Videos by Kirill Mikhailov
XXXVI НАУЧНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ «НОВГОРОД И НОВГОРОДСКАЯ ЗЕМЛЯ. ИСТОРИЯ И АРХЕОЛОГИЯ» Новгородский Музе... more XXXVI НАУЧНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ «НОВГОРОД И НОВГОРОДСКАЯ ЗЕМЛЯ. ИСТОРИЯ И АРХЕОЛОГИЯ» Новгородский Музей-заповедник. 27.01.2022 11 views
Papers by Kirill Mikhailov
Археологические вести., 2024
Археологические вести, 2024
All-Russian scientific conference “Old Russian city:
architecture and material culture: To the 12... more All-Russian scientific conference “Old Russian city:
architecture and material culture: To the 120th anniversary of the archaeologist,
art historian and historian М. K. Karger” (St. Petersburg, 24–26 October 2023)
К. A. Mikhailov, A. A. Peskova
Keywords: M. K. Karger, history of Russian archaeology, material culture of the Old Russian city, architectural archaeology.
K. A. Mikhailov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation) Ancient Russian Belt Buckles and Details of Belt Sets of the Late 12th—13th Centuries from the Excavations of the Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetovka // Stratum plus. 2024. No5 Pax tecum. The Middle Ages in quiescency. pp. 153 - 173., 2024
The article deals with metal details of Old Russian belt sets of the late 12th — and first half o... more The article deals with metal details of Old Russian belt sets of the late 12th — and first half of 13th centuries discovered during the excavations of 1957—1964 at the Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetovka in the Khmelnytsky region of Ukraine. They revealed belt buckles and copper alloy rings located in the settlement’s military defeat layer. In Russian historiography, the territories of the North-West and North-East of ancient Russia still remain the main region of study of medieval belt sets. The chronology of medieval toreutics on the territory of Eastern Europe, including buckles, is based on the works dedicated to the chronology of ancient Novgorod. According to the author, the Shepetovka finds, for the first time, allow researchers to study a narrowly dated Old Russian collection of buckles that were in use on the eve of the Mongol invasion of Southern Russia. The author presented a classification of buckles based on their morphological features and considered their planographic distribution at the settlement. The study has shown that the complex of buckles from the Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetovka had pronounced regional features and differed significantly from the Novgorod and other archaeological collections of Old Russian towns of Northern Russia.
Preserving Russian and World Cultural Heritage: 165 years of the Imperial Archaeological Comission / Ed. by Sergey A. Vasiliev (executive editor). – St. Petersburg: Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, 2024., 2024
study of the ruins of an architectural structure with archaeological methods, but its interdiscip... more study of the ruins of an architectural structure with archaeological methods, but its interdisciplinary
nature, a comprehensive study of the architectural object and the cultural layer. The study of
ruined masonry and its careful fixation required special expertise in analyzing and measuring the
architecture. In the 1940-s–1950-s, an active part in Mikhail Karger’s expeditions was taken by
established specialists with architectural and historical-architectural education: Pavel Rappoport
and Marianna Malevskaya, staff members of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archaeology.
Later, following the architectural and archaeological approach, from the 1960-s they conducted
their own research of numerous monuments of monumental architecture in Smolensk, Polotsk,
Novogrudok, Vladimir-Volynsky, Lutsk, Lvov, Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, etc. In his works, Pavel
Rappoport formulated a new concept of builders’ bands (mobile groups of medieval master builders
headed by an architect), which made it possible to explain the mechanism of development
of Old Russian architecture and the interaction of traditions of local architectural schools of the
Old Russian principalities. The most important milestone and summing up the results of the activities
of the Leningrad school of architectural archaeology were, published by Pavel Rappoport, the
catalogue of monuments “Russian Architecture of the X–XIII centuries” (1982) and the chart of the
movement of builders’ bands in pre-Mongolian time (1993).
Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства: сб. науч. статей. Вып. 13. / Под ред. А. В. Захаровой, С. В. Мальцевой, Е. Ю. Станюкович-Денисовой. — МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова / СПб.: НП-Принт, 2023., 2023
The article presents a preliminary analysis of the documents of the personal fund of M. K. Karger... more The article presents a preliminary analysis of the documents of the personal fund of M. K. Karger (F. 85), kept in the scientific archive of the IHMC RAS. Mikhail Konstantinovich Karger was one of the key figures of the Leningrad art school of the 20th century. With his participation, outstanding monuments of ancient Russian stone architecture were discovered and investigated, and the Leningrad school of architectural archeology was established. The study of Karger’s life path has always been complicated by the lack of his detailed official biography. During his lifetime, the scientist was extremely brief and cautious in official documents and did not leave diaries or letters. The researcher’s personal fund contains important information, both of a biographical nature and on scientific activities within the framework of the school of Old Russian architectural archaeology and Soviet art criticism. In addition, some rare biographical documents of M. K. Karger have been found in the archives of Kazan, Samara, and St. Petersburg. An appeal to a previously unknown set of documents can provide a fresh look at the monumental figure of a multifaceted scientist who combined skills as a talented archaeologist, architectural historian, and expert in Old Russian art.
Археологические Вести. Вып. 39, 2023
Keywords: Old Rus, Bolshoye Shepetovskoye Gorodishche (Shepetovka fortified settlement), Volhynia... more Keywords: Old Rus, Bolshoye Shepetovskoye Gorodishche (Shepetovka fortified settlement), Volhynia, 1237–
1241, Mongol invasion, mass sanitary interments, topography of weaponry items, arrows, fortifications, reconstruction
of the city assault.
Bolshoye Shepetovskoye Gorodishche (Large Shepetovka fortified settlement) is an Early Russian town of the
late 12th and 13th cen. which was completely investigated in 1957–1964 by the expedition under M. K. Karger’s direction.
This site is a rare archaeological complex where a layer of assault, a fire with remains of wooden buildings and
fortifications and numerous skeletal remains of humans and animals were preserved in situ up to the 20th cen. The
present publication analyses different categories of finds related with the assault and the moment of the destruction
of the settlement: mass ‘sanitary’ interments of the killed citizens, the topography of items of armament and rider’s
equipment; topography and type of the fortifications and characteristic details concerned with the demolishing of
the city. In addition, it proved possible to identify sets of armament found together with the skeletons of the killed
defenders of the city. The data obtained allow the archaeologists to compare the archaeological evidence on the
storm of the Shepetovskoye fortified settlement with other Early Russian sites which perished in the mid-13th cen.
The characteristic archaeological evidence on the destruction of the town similar to that discovered at other cities
and the year season when the storm took place (autumn/winter) suggest that its demolishing was related with
the Mongolian raid of 1240–1241 AD.
Изучение денежного обращения на территории Твери и Тверских земель Великое княжество Тверское был... more Изучение денежного обращения на территории Твери и Тверских земель Великое княжество Тверское было одним из ведущих русских культурных, политических и экономических центров. Маркером высокого статуса Твери следует рассматривать налаженную здесь с начала XV в. чеканку монет. Массовые тиражи серебряных денег и медных пул 3 составили основу местной денежной системы. Правом монетной регалии обладали также удельные кня
Археологические вести. Вып. 37, 2022
Numismatic finds from Tver and Tver Oblast in 2019 and 2020
(after investigations by IHMC RAS)
K.... more Numismatic finds from Tver and Tver Oblast in 2019 and 2020
(after investigations by IHMC RAS)
K. V. Gorlov, V. A. Lapshin, K. A. Mikhaylov, A. A. Lazarev,
K. V. Khludnev, K. V. Kononchuk, R. V. Filippenko, A. A. Bessudnov 45
Keywords. Tver, pulo (copper coin), coins, cultural layer, coin circulation period, chronology.
In 2019 and 2020, the Tver City Archaeological Expedition of the Department of Rescue Archaeology of IHMC
RAS carried out scientific research in the form of archaeological excavations in Tver, Zatmatsky Posad, and outside
its limits: in the modern micro-district of Migalovo, as well as in the Konakovsky District of Tver Oblast at the settlement
site of Shosha-1. In the course of these works, a collection of 209 single coins and two hoards was obtained (Table
№ 1–6; Figs. 1–7). A comprehensive study of numismatic evidence and written documents allows us at present to consider
these monetary signs as a highly informative interdisciplinary source.
The coins found in Tver and Tver Oblast were employed as one of the most important chronological indicators for
obtaining more precise dates of the formation of the cultural layer. It has been established that the removal from circulation
of the large pulos found during excavations in Yefimov Street was taking place most probably throughout the
15th cent. Finds of small pulos and rather rare silver coins possibly mark the period from the 15th cent. until the Time of
Troubles, although their removal from circulation had taken place most possibly not before the crushing of Tver in 1569
by the oprichnic armies of Ivan the Terrible. The absence of coins of the 17th cent. among the revealed artefacts reflects
the situation mentioned in written sources which tell about the desertion of a considerable area of Zatmatsky Posad and
using it as tillable lands during that period.
The segment of the numismatic collection obtained during the excavation in Troitskaya Street, including a series of
pulos, marks the formation of the cultural layer in the end of the 15th — early 16th cent. The monetary hoard hidden in
the 1760s was related with the use of the area in the second half of the 18th cent.
The numismatic material recorded in the course of excavations of the settlement site of Migalovo 1 allows the researchers
to distinguish two chronological spans when the monetary signs could have been removed from circulation.
The first stage is dated to the late 15th — 16th cent. The absence of examples of the 17th cent. among the coin finds, in
particular kopecks of Aleksey Mikhaylovich, repeats the situation observed during excavations in other districts of Tver.
The second chronological span covering the 1730s and 1740s is marked by monetary signs of ten-rouble denominations
recorded as single finds and among a small complex.
Coins found in the course of excavations in Tver in Lidiya Bazanova Str., house 48, indicate an active development
of this area from the middle of the 19th cent. to the beginning of the 20th cent. Of special importance here is a finding of
two coins of Alexander II and Nickolas II, which distinctly reflect the structure of everyday monetary circulation and
date the cultural layer.
The numismatic collection obtained during excavations of the settlement site of Shosha-1 allows us to trace the economic
development of this area from the early 16th to the mid-1930s generally coinciding with the evidence of written
sources. The largest quantity of coins was lost here in the 18th century and at the turn between the 19th and 20th centuries.
Архитектурная археология № 4., 2022
K. A. Mikhailov. Missing reports: new archival
data on the restoration and archaeological
activit... more K. A. Mikhailov. Missing reports: new archival
data on the restoration and archaeological
activities of M. K. Karger in Novgorod
in 1933–1935
Abstract. The article deals with a report by M. K. Karger on
archaeological, architectural and restoration work in
Novgorod in 1933–1935, accompanied by a brief background
on its creation.
Keywords: M. K. Karger, Novgorod, IHMC RAS, 1933–1935, restoration,
archaeology, St. George's cathedral, Yuriev monastery,
Kirillo-Belozersky monastery, Transfiguration church
in Kovalyovo, archival documents, Novgorod Museum,
report, history of Soviet archaeology.
К. В. Горлов, К. А. Михайлов Нумизматические и сфрагистические находки с Ржевского городища «Соборная гора» (по материалам работ ИИМК РАН в 2019 г.) //Археологические вести, Ин-т истории материальной культуры РАН. — Вып. 27 / [Гл. ред. Н. В. Хвощинская]. — СПб., 2020. , 2020
In the autumn of 2019, the archaeological expedition of the Department of Rescue Archaeology of
t... more In the autumn of 2019, the archaeological expedition of the Department of Rescue Archaeology of
the Institute for the History of Material Culture (IIMK) RAS supervised the earthworks concerned with the restoration
of the memorial complex on Mt Sobornaya Gora in the town of Rzhev.
The results of the works first have enabled the archaeologists to study the historical centre of the town of Rzhev which
until now has been closed to scientific investigation. The archaeological examination has allowed us a unique possibility
to study in details the stratigraphy and plan of the site, as well as to collect a representative assemblage of finds including
very important numismatic and sphragistic materials helping to provide a more exact dating of the settlement.
Ключевые слова: Ржев, Соборная гора, городище, монеты, пулы, актовые печати, стратиграфия,
Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, 2021
The first detailed description of the defensive structures of the Large Fortified Settlement near... more The first detailed description of the defensive structures of the Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetovka (Khmelnytsky region, Ukraine) at the end of the 12th — first half of the 13th century was published in 2009 (Peskova 2009). A new and more detailed study of the field documentation of the expedition carried out at the present time made it possible to clarify some details of both the layout of the remnants of the fortifications and their construction, and to propose a new version of the reconstruction of the inner ring of the multi-row fortifications of the settlement.
Архитектурная археология, 2019
Our earth is great and plentiful, 2019
Сборник научных статей «Земля наша велика и обильна…», подготовленный к изданию Институтом истори... more Сборник научных статей «Земля наша велика и обильна…», подготовленный к изданию Институтом истории материальной культуры Российской Академии наук, посвящен 90-летию доктора исторических наук, профессора, заслуженного работника культуры РФ Анатолия Николаевича Кирпичникова. В сборнике представлены статьи, написанные историками и археологами из Вюрцбурга, Москвы, Парижа, Перми, Пскова, Риги, Санкт-Петербурга, Старой Ладоги и Сургута. В большинстве работ впервые вводятся в научный оборот результаты новейших открытий в изучении средневековой археологии и истории европейских стран. Статьи иллюстрированы фотографиями, чертежами, рисунками и картами. Сборник адресован историкам, археологам, филологам, а также широкому кругу читателей, интересующихся историческим прошлым России и сопредельных стран.
К. А. Михайлов, А. А. Пескова (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) «Витязь у ворот», или реконструкция воинского комплекса из раскопок Большого Шепетовского городища // Stratum plus. 2019. №5, 2019
О «скелете русского витязя, в кольчуге и шлеме», найденного «под развалинами сгоревшей воротной б... more О «скелете русского витязя, в кольчуге и шлеме», найденного «под развалинами сгоревшей воротной башни» при раскопках Большого Шепетовского городища, до сих пор было известно в основном со слов его исследователя М. К. Каргера и благодаря краткой информации о предметах вооружения из этого комплекса в своде древнерусского вооружения А. Н. Кирпичникова. В ходе проделанной источниковедческой работы удалось уточнить локализацию находки и реконструировать обстоятельства гибели и состав комплекса вооружения знатного древнерусского воина XIII в. Более того, вместо одного защитника городка здесь были выявлены останки нескольких воинов и несколько наборов вооружения. Данная работа является первым этапом исследования комплекса древнерусского вооружения и оборонительных конструкций, обнаруженных в 1959 г. в юго-западной части Шепетовского городища. Полная публикация комплекса возможна только после проведения комплексной реставрации изучаемых находок.
Находки защитного вооружения из раскопок древнерусского Шепетовского городища (заметки к трудам А. Н. Кирпичникова) //Земля наша велика и обильна : сборник статей, посвященный 90-летию А. Н. Кир- пичникова. — СПб.: Невская Типография, 2019. , 2019
Сборник научных статей «Земля наша велика и обильна…», подготовленный к изданию Институтом истори... more Сборник научных статей «Земля наша велика и обильна…», подготовленный к изданию Институтом истории материальной культуры Российской Академии наук, посвящен 90-летию доктора исторических наук, профессора, заслуженного работника культуры РФ Анатолия Николаевича Кирпичникова. В сборнике представлены статьи, написанные историками и археологами из Вюрцбурга, Москвы, Парижа, Перми, Пскова, Риги, Санкт-Петербурга, Старой Ладоги и Сургута. В большинстве работ впервые вводятся в научный оборот результаты новейших открытий в изучении средневековой археологии и истории европейских стран. Статьи иллюстрированы фотографиями, чертежами, рисунками и картами. Сборник адресован историкам, археологам, филологам, а также широкому кругу читателей, интересующихся историческим прошлым России и сопредельных стран.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 13, 417–440, 2018
Peskova A., Mikhaylov K. 2018. The Large Fortified Settlement Near Shepetivka: History
of the Med... more Peskova A., Mikhaylov K. 2018. The Large Fortified Settlement Near Shepetivka: History
of the Medieval Settlement – History of the Archaeological Site. Analecta Archaeologica
Ressoviensia 13, 417–440
The dramatic history of the medieval fortified settlement, located between the Sluch’ and
Goryn’ Rivers (near the village of Horodyshche, Shepetivka District, Khmelnytskyi Region,
Ukraine), destroyed and burned as a result of Tatar-Mongol raids in the middle of the 13th c.,
gave rise to the appearance of a cultural layer which is unique as regards its abundant finds.
During the excavations led by Mikhail Karger in 1957–1964, almost all the territory of the
site was investigated (3.6 ha) and many thousands of archaeological and anthropological
finds were collected. M. Karger planned to publish a monograph based on the research
into these collections undertaken by the members of his expedition team, but his plan did
not reach fruition. Over the last sixty years, the materials have often been referred to by
specialists. Today the bibliography relating to the analysis and interpretation of the materials
discovered during the excavations includes dozens of articles. The rather disjointed nature
of the materials published so far, and the random and incomplete selection of finds for
detailed investigation have meant that the presentation of the site as a whole has not been
a well-integrated one and interpretations have often been inconsistent. Recently a project
has been drawn up, enabling a team from the Institute for the History of Material Culture,
to prepare the excavated materials for publication, supported by a grant from the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia, volume 13, 2018
Archaeological news. 24. SAINT-PETERSBURG 2018., 2018
Annotation. In this paper, ample biographic information about Marianna Vladimirovna Malevskaya-Ma... more Annotation. In this paper, ample biographic information about Marianna Vladimirovna Malevskaya-Malevich
(1918–2011) is presented in connection with her 100-year anniversary. Malevskaya was a prominent expert
in the sphere of mediaeval architecture and ceramics. Here her scientific work is analysed, an assessment of
her contribution to the studies of mediaeval architecture of Galicia–Volhynia lands and ceramics of the western
regions of Eastern Europe is proposed. Also a primary characterization of her archive heritage is presented.
The paper lays stress on the interconnection of all stages of academic activities and the unity of approaches
concerned with the basic aesthetic and ethic principles. Malevskaya’s attention to the regional peculiarities
of the monuments and artefacts under study is considered as a feature of her creative method. Her role in
studying of the sources of the Ukrainian and Belorussian culture and architecture is marked. The present
authors draw the conclusion on the undoubted
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Papers by Kirill Mikhailov
architecture and material culture: To the 120th anniversary of the archaeologist,
art historian and historian М. K. Karger” (St. Petersburg, 24–26 October 2023)
К. A. Mikhailov, A. A. Peskova
Keywords: M. K. Karger, history of Russian archaeology, material culture of the Old Russian city, architectural archaeology.
nature, a comprehensive study of the architectural object and the cultural layer. The study of
ruined masonry and its careful fixation required special expertise in analyzing and measuring the
architecture. In the 1940-s–1950-s, an active part in Mikhail Karger’s expeditions was taken by
established specialists with architectural and historical-architectural education: Pavel Rappoport
and Marianna Malevskaya, staff members of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archaeology.
Later, following the architectural and archaeological approach, from the 1960-s they conducted
their own research of numerous monuments of monumental architecture in Smolensk, Polotsk,
Novogrudok, Vladimir-Volynsky, Lutsk, Lvov, Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, etc. In his works, Pavel
Rappoport formulated a new concept of builders’ bands (mobile groups of medieval master builders
headed by an architect), which made it possible to explain the mechanism of development
of Old Russian architecture and the interaction of traditions of local architectural schools of the
Old Russian principalities. The most important milestone and summing up the results of the activities
of the Leningrad school of architectural archaeology were, published by Pavel Rappoport, the
catalogue of monuments “Russian Architecture of the X–XIII centuries” (1982) and the chart of the
movement of builders’ bands in pre-Mongolian time (1993).
1241, Mongol invasion, mass sanitary interments, topography of weaponry items, arrows, fortifications, reconstruction
of the city assault.
Bolshoye Shepetovskoye Gorodishche (Large Shepetovka fortified settlement) is an Early Russian town of the
late 12th and 13th cen. which was completely investigated in 1957–1964 by the expedition under M. K. Karger’s direction.
This site is a rare archaeological complex where a layer of assault, a fire with remains of wooden buildings and
fortifications and numerous skeletal remains of humans and animals were preserved in situ up to the 20th cen. The
present publication analyses different categories of finds related with the assault and the moment of the destruction
of the settlement: mass ‘sanitary’ interments of the killed citizens, the topography of items of armament and rider’s
equipment; topography and type of the fortifications and characteristic details concerned with the demolishing of
the city. In addition, it proved possible to identify sets of armament found together with the skeletons of the killed
defenders of the city. The data obtained allow the archaeologists to compare the archaeological evidence on the
storm of the Shepetovskoye fortified settlement with other Early Russian sites which perished in the mid-13th cen.
The characteristic archaeological evidence on the destruction of the town similar to that discovered at other cities
and the year season when the storm took place (autumn/winter) suggest that its demolishing was related with
the Mongolian raid of 1240–1241 AD.
(after investigations by IHMC RAS)
K. V. Gorlov, V. A. Lapshin, K. A. Mikhaylov, A. A. Lazarev,
K. V. Khludnev, K. V. Kononchuk, R. V. Filippenko, A. A. Bessudnov 45
Keywords. Tver, pulo (copper coin), coins, cultural layer, coin circulation period, chronology.
In 2019 and 2020, the Tver City Archaeological Expedition of the Department of Rescue Archaeology of IHMC
RAS carried out scientific research in the form of archaeological excavations in Tver, Zatmatsky Posad, and outside
its limits: in the modern micro-district of Migalovo, as well as in the Konakovsky District of Tver Oblast at the settlement
site of Shosha-1. In the course of these works, a collection of 209 single coins and two hoards was obtained (Table
№ 1–6; Figs. 1–7). A comprehensive study of numismatic evidence and written documents allows us at present to consider
these monetary signs as a highly informative interdisciplinary source.
The coins found in Tver and Tver Oblast were employed as one of the most important chronological indicators for
obtaining more precise dates of the formation of the cultural layer. It has been established that the removal from circulation
of the large pulos found during excavations in Yefimov Street was taking place most probably throughout the
15th cent. Finds of small pulos and rather rare silver coins possibly mark the period from the 15th cent. until the Time of
Troubles, although their removal from circulation had taken place most possibly not before the crushing of Tver in 1569
by the oprichnic armies of Ivan the Terrible. The absence of coins of the 17th cent. among the revealed artefacts reflects
the situation mentioned in written sources which tell about the desertion of a considerable area of Zatmatsky Posad and
using it as tillable lands during that period.
The segment of the numismatic collection obtained during the excavation in Troitskaya Street, including a series of
pulos, marks the formation of the cultural layer in the end of the 15th — early 16th cent. The monetary hoard hidden in
the 1760s was related with the use of the area in the second half of the 18th cent.
The numismatic material recorded in the course of excavations of the settlement site of Migalovo 1 allows the researchers
to distinguish two chronological spans when the monetary signs could have been removed from circulation.
The first stage is dated to the late 15th — 16th cent. The absence of examples of the 17th cent. among the coin finds, in
particular kopecks of Aleksey Mikhaylovich, repeats the situation observed during excavations in other districts of Tver.
The second chronological span covering the 1730s and 1740s is marked by monetary signs of ten-rouble denominations
recorded as single finds and among a small complex.
Coins found in the course of excavations in Tver in Lidiya Bazanova Str., house 48, indicate an active development
of this area from the middle of the 19th cent. to the beginning of the 20th cent. Of special importance here is a finding of
two coins of Alexander II and Nickolas II, which distinctly reflect the structure of everyday monetary circulation and
date the cultural layer.
The numismatic collection obtained during excavations of the settlement site of Shosha-1 allows us to trace the economic
development of this area from the early 16th to the mid-1930s generally coinciding with the evidence of written
sources. The largest quantity of coins was lost here in the 18th century and at the turn between the 19th and 20th centuries.
data on the restoration and archaeological
activities of M. K. Karger in Novgorod
in 1933–1935
Abstract. The article deals with a report by M. K. Karger on
archaeological, architectural and restoration work in
Novgorod in 1933–1935, accompanied by a brief background
on its creation.
Keywords: M. K. Karger, Novgorod, IHMC RAS, 1933–1935, restoration,
archaeology, St. George's cathedral, Yuriev monastery,
Kirillo-Belozersky monastery, Transfiguration church
in Kovalyovo, archival documents, Novgorod Museum,
report, history of Soviet archaeology.
the Institute for the History of Material Culture (IIMK) RAS supervised the earthworks concerned with the restoration
of the memorial complex on Mt Sobornaya Gora in the town of Rzhev.
The results of the works first have enabled the archaeologists to study the historical centre of the town of Rzhev which
until now has been closed to scientific investigation. The archaeological examination has allowed us a unique possibility
to study in details the stratigraphy and plan of the site, as well as to collect a representative assemblage of finds including
very important numismatic and sphragistic materials helping to provide a more exact dating of the settlement.
Ключевые слова: Ржев, Соборная гора, городище, монеты, пулы, актовые печати, стратиграфия,
of the Medieval Settlement – History of the Archaeological Site. Analecta Archaeologica
Ressoviensia 13, 417–440
The dramatic history of the medieval fortified settlement, located between the Sluch’ and
Goryn’ Rivers (near the village of Horodyshche, Shepetivka District, Khmelnytskyi Region,
Ukraine), destroyed and burned as a result of Tatar-Mongol raids in the middle of the 13th c.,
gave rise to the appearance of a cultural layer which is unique as regards its abundant finds.
During the excavations led by Mikhail Karger in 1957–1964, almost all the territory of the
site was investigated (3.6 ha) and many thousands of archaeological and anthropological
finds were collected. M. Karger planned to publish a monograph based on the research
into these collections undertaken by the members of his expedition team, but his plan did
not reach fruition. Over the last sixty years, the materials have often been referred to by
specialists. Today the bibliography relating to the analysis and interpretation of the materials
discovered during the excavations includes dozens of articles. The rather disjointed nature
of the materials published so far, and the random and incomplete selection of finds for
detailed investigation have meant that the presentation of the site as a whole has not been
a well-integrated one and interpretations have often been inconsistent. Recently a project
has been drawn up, enabling a team from the Institute for the History of Material Culture,
to prepare the excavated materials for publication, supported by a grant from the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research.
(1918–2011) is presented in connection with her 100-year anniversary. Malevskaya was a prominent expert
in the sphere of mediaeval architecture and ceramics. Here her scientific work is analysed, an assessment of
her contribution to the studies of mediaeval architecture of Galicia–Volhynia lands and ceramics of the western
regions of Eastern Europe is proposed. Also a primary characterization of her archive heritage is presented.
The paper lays stress on the interconnection of all stages of academic activities and the unity of approaches
concerned with the basic aesthetic and ethic principles. Malevskaya’s attention to the regional peculiarities
of the monuments and artefacts under study is considered as a feature of her creative method. Her role in
studying of the sources of the Ukrainian and Belorussian culture and architecture is marked. The present
authors draw the conclusion on the undoubted
architecture and material culture: To the 120th anniversary of the archaeologist,
art historian and historian М. K. Karger” (St. Petersburg, 24–26 October 2023)
К. A. Mikhailov, A. A. Peskova
Keywords: M. K. Karger, history of Russian archaeology, material culture of the Old Russian city, architectural archaeology.
nature, a comprehensive study of the architectural object and the cultural layer. The study of
ruined masonry and its careful fixation required special expertise in analyzing and measuring the
architecture. In the 1940-s–1950-s, an active part in Mikhail Karger’s expeditions was taken by
established specialists with architectural and historical-architectural education: Pavel Rappoport
and Marianna Malevskaya, staff members of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archaeology.
Later, following the architectural and archaeological approach, from the 1960-s they conducted
their own research of numerous monuments of monumental architecture in Smolensk, Polotsk,
Novogrudok, Vladimir-Volynsky, Lutsk, Lvov, Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, etc. In his works, Pavel
Rappoport formulated a new concept of builders’ bands (mobile groups of medieval master builders
headed by an architect), which made it possible to explain the mechanism of development
of Old Russian architecture and the interaction of traditions of local architectural schools of the
Old Russian principalities. The most important milestone and summing up the results of the activities
of the Leningrad school of architectural archaeology were, published by Pavel Rappoport, the
catalogue of monuments “Russian Architecture of the X–XIII centuries” (1982) and the chart of the
movement of builders’ bands in pre-Mongolian time (1993).
1241, Mongol invasion, mass sanitary interments, topography of weaponry items, arrows, fortifications, reconstruction
of the city assault.
Bolshoye Shepetovskoye Gorodishche (Large Shepetovka fortified settlement) is an Early Russian town of the
late 12th and 13th cen. which was completely investigated in 1957–1964 by the expedition under M. K. Karger’s direction.
This site is a rare archaeological complex where a layer of assault, a fire with remains of wooden buildings and
fortifications and numerous skeletal remains of humans and animals were preserved in situ up to the 20th cen. The
present publication analyses different categories of finds related with the assault and the moment of the destruction
of the settlement: mass ‘sanitary’ interments of the killed citizens, the topography of items of armament and rider’s
equipment; topography and type of the fortifications and characteristic details concerned with the demolishing of
the city. In addition, it proved possible to identify sets of armament found together with the skeletons of the killed
defenders of the city. The data obtained allow the archaeologists to compare the archaeological evidence on the
storm of the Shepetovskoye fortified settlement with other Early Russian sites which perished in the mid-13th cen.
The characteristic archaeological evidence on the destruction of the town similar to that discovered at other cities
and the year season when the storm took place (autumn/winter) suggest that its demolishing was related with
the Mongolian raid of 1240–1241 AD.
(after investigations by IHMC RAS)
K. V. Gorlov, V. A. Lapshin, K. A. Mikhaylov, A. A. Lazarev,
K. V. Khludnev, K. V. Kononchuk, R. V. Filippenko, A. A. Bessudnov 45
Keywords. Tver, pulo (copper coin), coins, cultural layer, coin circulation period, chronology.
In 2019 and 2020, the Tver City Archaeological Expedition of the Department of Rescue Archaeology of IHMC
RAS carried out scientific research in the form of archaeological excavations in Tver, Zatmatsky Posad, and outside
its limits: in the modern micro-district of Migalovo, as well as in the Konakovsky District of Tver Oblast at the settlement
site of Shosha-1. In the course of these works, a collection of 209 single coins and two hoards was obtained (Table
№ 1–6; Figs. 1–7). A comprehensive study of numismatic evidence and written documents allows us at present to consider
these monetary signs as a highly informative interdisciplinary source.
The coins found in Tver and Tver Oblast were employed as one of the most important chronological indicators for
obtaining more precise dates of the formation of the cultural layer. It has been established that the removal from circulation
of the large pulos found during excavations in Yefimov Street was taking place most probably throughout the
15th cent. Finds of small pulos and rather rare silver coins possibly mark the period from the 15th cent. until the Time of
Troubles, although their removal from circulation had taken place most possibly not before the crushing of Tver in 1569
by the oprichnic armies of Ivan the Terrible. The absence of coins of the 17th cent. among the revealed artefacts reflects
the situation mentioned in written sources which tell about the desertion of a considerable area of Zatmatsky Posad and
using it as tillable lands during that period.
The segment of the numismatic collection obtained during the excavation in Troitskaya Street, including a series of
pulos, marks the formation of the cultural layer in the end of the 15th — early 16th cent. The monetary hoard hidden in
the 1760s was related with the use of the area in the second half of the 18th cent.
The numismatic material recorded in the course of excavations of the settlement site of Migalovo 1 allows the researchers
to distinguish two chronological spans when the monetary signs could have been removed from circulation.
The first stage is dated to the late 15th — 16th cent. The absence of examples of the 17th cent. among the coin finds, in
particular kopecks of Aleksey Mikhaylovich, repeats the situation observed during excavations in other districts of Tver.
The second chronological span covering the 1730s and 1740s is marked by monetary signs of ten-rouble denominations
recorded as single finds and among a small complex.
Coins found in the course of excavations in Tver in Lidiya Bazanova Str., house 48, indicate an active development
of this area from the middle of the 19th cent. to the beginning of the 20th cent. Of special importance here is a finding of
two coins of Alexander II and Nickolas II, which distinctly reflect the structure of everyday monetary circulation and
date the cultural layer.
The numismatic collection obtained during excavations of the settlement site of Shosha-1 allows us to trace the economic
development of this area from the early 16th to the mid-1930s generally coinciding with the evidence of written
sources. The largest quantity of coins was lost here in the 18th century and at the turn between the 19th and 20th centuries.
data on the restoration and archaeological
activities of M. K. Karger in Novgorod
in 1933–1935
Abstract. The article deals with a report by M. K. Karger on
archaeological, architectural and restoration work in
Novgorod in 1933–1935, accompanied by a brief background
on its creation.
Keywords: M. K. Karger, Novgorod, IHMC RAS, 1933–1935, restoration,
archaeology, St. George's cathedral, Yuriev monastery,
Kirillo-Belozersky monastery, Transfiguration church
in Kovalyovo, archival documents, Novgorod Museum,
report, history of Soviet archaeology.
the Institute for the History of Material Culture (IIMK) RAS supervised the earthworks concerned with the restoration
of the memorial complex on Mt Sobornaya Gora in the town of Rzhev.
The results of the works first have enabled the archaeologists to study the historical centre of the town of Rzhev which
until now has been closed to scientific investigation. The archaeological examination has allowed us a unique possibility
to study in details the stratigraphy and plan of the site, as well as to collect a representative assemblage of finds including
very important numismatic and sphragistic materials helping to provide a more exact dating of the settlement.
Ключевые слова: Ржев, Соборная гора, городище, монеты, пулы, актовые печати, стратиграфия,
of the Medieval Settlement – History of the Archaeological Site. Analecta Archaeologica
Ressoviensia 13, 417–440
The dramatic history of the medieval fortified settlement, located between the Sluch’ and
Goryn’ Rivers (near the village of Horodyshche, Shepetivka District, Khmelnytskyi Region,
Ukraine), destroyed and burned as a result of Tatar-Mongol raids in the middle of the 13th c.,
gave rise to the appearance of a cultural layer which is unique as regards its abundant finds.
During the excavations led by Mikhail Karger in 1957–1964, almost all the territory of the
site was investigated (3.6 ha) and many thousands of archaeological and anthropological
finds were collected. M. Karger planned to publish a monograph based on the research
into these collections undertaken by the members of his expedition team, but his plan did
not reach fruition. Over the last sixty years, the materials have often been referred to by
specialists. Today the bibliography relating to the analysis and interpretation of the materials
discovered during the excavations includes dozens of articles. The rather disjointed nature
of the materials published so far, and the random and incomplete selection of finds for
detailed investigation have meant that the presentation of the site as a whole has not been
a well-integrated one and interpretations have often been inconsistent. Recently a project
has been drawn up, enabling a team from the Institute for the History of Material Culture,
to prepare the excavated materials for publication, supported by a grant from the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research.
(1918–2011) is presented in connection with her 100-year anniversary. Malevskaya was a prominent expert
in the sphere of mediaeval architecture and ceramics. Here her scientific work is analysed, an assessment of
her contribution to the studies of mediaeval architecture of Galicia–Volhynia lands and ceramics of the western
regions of Eastern Europe is proposed. Also a primary characterization of her archive heritage is presented.
The paper lays stress on the interconnection of all stages of academic activities and the unity of approaches
concerned with the basic aesthetic and ethic principles. Malevskaya’s attention to the regional peculiarities
of the monuments and artefacts under study is considered as a feature of her creative method. Her role in
studying of the sources of the Ukrainian and Belorussian culture and architecture is marked. The present
authors draw the conclusion on the undoubted
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