a major 1 alteration of international structures that calls into question the nature of individual and collective security. But they differ over whether this and the military responses it has evoked are the only major sources of pervasive insecurity, with some contending that widespread poverty and discrepancies between the developed and developing worlds are no less significant as dynamics that underlie the insecurities now intruding on individual, national, and global well-being. And throughout this book there is a preoccupation with the extent to which globalization has served as a source of terrorism and insecurity. Inasmuch as the dynamics of globalization continue to unfold at a rapid rate, estimating the ways in which it has fomented positive and negative transformations is not a simple matter. Much depends on how globalization is conceptualized. For some it is seen as primarily a set of economic processes, a paradigmatic transformation that, in turn, has fostered social, political, and cultural changes. Others perceive a more complex paradigmatic shift in which no single dynamic is perceived as the prime source of change. Rather, causal dynamics are conceived as overlapping and mutually reinforcing, with the social, political, and cultural dynamics interacting with and shaping economic processes as much as they are shaped by these processes. A brief review of the thrusts of the various chapters serves to highlight these various themes and the different approaches to them. The book is divided into four sections that focus, respectively, on reconceptualizing security, state transformations, regional reflections, and emerging international patterns. The chapters were papers first delivered at an international Conference on Globalization and National Security convened in Ankara,Turkey, late in June 2002 and sponsored by the Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies (ASAM) and its director, Dr. Umit Ozdaǧ. All the papers were subsequently revised in response to suggestions made during the conference deliberations and subsequently by the editors. © 2005 State University of New York. All rights reserved

Adaptive states and the new transnational security regime

Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University), 2010

Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area o... more Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area of police cooperation as a way of understanding the challenges to broader cooperation in intelligence practices as well as the potential for its success. While Chapter 6 looked at the factors underlying successful police cooperation efforts, this chapter focuses on one aspect of police cooperation-police liaisons-and explores their role in building up a cooperative transnational response to security issues, in particular, terrorism. The chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of initiatives that have been and continue to be made in the area of security cooperation; a discussion broadly structured on the basis of the discussion provided in Chapter 1 of different realms of security relations (state-centric and multi-centric) as well as along a traditional dividing of actors into two broad types: liberal and realist. Exploring the resulting categories and the initiatives that can be grouped accordingly, reveals that the most progressive and arguably effective developments in combating transnational threats have been occurring in the realist state and multi-centric domains.

Reviewers for Volume 29

International Security, 2005

9/11 was an Instance of Transnational Balancing: An Intervention in Statist IR Theory

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political

With the end of the Cold War and through the start of the 21st century, conventional IR theories ... more With the end of the Cold War and through the start of the 21st century, conventional IR theories were anticipating an eventual balancing against the United States. Puzzled when this phenomenon did not occur, balancing theorists engaged in a lively discussion, bringing with it the development of proposed alternative forms of balancing and a debate over whether the concept itself had perhaps outlived its relevance. This article reengages with this discussion, suggesting that many of the involved theorists were hampered by theoretical blinders based on statism, and that in fact balancing did occur, but in an unconventional manner and at the hands of an unexpected suspect: al Qaeda, a violent non-state actor, acting in a transnational manner. In this context, this article treats the 9/11 attacks of the violent Jihadist anti-Western movement as an instance of balancing against the hegemon, a successful one in that the Jihadists arguably aimed not at “winning,” but at revealing the superp...

Elite Change and the Inception, Duration, and Demise of the Turkish–Israeli Alliance

Foreign Policy Analysis

This article investigates the emergence and puzzling termination of the Turkish–Israeli alliance ... more This article investigates the emergence and puzzling termination of the Turkish–Israeli alliance (1996–2011). While a litany of studies has offered changing material circumstances, the conservative agenda of Turkey's AKP government, and other exogenous factors as possible explanations, these fail to capture the complexity of the situation. Instead, this article applies a modified neoclassical realist framework of analysis that longitudinally recontextualizes the alliance. Specifically, in both its inception and collapse, Turkey's elite decision-makers faced no apparent external threats and were free to pursue their favored foreign policy. Domestically, however, Turkey's elite structure was decisive. In the 1990s, the old elite used their institutional power to restrain emerging elites and used their alliance with Israel as a pretext to do so. A decade later, a new elite seized institutional power. No longer restrained domestically, and absent external enemies, the new el...

Tracing violent non- state actorhood in global politics: a framework for analysis

Violent Non-State Actors, 2016

Turkey: towards homegrown theorizing and building a disciplinary community

In those early years of the 1960s and 1970s, the Mulkiye held an incontrovertible monopoly over t... more In those early years of the 1960s and 1970s, the Mulkiye held an incontrovertible monopoly over training and scholarship in the field of IR. Although a few other faculties offered somewhat related programs, such as economics and trade or administrative sciences, the prestigious Mulkiye was the only one that truly mattered, as its graduates alone were eligible for service in the Foreign Ministry. Small and exclusive, the Mulkiye became the world of the elite. A grooming ground for future diplomats, policy-makers, or policy advisors, the curriculum focused on diplomatic history and international law, and served a student body which, more often than not, was made up of the children of the country's wealthier families, often past diplomats and policy-makers. These students were not only familiar with the world they were training to enter, but had the foreign living experience and often the language skills to ease their transition into the field. Professors in the field were often diplomatic historians or retired diplomats. In fact, this description of the Mulkiye is not unlike those of early IR in the U.S. in the first half of the twentieth century, which has been described as a discipline dominated by "enlightened men of learning and leisure," and noted for the unclear boundaries between academia and politics (Wallace 1994: 140). With the entire local IR disciplinary community essentially reduced to one department, whatever happened in that department had a huge impact on the local discipline. The retirement of certain faculty members, the firing of others, or the particular politicization of the Mulkiye students and faculty, had the potential to disrupt the overall progress of the local discipline. Major national events, such as political disruption within the country in the 1970s, or the coup of 1980 were all reflected in the department. When a significant percentage of the Mulkiye faculty were fired or sent to jail after the 1980 coup, it took nearly a decade for the department-and thus the discipline-to recuperate and regroup. (Though, of course, one could equally argue that this huge upheaval actually helped the local IR community in that it finally allowed other departments to emerge from under the Mulkiye's shadow, as will be seen below.) The Mulkiye excelled at producing well-informed policy-makers and diplomats, but neither the school's Ottoman-age style of teaching and learning nor its primary curricular focus on policy was conducive to the development of theory and theorizing, a criticism raised early on by a leading faculty member (Bilge 1962). Teaching and learning was based on discipline and memorization, with minimal requirements for reading but rather a focus on taking vigilant notes from the professors' lectures and writing exams based on those lectures. This style did not accommodate critical engagement with the ideas being presented, nor did it promote reading diverse material and comparing and evaluating arguments, all of which are essential aspects to conceptual development. Rather than being questioned, the style remained largely unchanged over the years as those students who performed best in this system were taken on as graduate students and eventually faculty members. One could hardly expect theoretical breakthroughs to come out of such a context. Moreover, the fact that the graduates of this leading department for IR in Turkey almost all went on to serve in the Foreign Ministry meant that policy-relevant research was dominant in the Mulkiye, and thus in Turkish IR-at the expense of theory. As is the case in most of the world, the policy community was not then, nor is it now, necessarily sympathetic to theoretical works. A retired Turkish diplomat recently expressed his belief that "theory and practice do not fit," and that theory does not "provide solutions" to urgent problems (personal communication 2007). Unsurprisingly, when the Turkish Foreign Ministry sponsored Mulkiye faculty members to produce the first volume on Turkish foreign policy, a book that would constitute the primary textbook for generations of future IR students, they particularly demanded a descriptive, policy-relevant work, not theoretical abstractions. In its training and Turkey 209

A Dream Become Nightmare? Turkey's Entry into the European Union

Current History, 2001

As long as Turkey's desire for EU membership represented an abstract ideal…, Turkey's mil... more As long as Turkey's desire for EU membership represented an abstract ideal…, Turkey's military and civilian elite could avoid acknowledging the potential political costs of membership in the eu. And as long as the Europeans kept Turkey at arm's length, that elite's willingness to implement the domestic reforms necessary for EU membership was never put to the test.

Violent Non-State Actors

Globalization, security, and the nation state: paradigms in transition

Choice Reviews Online, 2006

Revised papers originally delivered at an international Conference on Globalization and National ... more

Political globalization versus anarchy : an operationalization of the transformationalist approach through the Turkish case

Emerging Transnational (In)security Governance

This edited volume is the product of a NATO-funded workshop that was held in December 2007 in Ank... more This edited volume is the product of a NATO-funded workshop that was held in December 2007 in Ankara, Turkey, on the topic of transnational security cooperation and intelligence sharing. Nearly two years in the planning, the Ankara workshop was particularly designed to bring together leading international scholars who prepared papers offering different theoretical perspectives on security cooperation, with practicing intelligence, military, and police officers, who spoke about their practice-based observations and experiences with international cooperation. The workshop provided a unique opportunity for both groups to exchange ideas, reflect on the various perspectives represented, and all join together in round tables in which particular issues and themes running throughout the theoretical and experiential accounts could be highlighted and discussed. The premise of the workshop was designed in recognition of the increasingly accepted idea that intelligence cooperation-domestically between agencies, internationally between states, and transnationally among states, sub-states and non-state actors-is essential in order to successfully counter the evolving transnational nature of security threats. Assuming that the most effective response to transnational threats should be equally transnational, the workshop focused specifically on the question of whether there is evidence of a transnationalization in states' responses to a transnational security threat like "global" terror. In other words, are we seeing a progressive materialization of state or sub-state transnational countering mechanisms, processes, and agencies, to a degree that we can identify early signs of a "Statist-transnationalism" for a new global insecurity governance? The papers selected for this volume explore this question from different theoretical perspectives and by highlighting different examples of states' responses, for example, looking at what the use of extraordinary rendition or police liaisons mean for the development and growth of transnational security cooperation. Also highlighted in the volume is an effort to tease apart the differences between the intelligence and policing communities, in order to see whether, and, if so, how, transnationalizing efforts and developments in the latter-which were widely reported at the workshop-can be duplicated in the former. While the featured chapters focus primarily on perspectives and experiences from North America and Europe, the workshop itself and the discussions held there were highlighted by contributions of practitioners from a variety of backgrounds (e.g. the Middle

Police liaisons as builders of transnational security cooperation

Emerging transnational (in)security governance: A statist-transnationalist approach, 2010

Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area o... more Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area of police cooperation as a way of understanding the challenges to broader cooperation in intelligence practices as well as the potential for its success. While Chapter 6 looked at the factors underlying successful police cooperation efforts, this chapter focuses on one aspect of police cooperation-police liaisons-and explores their role in building up a cooperative transnational response to security issues, in particular, terrorism. The chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of initiatives that have been and continue to be made in the area of security cooperation; a discussion broadly structured on the basis of the discussion provided in Chapter 1 of different realms of security relations (state-centric and multi-centric) as well as along a traditional dividing of actors into two broad types: liberal and realist. Exploring the resulting categories and the initiatives that can be grouped accordingly, reveals that the most progressive and arguably effective developments in combating transnational threats have been occurring in the realist state and multi-centric domains.

1 Statist-transnationalism for a security cooperation regime

The nature of global security threats has changed, from the primacy of state-based challenges dur... more The nature of global security threats has changed, from the primacy of state-based challenges during the Cold War era, to the rise of transnational issues and non-state actor challengers of recent years. These transnational threats have been linked to such diverse sources as: environmental degradation, disease and migration, crime and terrorism, 1 and their growing significance has spawned various efforts to describe and reconceptualize security in world politics. 2 It can be generally agreed upon, though, that we have entered into an era, in which newly empowered forces-from individuals to associations or organizations of various levels of formalityhave been released, 3 not only in the realms of economic, social or political issues, but also in that of security. The result is an increasing gap between the practices and capacities of the non-state entities creating the transnational challenges and threats, and the practices and capacities of the state-based agents of response. At a broader level, we can say that this gap is also the reflection of a much larger duality between the "international" and the "transnational". While the former refers in the most general sense to states and practices of international engagement between states, e.g. creating and operating international organizations, conducting wars, and negotiating peace, the latter refers to non-state and sub-national actors, and to both peaceful and conflictive activities of transnational engagement-that is, activities without a direct tie to state entities. Global transformations of every kind, ideational, material, or scientific, should provide an equal opportunity to both international and transnational actors and processes to flourish and evolve further. However it is the transnational, arguably because of its direct ties with individuals, their desires and their ambitions, that seems to have an inherent advantage over the more bureaucratic actors and patterns of the international. For this reason, not only does the international/transnational gap exist, but it seems bound to expand. The main goal in this volume is to try and understand the state response to this gap: have states and the state-centric world begun developing new responses to address the emerging non-state security challenges of a "post-international" 4 world? To answer such a question, it is necessary to examine a non-state security threat that has managed to generate a broad range of state response. The clear example of such a threat is transnational terrorism, and the state response to it, in particular, since 9/11. Unlike other non-state transnational security challenges like environmental degradation, refugee crises and human or small arms trafficking,

Target state responses to external support of rebel groups: Revealing the impact of support level and interstate strategic interaction

by Latife Kınay Kılıç, Ersel Aydinli, and Efe Tokdemir

How do target states react to third-party sponsorship of rebel groups? In this article, we provid... more How do target states react to third-party sponsorship of rebel groups? In this article, we provide a typology of responses from target states based on their severity and comprehensiveness level. We argue that the external support level and existing strategic interaction between targets and sponsors are crucial to explain the variation in target responses toward state sponsors since they affect the target states’ level of perceived threat. We test our theoretical claims using an original dataset featuring target responses between 1991 and 2010. Our findings show that strategic rivalry is the most crucial factor in increasing the severity and comprehensiveness of responses. Higher levels of support for rebel groups increase only coercive responses and do not impact comprehensiveness, whereas formal alliances decrease the adoption of mixed responses. Our study contributes to the literature on the external support of rebels and conflict management with implications for predicting target states’ responses to sponsorship.

Applied linguistics and language education research in Turkey: 2016–2022

Language Teaching

This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in ... more This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in Turkey-based applied linguistics and language education research between 2016–2022. The current review presents similarities to the previous reviews (Alptekin & Tatar, 2011; Aydınlı & Ortaçtepe, 2018) in terms of trends and practices that indicate a vibrant research scene and a community of practice in Turkey within language education and applied linguistics research. While certain research areas such as instructional technologies remain widely popular among Turkey-based scholars, there has been growing interest in multiculturalism, social justice language education, critical pedagogy, and culturally responsive teaching. It was also clear in our analysis that the demands by the Higher Education Council for academic promotion exacerbated some of the already-existing challenges also noted in the previous reviews. Some of the concerns include pre- and post-test study designs that focus on p...

Applied linguistics and language education research in Turkey: 2016–2022

Language Teaching, Jun 29, 2023

This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in ... more This systematic review of 170+ journal articles showcases the current trends and developments in Turkey-based applied linguistics and language education research between 2016–2022. The current review presents similarities to the previous reviews (Alptekin &amp; Tatar, 2011; Aydınlı &amp; Ortaçtepe, 2018) in terms of trends and practices that indicate a vibrant research scene and a community of practice in Turkey within language education and applied linguistics research. While certain research areas such as instructional technologies remain widely popular among Turkey-based scholars, there has been growing interest in multiculturalism, social justice language education, critical pedagogy, and culturally responsive teaching. It was also clear in our analysis that the demands by the Higher Education Council for academic promotion exacerbated some of the already-existing challenges also noted in the previous reviews. Some of the concerns include pre- and post-test study designs that focus on practical concerns and outcomes rather than on processes that would lead to conceptual or theoretical development; and lack of engagement with broader (inter)disciplinary debates. We hope that this review will help establish conversations among fellow scholars in terms of future directions that applied linguistics and language education research in Turkey can take in order to contribute to the larger discussions in the field.

Statist-transnationalism for a security cooperation regime

Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University), 2010

Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area o... more Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area of police cooperation as a way of understanding the challenges to broader cooperation in intelligence practices as well as the potential for its success. While Chapter 6 looked at the factors underlying successful police cooperation efforts, this chapter focuses on one aspect of police cooperation-police liaisons-and explores their role in building up a cooperative transnational response to security issues, in particular, terrorism. The chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of initiatives that have been and continue to be made in the area of security cooperation; a discussion broadly structured on the basis of the discussion provided in Chapter 1 of different realms of security relations (state-centric and multi-centric) as well as along a traditional dividing of actors into two broad types: liberal and realist. Exploring the resulting categories and the initiatives that can be grouped accordingly, reveals that the most progressive and arguably effective developments in combating transnational threats have been occurring in the realist state and multi-centric domains.

The Jihadists after 9/11

The Jihadists pre- 9/11

Introduction globalization, security, and the Nation State

We live in a time of enormous contradictions, of dualities that are moving people and societies i... more We live in a time of enormous contradictions, of dualities that are moving people and societies in opposite directions. Some paradigms are coming undone and yet others are as fixed as ever. Changes and transformations are pervasive and yet constancies persist. Globalizing processes are accelerating and yet localizing processes remain powerful. Many nations and states are weakening and yet others are undiminished in their competence. Wealth is expanding and yet poverty is omnipresent.New technologies are adding to the pleasures and comforts of daily life and yet insecurities are ubiquitous. Regions are unifying and yet others are mired in conflict and war. People are becoming ever more skillful and yet they are marked by a sense of losing control over their lives. The world's prime superpower is flexing its muscles and yet it is forced to seek assistance from the United Nations. Tensions and ambiguities are prime consequences of these contradictions, and some of the main ones constitute the focus of the following chapters.We collectively seek to comprehend the changing paradigms that are altering the structures of world politics and adding new issues to the global agenda. More specifically, we are concerned with the impact of globalization on the conduct of international affairs, on the capacities of states, and on the security of both peoples and their collectivities. The various authors do not share similar perspectives on such matters, but the differences among them make for lively writing and provocative ideas that are bound to be clarifying for the reader. More specifically, differences can be discerned over whether the course of events are overtaking nations and their states and leading to some of their competencies being superseded by activist nongovernmental organizations and local authorities. Some of the contributors argue that world affairs continue to be a state-dominated system, but others highlight ways in which the system has been undermined by the dynamics that have unfolded since the end of the Cold War and that, in effect, have led to a bifurcation of global structures into state-centric and multicentric worlds. One focus in this regard is the impact of global terrorism on the so-called security dilemma of states. None of the authors denies that the advent of terrorism on a global scale constitutes a major 1 alteration of international structures that calls into question the nature of individual and collective security. But they differ over whether this and the military responses it has evoked are the only major sources of pervasive insecurity, with some contending that widespread poverty and discrepancies between the developed and developing worlds are no less significant as dynamics that underlie the insecurities now intruding on individual, national, and global well-being. And throughout this book there is a preoccupation with the extent to which globalization has served as a source of terrorism and insecurity. Inasmuch as the dynamics of globalization continue to unfold at a rapid rate, estimating the ways in which it has fomented positive and negative transformations is not a simple matter. Much depends on how globalization is conceptualized. For some it is seen as primarily a set of economic processes, a paradigmatic transformation that, in turn, has fostered social, political, and cultural changes. Others perceive a more complex paradigmatic shift in which no single dynamic is perceived as the prime source of change. Rather, causal dynamics are conceived as overlapping and mutually reinforcing, with the social, political, and cultural dynamics interacting with and shaping economic processes as much as they are shaped by these processes. A brief review of the thrusts of the various chapters serves to highlight these various themes and the different approaches to them. The book is divided into four sections that focus, respectively, on reconceptualizing security, state transformations, regional reflections, and emerging international patterns. The chapters were papers first delivered at an international Conference on Globalization and National Security convened in Ankara,Turkey, late in June 2002 and sponsored by the Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies (ASAM) and its director, Dr. Umit Ozdaǧ. All the papers were subsequently revised in response to suggestions made during the conference deliberations and subsequently by the editors. © 2005 State University of New York. All rights reserved

Adaptive states and the new transnational security regime

Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University), 2010

Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area o... more Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area of police cooperation as a way of understanding the challenges to broader cooperation in intelligence practices as well as the potential for its success. While Chapter 6 looked at the factors underlying successful police cooperation efforts, this chapter focuses on one aspect of police cooperation-police liaisons-and explores their role in building up a cooperative transnational response to security issues, in particular, terrorism. The chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of initiatives that have been and continue to be made in the area of security cooperation; a discussion broadly structured on the basis of the discussion provided in Chapter 1 of different realms of security relations (state-centric and multi-centric) as well as along a traditional dividing of actors into two broad types: liberal and realist. Exploring the resulting categories and the initiatives that can be grouped accordingly, reveals that the most progressive and arguably effective developments in combating transnational threats have been occurring in the realist state and multi-centric domains.

Reviewers for Volume 29

International Security, 2005

9/11 was an Instance of Transnational Balancing: An Intervention in Statist IR Theory

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political

With the end of the Cold War and through the start of the 21st century, conventional IR theories ... more With the end of the Cold War and through the start of the 21st century, conventional IR theories were anticipating an eventual balancing against the United States. Puzzled when this phenomenon did not occur, balancing theorists engaged in a lively discussion, bringing with it the development of proposed alternative forms of balancing and a debate over whether the concept itself had perhaps outlived its relevance. This article reengages with this discussion, suggesting that many of the involved theorists were hampered by theoretical blinders based on statism, and that in fact balancing did occur, but in an unconventional manner and at the hands of an unexpected suspect: al Qaeda, a violent non-state actor, acting in a transnational manner. In this context, this article treats the 9/11 attacks of the violent Jihadist anti-Western movement as an instance of balancing against the hegemon, a successful one in that the Jihadists arguably aimed not at “winning,” but at revealing the superp...

Elite Change and the Inception, Duration, and Demise of the Turkish–Israeli Alliance

Foreign Policy Analysis

This article investigates the emergence and puzzling termination of the Turkish–Israeli alliance ... more This article investigates the emergence and puzzling termination of the Turkish–Israeli alliance (1996–2011). While a litany of studies has offered changing material circumstances, the conservative agenda of Turkey's AKP government, and other exogenous factors as possible explanations, these fail to capture the complexity of the situation. Instead, this article applies a modified neoclassical realist framework of analysis that longitudinally recontextualizes the alliance. Specifically, in both its inception and collapse, Turkey's elite decision-makers faced no apparent external threats and were free to pursue their favored foreign policy. Domestically, however, Turkey's elite structure was decisive. In the 1990s, the old elite used their institutional power to restrain emerging elites and used their alliance with Israel as a pretext to do so. A decade later, a new elite seized institutional power. No longer restrained domestically, and absent external enemies, the new el...

Tracing violent non- state actorhood in global politics: a framework for analysis

Violent Non-State Actors, 2016

Turkey: towards homegrown theorizing and building a disciplinary community

In those early years of the 1960s and 1970s, the Mulkiye held an incontrovertible monopoly over t... more In those early years of the 1960s and 1970s, the Mulkiye held an incontrovertible monopoly over training and scholarship in the field of IR. Although a few other faculties offered somewhat related programs, such as economics and trade or administrative sciences, the prestigious Mulkiye was the only one that truly mattered, as its graduates alone were eligible for service in the Foreign Ministry. Small and exclusive, the Mulkiye became the world of the elite. A grooming ground for future diplomats, policy-makers, or policy advisors, the curriculum focused on diplomatic history and international law, and served a student body which, more often than not, was made up of the children of the country's wealthier families, often past diplomats and policy-makers. These students were not only familiar with the world they were training to enter, but had the foreign living experience and often the language skills to ease their transition into the field. Professors in the field were often diplomatic historians or retired diplomats. In fact, this description of the Mulkiye is not unlike those of early IR in the U.S. in the first half of the twentieth century, which has been described as a discipline dominated by "enlightened men of learning and leisure," and noted for the unclear boundaries between academia and politics (Wallace 1994: 140). With the entire local IR disciplinary community essentially reduced to one department, whatever happened in that department had a huge impact on the local discipline. The retirement of certain faculty members, the firing of others, or the particular politicization of the Mulkiye students and faculty, had the potential to disrupt the overall progress of the local discipline. Major national events, such as political disruption within the country in the 1970s, or the coup of 1980 were all reflected in the department. When a significant percentage of the Mulkiye faculty were fired or sent to jail after the 1980 coup, it took nearly a decade for the department-and thus the discipline-to recuperate and regroup. (Though, of course, one could equally argue that this huge upheaval actually helped the local IR community in that it finally allowed other departments to emerge from under the Mulkiye's shadow, as will be seen below.) The Mulkiye excelled at producing well-informed policy-makers and diplomats, but neither the school's Ottoman-age style of teaching and learning nor its primary curricular focus on policy was conducive to the development of theory and theorizing, a criticism raised early on by a leading faculty member (Bilge 1962). Teaching and learning was based on discipline and memorization, with minimal requirements for reading but rather a focus on taking vigilant notes from the professors' lectures and writing exams based on those lectures. This style did not accommodate critical engagement with the ideas being presented, nor did it promote reading diverse material and comparing and evaluating arguments, all of which are essential aspects to conceptual development. Rather than being questioned, the style remained largely unchanged over the years as those students who performed best in this system were taken on as graduate students and eventually faculty members. One could hardly expect theoretical breakthroughs to come out of such a context. Moreover, the fact that the graduates of this leading department for IR in Turkey almost all went on to serve in the Foreign Ministry meant that policy-relevant research was dominant in the Mulkiye, and thus in Turkish IR-at the expense of theory. As is the case in most of the world, the policy community was not then, nor is it now, necessarily sympathetic to theoretical works. A retired Turkish diplomat recently expressed his belief that "theory and practice do not fit," and that theory does not "provide solutions" to urgent problems (personal communication 2007). Unsurprisingly, when the Turkish Foreign Ministry sponsored Mulkiye faculty members to produce the first volume on Turkish foreign policy, a book that would constitute the primary textbook for generations of future IR students, they particularly demanded a descriptive, policy-relevant work, not theoretical abstractions. In its training and Turkey 209

A Dream Become Nightmare? Turkey's Entry into the European Union

Current History, 2001

As long as Turkey's desire for EU membership represented an abstract ideal…, Turkey's mil... more As long as Turkey's desire for EU membership represented an abstract ideal…, Turkey's military and civilian elite could avoid acknowledging the potential political costs of membership in the eu. And as long as the Europeans kept Turkey at arm's length, that elite's willingness to implement the domestic reforms necessary for EU membership was never put to the test.

Violent Non-State Actors

Globalization, security, and the nation state: paradigms in transition

Choice Reviews Online, 2006

Revised papers originally delivered at an international Conference on Globalization and National ... more

Political globalization versus anarchy : an operationalization of the transformationalist approach through the Turkish case

Emerging Transnational (In)security Governance

This edited volume is the product of a NATO-funded workshop that was held in December 2007 in Ank... more This edited volume is the product of a NATO-funded workshop that was held in December 2007 in Ankara, Turkey, on the topic of transnational security cooperation and intelligence sharing. Nearly two years in the planning, the Ankara workshop was particularly designed to bring together leading international scholars who prepared papers offering different theoretical perspectives on security cooperation, with practicing intelligence, military, and police officers, who spoke about their practice-based observations and experiences with international cooperation. The workshop provided a unique opportunity for both groups to exchange ideas, reflect on the various perspectives represented, and all join together in round tables in which particular issues and themes running throughout the theoretical and experiential accounts could be highlighted and discussed. The premise of the workshop was designed in recognition of the increasingly accepted idea that intelligence cooperation-domestically between agencies, internationally between states, and transnationally among states, sub-states and non-state actors-is essential in order to successfully counter the evolving transnational nature of security threats. Assuming that the most effective response to transnational threats should be equally transnational, the workshop focused specifically on the question of whether there is evidence of a transnationalization in states' responses to a transnational security threat like "global" terror. In other words, are we seeing a progressive materialization of state or sub-state transnational countering mechanisms, processes, and agencies, to a degree that we can identify early signs of a "Statist-transnationalism" for a new global insecurity governance? The papers selected for this volume explore this question from different theoretical perspectives and by highlighting different examples of states' responses, for example, looking at what the use of extraordinary rendition or police liaisons mean for the development and growth of transnational security cooperation. Also highlighted in the volume is an effort to tease apart the differences between the intelligence and policing communities, in order to see whether, and, if so, how, transnationalizing efforts and developments in the latter-which were widely reported at the workshop-can be duplicated in the former. While the featured chapters focus primarily on perspectives and experiences from North America and Europe, the workshop itself and the discussions held there were highlighted by contributions of practitioners from a variety of backgrounds (e.g. the Middle

Police liaisons as builders of transnational security cooperation

Emerging transnational (in)security governance: A statist-transnationalist approach, 2010

Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area o... more Transnationalization of security services This section of the volume turns to the specific area of police cooperation as a way of understanding the challenges to broader cooperation in intelligence practices as well as the potential for its success. While Chapter 6 looked at the factors underlying successful police cooperation efforts, this chapter focuses on one aspect of police cooperation-police liaisons-and explores their role in building up a cooperative transnational response to security issues, in particular, terrorism. The chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of initiatives that have been and continue to be made in the area of security cooperation; a discussion broadly structured on the basis of the discussion provided in Chapter 1 of different realms of security relations (state-centric and multi-centric) as well as along a traditional dividing of actors into two broad types: liberal and realist. Exploring the resulting categories and the initiatives that can be grouped accordingly, reveals that the most progressive and arguably effective developments in combating transnational threats have been occurring in the realist state and multi-centric domains.

1 Statist-transnationalism for a security cooperation regime

The nature of global security threats has changed, from the primacy of state-based challenges dur... more The nature of global security threats has changed, from the primacy of state-based challenges during the Cold War era, to the rise of transnational issues and non-state actor challengers of recent years. These transnational threats have been linked to such diverse sources as: environmental degradation, disease and migration, crime and terrorism, 1 and their growing significance has spawned various efforts to describe and reconceptualize security in world politics. 2 It can be generally agreed upon, though, that we have entered into an era, in which newly empowered forces-from individuals to associations or organizations of various levels of formalityhave been released, 3 not only in the realms of economic, social or political issues, but also in that of security. The result is an increasing gap between the practices and capacities of the non-state entities creating the transnational challenges and threats, and the practices and capacities of the state-based agents of response. At a broader level, we can say that this gap is also the reflection of a much larger duality between the "international" and the "transnational". While the former refers in the most general sense to states and practices of international engagement between states, e.g. creating and operating international organizations, conducting wars, and negotiating peace, the latter refers to non-state and sub-national actors, and to both peaceful and conflictive activities of transnational engagement-that is, activities without a direct tie to state entities. Global transformations of every kind, ideational, material, or scientific, should provide an equal opportunity to both international and transnational actors and processes to flourish and evolve further. However it is the transnational, arguably because of its direct ties with individuals, their desires and their ambitions, that seems to have an inherent advantage over the more bureaucratic actors and patterns of the international. For this reason, not only does the international/transnational gap exist, but it seems bound to expand. The main goal in this volume is to try and understand the state response to this gap: have states and the state-centric world begun developing new responses to address the emerging non-state security challenges of a "post-international" 4 world? To answer such a question, it is necessary to examine a non-state security threat that has managed to generate a broad range of state response. The clear example of such a threat is transnational terrorism, and the state response to it, in particular, since 9/11. Unlike other non-state transnational security challenges like environmental degradation, refugee crises and human or small arms trafficking,

Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists

Given the importance of violent non-state actors (VNSA) and their evolving role in global politic... more

Emerging Transnational (In)security Governance: A Statist Transnationalist Approach

This book presents a selection of edited essays written by leading international scholars engagin... more

YÖNTEM, KURAM, KOMPLO: TÜRK ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER DİSİPLİNİNDE VİZYON ARAYIŞLARI

GLOBALIZATION, SECURITY, AND THE NATION-STATE